不同卤素阻燃剂协同阻燃LDPE的研究

研究了氯化石蜡（CP）、双（六氯环戊二烯）环辛烷（DCRP）以及十溴联苯醚（DBDPO）并用阻燃低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）的阻燃协同效应，采用锥形量热仪测试了阻燃体系的燃烧特性。结果表明，CP与DCRP并用阻燃LDPE，明显降低了材料燃烧过程中的热释放速率，质量损失速率以及生烟速率。协同阻燃效果显著，CP与DCRP质量比为1：1时，协同阻燃效果最好；DCRP与DBDPO并用阻燃LDPE，在很大程度上降低了材料燃烧后期的热释放速率、质量损失速率以及生烟速率，协同阻燃效果明显，且DCRP与DBDPO质量比为3：2时。协同阻燃效果最佳；CP与DBDPO并用体系，协同阻燃效果不明显。     

生物基阻燃剂与三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐在低密度聚乙烯中的协同阻燃性能研究

为了探究新型生物基阻燃剂的适用范围和协同阻燃效果，利用氢氧化镁（MH）和植酸（PA）反应制备新型生物基阻燃剂（MPA）。将MPA与三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐（MCA）加入低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）中制备LDPE阻燃复合材料，并测试复合材料的阻燃性能和热稳定性。结果表明：当MPA加入量为40 g,MCA加入量为20 g,LDPE-3复合材料的热释放速率峰值降至702.6 kW/m2,CO和CO2的释放量也受到有效抑制，残留物含量大幅提升，从0.2%提升至14.2%。MCA的加入可以有效提升LDPE/MPA复合材料的热稳定性，抑制LDPE/MPA复合材料的早期分解，使LDPE-3的起始热分解温度（T5%）从273.2℃提升至329.8℃。MPA与MCA同时在LDPE使用时能够产生良好协同阻燃作用，有效提升LDPE复合材料的阻燃性能以及热稳定性。     

磷酸硼协效膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯阻燃性能的研究

在膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）中添加不同比例的协效剂磷酸硼（BP）制备复合阻燃剂,将复合阻燃剂加入聚丙烯（PP）中,制备阻燃PP复合材料。通过垂直燃烧、极限氧指数测试、锥形量热测试、热重分析和力学性能测试对PP复合材料进行表征。结果表明：BP对IFR具有显著的协同阻燃效果。当添加2%BP和13%IFR时,PP/IFR/BP复合材料（样品4#）阻燃性能最佳,燃烧等级达到V-0,极限氧指数达到30.8%。样品4#的热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率、总产烟量和总释放热与加入15%IFR的阻燃PP相比,分别降低19.51%、4.40%、34.00%和6.87%,700℃时样品4#的质量保留率增加50%。燃烧过程中,PP/IFR/BP复合材料的硼元素在凝聚相中催化IFR交联成炭,较未添加BP的复合材料,PP/IFR/BP炭层膨胀程度更高且更致密。BP协效剂的添加降低了阻燃剂的添加量,明显提升复合材料的力学性能。     

我国塑料阻燃技术最新动向

当前在我国乃至全世界．各种塑料的阻燃技术主要是以溴类阻燃剂为主，首当其冲的是十溴二苯醚，简称DBDPO。这种阻燃剂含溴量高，有优异的热稳定性。由于其分解温度大于3500C．与各种高聚物的分解温度相匹配．因而能于最佳时刻在气相及凝聚相同时起到阻燃作用．不仅添加量小，且阻燃效果好。但近年来．有人指出DBDPO在燃烧时会产生有毒致癌的多溴代苯并英（PBDD）和多溴代二苯并呋喃（PBDF），而使DBDPO遭到一些国家的抵制使用。     

用锥形量热仪研究聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能

在50 kW/m2辐射功率下,利用锥形量热仪研究了氢氧化铝、卤系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂和磷系阻燃剂阻燃聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)的阻燃特性,获得了点燃时间、最大热释放速率、总热释放、比消光面积及质量损失速度等参数。结果表明,将热释放速率、燃烧总释放热和烟气释放量作为材料阻燃性能好坏的评价指标,阻燃剂聚磷酸铵（APP）和三聚氰胺磷酸盐（MP）是PUF的理想阻燃剂。     

