Elastic rigidity of composite beams with full width slab openings

Openings often exist in the concrete slab of composite floors due to the functional requirements of structures. The strength and rigidity of steel-concrete composite beams are reduced by openings. Based on three tests of steel-concrete composite beams with full openings in the concrete flange, the elastic rigidity of composite beams is analyzed. Finite element analysis (FEA) considering the slip effect between the steel and concrete is conducted to simulate the composite beams with full openings in the concrete slab, and the results show that the FEA method is reliable. The analytical calculation method for the deflection of composite beams with full openings in the concrete slab is also proposed, and the results are verified by tests. The predicted deflections using the analytical method and FEA method both agree well with the test results. It is further verified that openings near the supports have insignificant effects on the deflection at the mid-span and this effect can be thus ignored. The simplified method to calculate the rigidity reduction factor is developed by a regression analysis. The analytical method and FEA method can be used for the serviceability limit state design of steel-concrete composite beams with full openings in the concrete flange.     

《钢结构设计规范》(GB50017—2002)焊接工字梁腹板的局部稳定和考虑屈曲后强度的计算

与现行《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ17—88)相比,新修订的《钢结构设计规范》(GB50017—2002)对焊接工字梁腹板屈曲临界应力和局部稳定的计算作了较大的改动,增加了梁腹板考虑屈曲后强度设计的相关条文。对弯矩、剪力和局部压力单独作用下的腹板屈曲临界应力作了修正,考虑了板件的几何缺陷和材料非弹性性能,对于直接承受动力荷载的吊车梁及类似构件或不考虑腹板屈曲后强度的焊接工字梁,要求按规定配置加劲肋,并验算腹板的局部稳定性,计算局部稳定的相关公式随着临界应力的修正也作了相应的调整;建议承受静力荷载和间接承受动力荷载的焊接工字梁宜考虑腹板屈曲后强度,按考虑腹板屈曲后强度来计算梁的的抗剪和抗弯承载力,而不再验算腹板的局部稳定。本文详细介绍了规范条文修改的理论依据,比较了新旧设计方法的差异,并通过设计实例说明了新设计方法的优越性。     

An improvement of the response surface method

The coupling of the Monte Carlo method and the finite element method for the reliability analysis of structures leads often to a prohibitive computational cost. The response surface method is a powerful reliability method that approximates the limit state function with a polynomial expression using the values of the function at specific points. This type of analytical function replaces the exact limit state function in the Monte Carlo simulation. Therefore, the computational effort required for the assessment of the reliability of structural systems can be reduced significantly. The position of the sample points and the type of polynomial response surface have been investigated by several authors and the performance of the response surface method is still under discussion. In this paper an improvement of the response surface method is proposed. An iterative strategy is used to determine a response surface that is able to fit the limit state function in the neighbourhood of the design point. The locations of the sample points used to evaluate the free parameters of the response surface are chosen according to the importance sensitivity of each random variable. Several analytical and structural examples are considered to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed improvement.     

单桩承载力可靠度的非线性摄动随机有限元分析

针对岩土工程中的Duncan-Chang非线性本构模型，提出了二阶非线性摄动随机有限单元法的计算方法。编制了相应的程序。在分析计算中，将随机土性分布参数模拟为轴对称随机场，对随机场的选择方法，随机场的局部平均离散法技术等进行了研究。给出了计算和组集相关随机变量自协方差矩阵的方法。推导出切线弹性矩阵的一阶和二阶偏导数，给出了总体刚度矩阵的偏导矩阵和组集方法，提出了单桩承载力二阶矩的非线性随机有限单元分析方法，研究了土性参数空间变异性和荷载变异性对单桩承载力可靠度指标的影响，并进行了实例计算，研究表明，非线性随机有限元法是研究单桩承载力可靠度的有效方法。     

