过氧化氢生产用三相固定床中泡沫流持液量的实验研究

研究采用空气-蒽醌工作液体系模拟过氧化氢生产中蒽醌氢化用三相反应器内流体的流动情况。首先建立了实验测定部分发泡固定床内泡沫流持液量的方法。然后应用建立的方法测定了不同气液表观流速下动态持液量,并考察了气液表观流速对动态和总持液量的影响。最后,比较了10种用于估算发泡体系泡沫流区持液量经验式的计算精度。结果表明,分别采用Specchia和Larachi经验式估算动态和总持液量的计算误差均在5％以内。     

TA加氢精制反应器流动状况实验研究

建立反应器冷模实验装置,研究TA加氢精制反应器的流动状况。采用与工业反应器类似的结构,反应器直径为250mm,高度为1000mm。通过脉冲法测定冷模反应器的平均停留时间分布,冷模反应器的流型与进料流量有关,进料流量越大,反应器的流型越接近平推流。计算表明,正常负荷的工业TA加氢精制反应器的流型是平推流。通过测定反应器床层压降,得到修正摩擦系数与Re_m的关联式,并据此计算出工业TA加氢精制反应器的床层压降约为18．51kPa。     

三维上流式反应器床层流动和返混特性

采用内径为280 mm的上流式反应器,以空气模拟气相、甘油和水混合溶液模拟渣油。用3种不同粒径的氧化铝球形工业催化剂颗粒为填充颗粒,考察了不同模拟物系的颗粒粒径、颗粒密度、液相黏度、不同床层的高径比和不同操作条件对上流式反应器内床层压降及其波动、床层轴向返混的影响规律。得到模拟工业运行物系和操作条件的上流式反应器床层总压降关联式,相对误差在12%以内。床层总压降均随床层高径比、颗粒密度和液相黏度增加而增大,但随颗粒粒径的增大而减小,床层压降波动随表观气速增加而增大。填充颗粒粒径越小、颗粒密度越小、高径比越大,床层内轴向返混越严重;床层内压降和轴向返混均随表观气速的增加而增大。     

三维上流式反应器床层流动和返混特性

采用内径为280 mm的上流式反应器,以空气模拟气相、甘油和水混合溶液模拟渣油。用3种不同粒径的氧化铝球形工业催化剂颗粒为填充颗粒,考察了不同模拟物系的颗粒粒径、颗粒密度、液相黏度、不同床层的高径比和不同操作条件对上流式反应器内床层压降及其波动、床层轴向返混的影响规律。得到模拟工业运行物系和操作条件的上流式反应器床层总压降关联式,相对误差在12%以内。床层总压降均随床层高径比、颗粒密度和液相黏度增加而增大,但随颗粒粒径的增大而减小,床层压降波动随表观气速增加而增大。填充颗粒粒径越小、颗粒密度越小、高径比越大,床层内轴向返混越严重;床层内压降和轴向返混均随表观气速的增加而增大。     

三相携带床的流体力学特性研究

研究了空气一水-黄沙三相系统在携带床反应器中的流体力学特性。反应器直径0．07m。实验考察了表观气速Ug、表观浆液流速UsL、固含率εs等因素对气含率εg和床层压降△P的影响以及三相携带床的操作特性。回归实验数据得到气含率及床层压降与各因素的关联式为εg=0.4084U△P=5783．672U研究结果为三相携带床工业反应器提供了流体力学依据。     

新型填料结构旋转床流体力学特性

以空气-水为工作介质,研究了填料特性、超重力因子、气体流景和液体流量等对不同填料结构旋转床床层压降特性的影响.实验结果表明,离心压降、干床压降、湿床压降与填料的材质、板间距、空隙率等密切相关;床层压降随超重力因子、气体流量的增加而增大,与液体流量几乎无关;在相近的操作条件下,床层压降与文献报道丝网错流旋转床的相近,为逆流床的十分之一;运用最小二乘法对实验数据回归得出了干湿床压降的关联式,计算的干湿床压降与实验值的平均误差小于15%.     

涓流床中液体分布形态与滞后特性

采用电容层析成像仪(ECT)和压力传感器在气-液预液泛模式润湿床层的条件下分别测定了空气-水体系在内径140 mm有机玻璃塔中由不同粒径玻璃珠所组成床层的持液量滞后和压降滞后曲线.利用平行流区模型对实验数据进行了分析,得出了不同操作状态下的膜流分率、簇状流区和气相流区的比例以及各流区的流速.发现在高的气液流速下,单相区...     

精制反应器床层压降高原因分析及对策

某炼厂加氢裂化装置因精制反应器床层压降高提前停工检修,通过对精制反应器保护剂及催化剂样品的化验分析,找出了致使床层压降升高的原因,并提出了控制精制反应器床层压降升高的对策,对加氢裂化装置的安稳长满优生产有一定的指导意义。     

蜂窝状催化剂中空结构对固定床反应器压降的影响

压降是衡量固定床反应器优劣的重要指标,直接影响了反应性能和综合能耗,催化剂颗粒的外形和尺寸是影响固定床反应器压降的关键因素。采用颗粒分辨计算流体力学模型,研究了工业上常用的蜂窝状催化剂颗粒上中空结构对固定床反应器压降的影响规律。首先,通过对比实验测量的催化剂床层空隙率和压降,验证了建立的颗粒分辨计算流体力学模型的合理性和准确性,其中模型计算获得的压降与实验值相差5%以内。接着,研究了蜂窝状催化剂颗粒开孔个数的影响,发现在催化剂颗粒体积和开孔体积相同的情况下,开孔个数不会显著影响催化剂床层的空隙率,但开孔个数增加会导致压降增大,这主要是由于孔径变小后增大了流体在孔内的动量损失。最后,考察了单孔柱催化剂颗粒尺寸的影响,发现可通过调变外圆柱半径、内孔半径和高度,进而大幅度改变催化剂床层空隙率和压降,当单孔柱壁面越薄时,空隙率越大,致使压降越低。研究结果可以为催化剂颗粒外形的优化设计提供强大的模型工具和一定的理论指导。     