磷腈/三嗪双基分子复配阻燃聚乳酸

将磷腈/三嗪双基分子阻燃剂（HTTCP）分别与六苯氧基环三磷腈（HPCTP）和季戊四醇磷酸酯（PEPA）按不同配比复配,采用熔融共混法制备了阻燃聚乳酸（PLA）的复合材料。采用热失重分析仪、极限氧指数仪、垂直燃烧试验箱和锥形量热仪研究了2种复配阻燃体系及其配比对PLA阻燃复合材料热稳定性和阻燃性能的影响,并采用扫描电子显微镜对材料的残炭形貌进行了分析,探究了其阻燃机理。结果表明,PEPA/HTTCP复配阻燃剂的阻燃效果优于HPCTP/HTTCP复配阻燃剂。当PEPA/HTTCP的质量比为3/1,总添加量为20 %时,阻燃PLA的极限氧指数最高,为27.2 %,热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率以及热释放总量达到最小值,且能够达到UL 94 V-0级。     

Al（OH）3和Mg（OH）2阻燃EVA性能的研究

选用形貌、粒径尺寸及分布相近的两种无机阻燃剂氢氧化铝（Al（OH）3）和氢氧化镁（Mg（OH）2），研究了二者用量对乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物（EVA）复合材料的力学性能和阻燃性能的影响，并比较了添加红磷的复合材料的力学性能和阻燃性能。研究表明：Al（OH）3和Mg（OH）2用量对复合材料性能影响比较相似，随着阻燃剂用量的增加，复合材料的阻燃性能提高，拉伸强度增加，但断裂伸长率下降；通过锥形量热仪数据看出：Al（OH），的点燃时间短，最大热释放速率和平均热释放速率低，火行为指数大，阻燃效果比Mg（OH）2好；红磷的加入对复合材料力学性能影响不大，而对阻燃性能影响较大。Mg（OH）2与红磷复配能提高复合材料的氧指数，但是，从水平和垂直燃烧角度考虑，Al（OH）3与红磷之间的阻燃协效效果更好。     

新型磷氮阻燃剂对尼龙6的阻燃作用

研究了一种基于烷基次磷酸铝的新型磷氮阻燃剂(OP)对尼龙6(PA6)的阻燃作用。试验结果表明:该阻燃剂对PA6具有良好的阻燃作用,当其添加质量分数为25%时,PA6的氧指数(LOI)大于30%,阻燃级别达到FV-0级,燃烧时材料的热释放速率、质量损失速率和总热释放量明显降低。热重分析结果表明:OP改变了PA6的热降解过程,使之成炭化学反应提前,形成的炭层通过隔热和隔氧而产生阻燃作用。添加OP对材料的机械性能有些影响,如弯曲强度和弯曲模量有所增加,而拉伸强度和冲击功有所下降,但影响不大。     

溴锑阻燃体系对PS-HI／有机蒙脱土复合材料的阻燃性研究

采用熔融法制备包括溴锑阻燃剂（TBBPA—Sb2O3）和有机蒙脱土（OMMT）并用体系的阻燃PS-HI复合材料；利用琏于耗氧原理的锥形量热仪测试并分析复合材料的燃烧性能，用扫描电子显微镜表征复合材料的微观结构肜貌，结果表明：TBBPA-Sb2O3与OMMT并用阻燃的PS-HI复合材料热释放速率、峰值热释放速率、平均热释放速率以技中烟速率均明显降低，火灾性能指数明显增加；形成的PS-HI／OMMT复合材料与TBBPA—Sb2O3体系之间具有阻燃协同效应，当TBPA—Sb2O3添加7．5份和2．5份，OMMT添加5份时，三者之间的阻燃协同作用最佳。     