腹板开矩形孔复杂卷边冷弯槽钢梁局部屈曲性能及直接强度法研究

为了研究腹板开孔复杂卷边冷弯槽钢梁的局部屈曲性能，以及探究北美冷弯型钢结构设计规范(AISI S100-2016)中腹板开孔冷弯槽钢梁局部屈曲直接强度法计算公式的可靠性，对孔高比(孔洞高度与腹板高度的比值)分别为0、0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8的10个腹板开矩形孔复杂卷边冷弯槽钢梁纯弯试件进行了静力试验研究。试验结果表明，开孔和不开孔试件均发生以局部屈曲为主的屈曲破坏模式，与不开孔试件相比，开孔试件的受弯承载力下降，且下降幅度随孔高比的增大而增大。利用ANSYS有限元程序对试验进行了模拟分析，分析结果与试验结果吻合良好；在此基础上，采用经试验验证的有限元模型，通过变换腹板高度、板厚和孔高比开展了有限元参数分析，并根据有限元参数分析结果对已有腹板开孔冷弯槽钢梁的弹性局部屈曲临界应力近似计算公式进行了修正。基于试验结果、有限元参数分析结果以及修正的弹性局部屈曲临界应力近似计算公式，对AISI S100-2016中开孔冷弯槽钢梁发生以局部屈曲为主破坏时的直接强度法计算公式进行了修正。     

Flexural behavior of GFRP-reinforced concrete encased steel composite beams

To improve the ductility and meanwhile ensure satisfactory corrosion-resistant performance, a new type of FRP-reinforced concrete encased steel (FRP-RCS) composite beams comprised of ductile structural steel shapes in combination with corrosion-resistant FRP-reinforced concrete was proposed and studied. An experimental investigation on flexural behavior of the proposed FRP-RCS beams was conducted by testing a total of seven simply supported beam specimens subjected to four-point bending loads. The test specimens included one FRP-reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) beam reinforced with GFRP bars only and six FRP-RCS beams reinforced with both GFRP bars and encased structural steel shapes. The main parameters considered in this study were concrete compressive strength, amounts of GFRP reinforcement as well as ratio and configuration of encased structural steel shapes. The test results indicate that using encased steel shapes can provide a significant enhancement in load carrying capacity, stiffness, ductility and energy absorption capacity of tested beams. The tested FRP-RC beam suffered a brittle failure caused by the sudden fracture of tensile GFRP bars whereas the proposed FRP-RCS beams behaved in a ductile manner mainly due to the beneficial residual strength of encased steel shapes following concrete crushing. In addition, an analytical method was suggested to predict the load carrying capacity of the proposed FRP-RCS beams.     

Analysis of chloride diffusion in concrete structures for prediction of initiation time of corrosion using a new meshless approach

In this paper, a finite point method (FPM) is developed and adopted for solving the chloride diffusion equation for prediction of service life of concrete structures and initiation time of corrosion of reinforcements. Diffusion of chloride ions is generally assumed to follow the Fick’s second law. FPM is a truly meshless method which uses a moving least square approximation within a collocation strong form for solving the governing differential equation. Several 1D and 2D problems are solved using FPM and the results are compared with the analytical solution, classical finite element and finite difference methods, and weak form meshless based element free Galerkin method.     

Reliability of composite steel bridge beams designed following AASHTO''s LFD and LRFD specifications

Composite steel beam bridges designed following AASHTO's Load Factor Design (LFD) method and the newly developed Load and Resistance Factor Design method (LRFD) are proportioned for different loading conditions. They need to satisfy these conditions at maximum design load, an overloading condition, and fatigue load. The ultimate strength of compact composite steel beams is based on the fully plastic stress distribution. The capacity of non-compact beams is based on the yield or partially-plastic moment, depending on whether the beam violates all or few of the compactness or ductility requirements. In this paper, the reliability for the ultimate flexural capacity limit state of composite steel beams is investigated. The structural reliability is measured in terms of the reliability index. The statistical data on strength are generated starting from statistics on material properties and using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Statistical data on load components are compiled from the available literature. The scope of the study covers a wide range of rolled beams, span lengths, beam spacings, and two yield strengths. The deterministic study showed that the design of composite steel beams is usually not governed by the maximum design load combination, but rather by the overloading condition. The results of the reliability study indicate non-uniformity in the safety of steel bridges that are designed by the AASHTO LFD code. This is also true for AASHTO's LRFD code since it is not calibrated for the overloading condition. The value of the reliability index is a function of the compactness classification, method of design, beam spacing, span length, and section size.     

Strength and serviceability performance of beams reinforced with GFRP bars in flexure

Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars have been identified as an alternate construction material for reinforcing concrete during the last decade primarily due to its strength and durability related characteristics. These materials have strength higher than steel, but exhibit linear stress–strain response up to failure. Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity of GFRP is significantly lower than that of steel. This reduced stiffness often controls the design of the GFRP reinforced concrete elements. In the present investigation, GFRP reinforced beams designed based on limit state principles have been examined to understand their strength and serviceability performance. A block type rotation failure was observed for GFRP reinforced beams, while flexural failure was observed in geometrically similar control beams reinforced with steel rebars. An analytical model has been proposed for strength assessment accounting for the failure pattern observed for GFRP reinforced beams. The serviceability criteria for design of GFRP reinforced beams appear to be governed by maximum crack width. An empirical model has been proposed for predicting the maximum width of the cracks. Deflection of these GFRP rebar reinforced beams has been predicted using an earlier model available in the literature. The results predicted by the analytical model compare well with the experimental data.     

高温后钢筋混凝土叠合梁抗剪承载力可靠度分析

提出了一种钢筋混凝土叠合梁在高温后斜截面和叠合面抗剪承载力可靠度的分析方法。选取钢筋混凝土（RC）梁的热工参数,应用ABAQUS进行热传导分析。基于热分析结果和RC叠合梁高温后抗剪承载力计算方法,得到斜截面和叠合面的剩余承载力。基于MATLAB应用蒙特卡洛法进行可靠度分析。结果表明,受热时间对可靠度的影响显著,可靠度指标随着混凝土强度、配箍率的增大而增大,随着荷载比的增加先增大后变化不明显。常温下RC叠合梁斜截面承载力可靠度大于叠合面,但随着加热时间的增加,叠合面的抗剪能力优于斜截面。该方法可以用于火灾高温作用后RC叠合梁承载力可靠度分析,具有较高的精度和准确性。     

预载水平及剪/弯承载力比对剥离破坏的影响

通过碳纤维片材加固钢筋混凝土简支梁的受弯试验及文献中相关试验,研究了预载水平及剪/弯承载力比对纤维片材初始剥离荷载的影响。对本文试验及文献中发生剥离破坏的碳纤维片材加固钢筋混凝土梁的试验研究,分析结果表明:(1)随剪/弯承载力比的增大,加固梁纤维片材的初始剥离荷载也随之增大;但当剪/弯承载力比值较小,即受剪承载力富裕度较小的情况下,纤维片材可能会在低于设计极限承载力时发生剥离破坏;(2)加固时预载水平的大小对碳纤维片材加固钢筋混凝土梁的极限荷载和CFRP片材初始剥离时的荷载影响不大。因此加固设计时必须充分考虑加固构件的受剪承载力对剥离破坏的影响,以避免纤维剥离这一脆性破坏模式的发生。     

Fatigue strength improvement of weld joints with cope hole

Weld joint with a cope hole has relatively low fatigue strength, since high stress concentration is generated due to local shear deformation inside the cope hole. In this study, fatigue strength improvement for the cope hole joint by burr grinding is investigated. I-section beams with cope holes, of which boxing weld toes were smoothly finished by burr grinding, were tested and analyzed in order to know the fatigue strength and the local stress behavior of the joint. Test and analysis results demonstrated that the benefit of grinding on fatigue strength improvement is relatively small when shear stress is largely applied to the cope hole detail.     