复合阻燃体系阻燃电缆料的研究

通过氧指数、水平燃烧、力学性能、扫描电镜等方法的分析，研究了由超微细氢氧化镁[Mg(OH)]和Br-Sb卤素阻燃剂组成的复合阻燃体系的用量对HDPE阻燃性能、力学性能的影响。结果表明．Mg(OH)2和BrSb卤素阻燃剂最佳配比为4：1(质量比)时．综合效果较佳；通过与Mg(OH)2阻燃剂的对比试验．发现复合阻燃剂能保持复合材料较好的力学性能,而且显著提高了阻燃性能：熔体流动速率(MFR)的测定表明当复合阻燃剂的添加量为10份时，仍能满足加工工艺的要求。     

溴系阻燃剂阻燃ABS的制备及电性能研究

研究了十溴二苯醚(DBDPO)、四溴双酚A双(2,3-二溴丙基)醚(TBAB)及其复配对ABS阻燃性能及电性能的影响。结果表明,DBDPO与TBAB对ABS的阻燃有协同作用,在DBDPO与TBAB总用量固定为15％的条件下,两者的质量比为2：l时,氧指数达到最大值,为32．4。DBDPO及TBAB对ABS电性能均有一定损害,使ABS的电绝缘性能及电气强度降低、介电常数及介电损耗因数增加。     

Synergist flame retarding effect of ultrafine zinc borate on LDPE/IFR system

The flame retardancy of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) treated with complex flame retardant composed of ultrafine zinc borate (UZB) and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) have been investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter test, scanning electron micrograph (SEM), energy‐dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results of LOI and UL‐94 test indicate the desired flame retardancy of LDPE is obtained when the mass ratio of UZB to IFR is 4.2 : 25.8 and the complex flame retardant mass content is 30% (based on LDPE). The results of cone calorimeter show that heat release rate (HRR) peak, total heat release (THR), and mass loss of LDPE/IFR/UZB decrease substantially when compared with those of LDPE/IFR. TGA results show that the residue of LDPE/IFR/UZB increases obviously than that of LDPE/IFR when the temperature is above 600°C. SEM indicates the quality of char forming of LDPE/IFR/UZB is superior to that of LDPE/IFR. The results of EDS and XRD indicate that boron orthophosphate (BPO₄) and zinc‐contained compounds are formed in the residual char and these substances may play an important role in stabilizing the intumescent char structure and decrease the degradation speed substantially when subjected to high temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3667–3674, 2007     

DPDBO/Sb2O3/DMDPB在LDPE阻燃处理中的应用

研究了2,3-二甲基-2,3-苯基丁烷(DMDPB)、三氧化二锑(Sb2O3)和十溴二苯醚(DBDPO)的加入对低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)的拉伸和阻燃性能的影响探讨了DBDPO与Sb2O3加入量的不同给LDPE的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和阻燃性能带来的差异。同时研究表明少量的DMDPB加入LDPE／Sb2O3／DBDPO体系,即可显著提高断裂伸长率和阻燃性能。     

Flame‐retardant and thermal degradation mechanism of low‐density polyethylene modified with aluminum hypophosphite and microencapsulated red phosphorus

Aluminum hypophosphite (AHP), a novel flame retardant, was used to improve the flame retardancy of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) with microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP). The synergistic effect between MRP and AHP was investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), and thermogravimetric analysis. When the contents of MRP and AHP were 10 and 30 phr, the LOI of LDPE/10MRP/30AHP composite was 25.5%, and it passed the UL‐94 V‐0 rating (the number before “MRP” and “AHP” is the loading of MRP and AHP, In LDPE/10MRP/30AHP, the content of the LDPE, MRP and AHP is 100phr, 10phr and 30phr, where phr refers to parts per hundreds of resin). The results of cone calorimetry testing show that the heat release rate of the composites was significantly reduced, and the strength of the char layer improved when the loading of AHP increased. The thermal stability of the LDPE/10MRP/30AHP composite was enhanced. The structure of the char was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive spectrometry. The results indicate that AHP promoted the formation of stable char. This research provided a good way to prepare flame‐retardant materials with a halogen‐free flame retardant and contributed to environmental protection. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43225.     