An investigation of the block shear strength of coped beams with a welded clip angle connection — Part I: Experimental study

The ends of a coped beam are commonly connected to the web of a girder by double clip angles. The clip angles may either be bolted or welded to the web of the beam. One of the potential modes for the failure of the clip angle connection is the block shear of the beam web material. To investigate the strength and the behavior of the block shear of coped beams with welded end connections, ten full-scale coped beam tests were conducted. The test parameters included the aspect ratio of the clip angles, the web shear and tension area around the clip angles, the web thickness, beam section depth, cope length, and connection position. The test results indicated that the specimens failed, developing either tension fractures of the web near the bottom of the clip angles or local web buckling near the end of the cope. Although the final failure mode of the six specimens was local web buckling, it was observed during the tests that these specimens exhibited a significant deformation of the block shear type prior to reaching their final failure mode. No shear fracture was observed in all of the tests. A comparison between the ultimate loads in the test and the predictions using the current design equations indicates that the current design standards such as the AISC-LRFD, CSA-S16-01, Eurocode 3, BS5950-1:2000, AIJ and GB50017, are inconsistent in predicting the block shear strength of coped beams with welded end connections. The analytical study of the strength of the test specimens using the finite element method, a parametric study, and a proposed design model for designing block shears for coped beams with welded clip angles are included in a companion paper.     

体外预应力混凝土简支梁抗剪承载力计算方法

将已进行的13根整体式和14根节段式(胶接缝和干接缝)体外预应力混凝土简支模型梁剪切性能模型试验成果,作为建立抗剪承载力简化计算方法的基础资料。根据模型梁剪切性能试验的研究结果,以施工方法(整体式和节段式)、剪跨比、配箍率、接缝类型、体内外预应力筋配比等为参数建立斜截面抗剪承载力的回归计算公式,基于混凝土双轴强度理论和接缝截面极限平衡条件推导接缝截面抗剪承载力计算公式,利用试验数据对计算公式进行验证。按照我国公路桥梁设计可靠度水平和现行规范的要求对计算公式进行修正,提出可用于体外预应力混凝土梁截面抗剪承载力设计的简化计算方法。研究表明,简化计算方法能有效反映体外预应力混凝土梁剪切破坏特点和各主要因素对抗剪承载力的影响规律。     

Experimental and statistical investigation of a new concrete-composite beam with encased polymer tube wrapped by FRP

A new concrete-composite beam with high mechanical performances to weight ratio is developed in this study. The proposed design technique consists to embed a cylindrical polymer tube wrapped by a GFRP Jacket in the mechanically ineffective concrete tensile zone. An experimental investigation is carried out on composite beams under bending loads until failure to evaluate the flexural capacity and the corresponding failure mechanisms. Based on the experimental results, statistical and preliminary reliability analyses using the FORM method are performed to assess the safety margin of the new beam. The confrontation between test and simulation results shows a satisfactory agreement, and represents a promising revelation regarding the improvement in terms of strength and ductility of such design compared to conventional reinforced concrete beams with traditional one.     

基于粘结强度变化的锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁受弯承载力的研究

基于锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁内钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度随锈蚀量的变化,对锈蚀梁的抗弯承载力进行了研究。钢筋锈蚀量较小时,锈蚀梁内钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度随锈蚀量增加而增加,锈蚀梁的力学性能同未锈蚀梁,可运用传统的梁理论计算锈蚀梁的抗弯承载力;随着钢筋锈蚀量的增加,钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度发生退化,锈蚀梁的力学性能介于粘结完好梁与无粘结梁之间,与传统的计算梁的抗弯承载力的方法不同,应考虑梁的各截面间相互作用。基于梁整体的受力平衡和变形协调,建立了考虑梁内粘结强度退化的锈蚀梁抗弯承载力模型。最后,通过54根锈蚀梁承载力试验结果,对文中建立的模型进行了验证分析,结果十分满意。     

翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土梁受弯性能研究

为了研究翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土梁的受力性能,进行了7根钢管混凝土梁的四点弯曲试验,试件的变化参数为钢管上、下翼缘厚度和混凝土强度。结果表明,钢管上下翼缘厚度之比越小,承载力极限状态下的截面中性轴越靠下,表明参与工作的混凝土越多,组合截面承载性能越好;当上下翼缘厚度之比约为1/3时,通过提高混凝土的强度能有效增大构件的受弯承载力。采用有限元软件ABAQUS对受弯试验进行了全过程模拟,得到的结果与试验结果吻合。模拟分析还表明,优化后的翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土截面不仅增大了钢管分担的弯矩,同时也增加了混凝土的工作面积,两者共同作用提升了构件的受弯承载力,当含钢率约为0.2时,承载力相较于等壁厚构件可提升15%以上。在平截面假定的基础上推导了翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土组合截面受弯承载力的解析表达式,并探讨了对构件截面的优化问题,特别对含钢率较高的高强混凝土构件,优化截面的承载力提高效果显著。研究结果表明,翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土梁具有良好的承载性能和变形性能。     