硼酸锌协效二乙基次膦酸铝阻燃PA6

采用硼酸锌(ZB)与二乙基次膦酸铝(ADP)协同阻燃聚酰胺6(PA6).对其阻燃性能和力学性能进行了探讨,并运用垂直燃烧、极限氧指数、锥形量热、热失重分析、扫描电子显微镜以及拉曼光谱对阻燃机理进行了探究.结果表明,ZB作为协效剂,与ADP的协同阻燃效果显著;当在PA6中添加1.5％(质量分数,下同)ZB和8.5％ADP...     

Synergistic flame‐retardant effect of halloysite nanotubes on intumescent flame retardant in LDPE

Synergistic flame‐retardant effect of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter (CC) test, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results of LOI and UL‐94 tests indicated that the addition of HNTs could dramatically increase the LOI value of LDPE/IFR in the case that the mass ratio of HNTs to IFR was 2/28 at 30 wt % of total flame retardant. Moreover, in this case the prepared samples could pass the V‐0 rating in UL‐94 tests. CC tests results showed that, for LDPE/IFR, both the heat release rate and the total heat release significantly decreased because of the incorporation of 2 wt % of HNTs. SEM observations directly approved that HNTs could promote the formation of more continuous and compact intumescent char layer in LDPE/IFR. TGA results demonstrated that the residue of LDPE/IFR containing 2 wt % of HNTs was obviously more than that of LDPE/IFR at the same total flame retardant of 30 wt % at 700°C under an air atmosphere, and its maximum decomposing rate was also lower than that of LDPE/IFR, suggesting that HNTs facilitated the charring of LDPE/IFR and its thermal stability at high temperature in this case. Both TGA and SEM results interpreted the mechanism on the synergistic effect of HNTs on IFR in LDPE, which is that the migration of HNTs to the surface during the combustion process led to the formation of a more compact barrier, resulting in the promotion of flame retardancy of LDPE/IFR. In addition, the mechanical properties of LDPE/IFR/HNTs systems were studied, the results showed that the addition of 0.5–2 wt % of HNTs could increase the tensile strength and the elongation at break of LDPE/IFR simultaneously. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40065.     

高抗冲聚苯乙烯的阻燃研究

利用锥形量热仪(CONE)研究了阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)的燃烧性能,同时也采用垂直燃烧、氧指数等方法进行了对比测试。含十溴二苯乙烷的试样不仅保持了原有的物理机械性能,而且阻燃效果明显。相对于使用十溴二苯醚阻燃的HIPS,十溴二苯乙烷的使用不会产生多溴代二问题,产品符合一定的环保要求。     

用锥形量热仪研究无卤阻燃HDPE体系的燃烧性

在35kW／m^2热辐照条件下,利用锥形量热仪研究了膨胀型阻燃剂／Mg(OH)2阻燃高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)体系的燃烧性。结果表明：膨胀型阻燃剂／Mg(OH)2能明显降低HDPE的热释放速率、总热释放量、最大生烟速率及总烟释放量。与膨胀型阻燃剂单独使用相比,Mg(OH)2与膨胀型阻燃剂复合使用的阻燃效果明显,总烟释放量减少了38％,总热释放量减少了10％,达到了低发炯、高效阻燃的目的。     

Effect of zinc oxide on properties of phenolic foams/halogen‐free flame retardant system

A halogen‐free flame retardant system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an acid source, blowing agent, pentaerythritol (PER) as a carbonific agent and zinc oxide (ZnO) as a synergistic agent, was used in this work to enhance flame retardancy of phenolic foams. ZnO was incorporated into flame retardant formulation at different concentrations to investigate the flammability of flame retardant composite phenolic foams (FRCPFs). The synergistic effects of ZnO on FRCPFs were evaluated by limited oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter tests, and images of residues. Results showed that the flame retardant significantly increased the LOI of FRCPFs. Compared with PF, heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), production or yield of carbon monoxide (COP or COY) and Oxygen consumption (O₂C) of FRCPFs all remarkably decreased. However specific extinction area (SEA) and total smoke release (TSR) significantly increased, which agreed with the gas‐phase flame retardancy mechanism of the flame retardant system. The results indicated that FRCPFs have excellent fire‐retardant performance and less smoke release. And the bending and compression strength were decreased gradually with the increase of ZnO. The comprehensive properties of FRCPFs were better when the amount of ZnO was 1～1.5%. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42730.