Research on non-linear structural behaviors of prestressed concrete beams made of high strength and steel fiber reinforced concretes

The flexural behaviors of fully and partially prestressed concrete beams made of high strength and steel fiber reinforced concretes are studied by experiment and non-linear finite element method. Three levels of partial prestress ratio (PPR) are considered, and for each PPR, a pair of two-span continuous beams with box-section are designed. In each pair of the test beams, one is constructed by the high strength concrete completely, and for the other one the steel fiber reinforced concrete is used in the negative moment zone (the mid-support zone). Such structural behaviors as the deflection of beam, the formation and the development of crack, the strain of concrete and reinforcement bar, and the moment redistribution are investigated. A non-linear finite element analysis program is developed and applied. The constitutive behavior of concrete is modeled by the microplane theory. A four-nodal six-DOF (degree of freedom) degenerated shell element is adopted to simulate the structural behaviors of the box-section beam. To obtain the ultimate limit state of the structure, the arc-length method is introduced in the non-linear solution. The analytical results agree well with test ones. The influences of the steel fiber reinforced concrete used in the negative moment zone on the structural behaviors are mainly concerned.     

钢-混凝土组合梁加宽混凝土旧桥技术中组合横梁界面受力性能研究

在钢-混凝土组合梁加宽旧桥技术中,旧桥混凝土边梁与新加宽的钢-混凝土组合梁间的横向连接采用钢-混凝土组合横梁的形式,这种横梁形式较为新颖,目前相关试验研究尚未有报道。对6个钢-混凝土组合横梁进行试验研究,通过采用目前已有的新老混凝土植筋界面承载力计算方法对试验结果进行对比计算。研究结果表明:组合横梁界面的破坏模式为新老混凝土界面破坏,钢-混凝土界面没有任何破坏特征;新老混凝土界面黏结破坏以前,新老混凝土之间几乎没有滑移,整体性很强;新老混凝土界面黏结破坏以后,界面剪力主要由植筋承担,试件延性良好。针对钢-混凝土组合梁加宽旧桥技术中组合横梁的破坏模式,采用合理的材料本构关系,提出三阶段界面受力模型,理论方法计算结果与试验值吻合良好。通过理论分析确定界面的破坏机理:新老混凝土界面的极限抗剪强度由混凝土强度,界面粗糙程度和摩擦系数共同确定,界面正应力的存在有利于极限抗剪强度的提高;新老混凝土界面的残余抗剪强度主要由界面植筋提供,植筋率和植筋屈服强度是主要影响因素。最后,提出适用于实际工程的设计方法。     

Design of cold-formed steel channels with stiffened webs subjected to bending

The objectives of this study are to investigate the structural behaviour and evaluate the appropriateness of the current direct strength method on the design of cold-formed steel stiffened cross-sections subjected to bending. The stiffeners were employed to the web of plain channel and lipped channel sections to improve the flexural strength of cold-formed steel sections that are prone to local buckling and distortional buckling. An experimental investigation of simply supported beams with different stiffened channel sections has been conducted. The moment capacities and observed failure modes at ultimate loads were reported. A nonlinear finite element model was developed and verified against the test results in terms of strengths, failure modes and moment–curvature curves. The calibrated model was then adopted for an extensive parametric study to investigate the moment capacities and buckling modes of cold-formed steel beams with various geometries of stiffened sections. The strengths and failure modes of specimens obtained from experimental and numerical results were compared with design strengths predicted using the direct strength method specified in the North American Specification for cold-formed steel structures. The comparison shows that the design strengths predicted by the current direct strength method (DSM) are conservative for both local buckling and distortional buckling in this study. Hence, the DSM is modified to cover the new stiffened channel sections investigated in this study. A reliability analysis was also performed to assess the current and modified DSM.