颗粒填充床单相流动压降

综述了单相流填充床压降经验关联式,定性和定量分析了流体物性、流体流速、填充颗粒大小与形状、装填方式以及填充床直径与床层空隙率等因素对流动压降的影响,指出不同经验关联式的适用条件和选用判据。     

滴流床反应器中发泡流体的流型转变

滴流床反应器(TBR)广泛用于石油炼制和化工等过程．TBR的流体力学现象十分复杂,因操作条件、床层和流体性质的改变可产生不同的流区．其流型转变行为是TBR反应工程研究的一个重要领域．     

Pressure gradients,voidage and gas flow in the annulus of spouted beds

Parallel measurements of pressure gradients with a differential pressure probe and voidage profiles with a fibre optic system have been carried out to study gas flow distributions in the annulus of spouted beds. The observation of Grbavcic et al. (1976) that for a given fluid‐solid combination and column geometry the annulus pressure gradient at any bed level is independent of bed depth was corroborated again. Calibration curves of pressure drops versus superficial gas velocities for beds of voidage higher than the loose‐packed voidage were obtained by applying the Ergun (1952) equation, making it possible to estimate superficial gas velocities in the annulus using the static pressure gradient method. The local superficial gas velocity in the annulus was found to be higher in a deep bed than in a shallow bed of the same material, contrary to the conclusion (Grbavcic et al., 1976) that, for a given fluid‐solid combination and column geometry, the annulus fluid velocity at any level is independent of bed depth. Theoretical models and equations which do not account for the conical geometry near the bottom were found to underpredict superficial gas velocities in the annulus. Increasing the spouting gas flow was found to increase the net gas flow through the annulus.     

Pressure drop hysteresis in trickle bed reactors

An understanding of the hydrodynamics of trickle bed reactors (TBR) is essential for their design and prediction of their performance. Flow variables, packing characteristics, physical properties of fluids and operation modes influence the behavior of the TBR. The existence of multiple hydrodynamic states or hysteresis (pressure drop, liquid holdup, catalyst wetting, gas-liquid mass transfer) is due to the different flow structures in the packed bed and can be attained by a set of different operating procedures. Experiments were performed to study the effect of liquid and gas velocity, liquid surface tension, liquid viscosity and the particle diameter of the packing on two-phase pressure drop hysteresis. The parallel zone model for pressure drop hysteresis in the trickling flow was used for analysis of experimental data and flow structure. Theoretically predicted pressure drop hysteresis loop is in satisfactory agreement with experimental data.     

Study of liquid spreading from a point source in a trickle bed via gamma-ray tomography and CFD simulation

Gamma-ray tomography and a liquid collecting device have been used to detect liquid spreading from a single point source in a trickle bed. This basic configuration has been chosen to evaluate the radial spreading of liquid flow through a fixed bed. The experimental data are used to validate the two-dimensional (2D) computational fluid dynamic model (CFD) developed at the CREL laboratory for gas/liquid trickle flows inside a fixed bed [Jiang et al., 2002. A.I.Ch.E. Journal 48, 701-730]. The data obtained show the influence of liquid and gas flow rates and the impact of pre-wetting condition on liquid distribution evolution along fixed bed axis. The comparison between experimental data and simulation results shows a significant effect of the capillary pressure term on prediction of the radial spreading of the liquid flow. Several physical models for the capillary pressure term are tested in order to select the closure law that allows a proper prediction of liquid spreading at trickle flow conditions.     

Extension of the kinetic theory of granular flow to include dense quasi-static stresses

Fluidized bed technology has diverse industrial applications ranging from the gasification of coal in the power industry to chemical reactions for the plastic industry. Due to their complex chaotic non-linear behaviour understanding the hydrodynamic behaviour in fluidized beds is often limited to pressure drop measurements and a mass balance of the system. Computational fluid dynamics has the capability to model multiphase flows and can assist in understanding gas-solid fluidized beds by modeling their hydrodynamics. The multiphase Eulerian-Eulerian gas-solid model, extended and validated here improves on the kinetic theory of granular flow by including a closure term for the quasi-static stress associated with the long term particle contact at high solid concentrations. Similar quasi-static models have been widely applied to slow granular flow such as chute flow, flow down an incline plane and geophysical flow. However combining the kinetic theory of granular flow and the quasi-static stress model for the application of fluidized beds is limited. The objective of the present paper is to compare two quasi-static stress models to the experimental fluidized bed data of Bouillard et al. [4]. A quasi-static granular flow model (QSGF) initially developed by Gray and Stiles [18] is compared to the commonly used Srivastava and Sundaresan [37]. Both models show good agreement with the experimental bubble diameter and averaged porosity profiles. However only the QSGF model shows a distinct asymmetry in the bubble shape which was documented by Bouillard et al. [4].     

Simulation of the Hydrodynamics and Drying in a Spouted Bed Dryer

Gas-particle flow behavior in a spouted bed of spherical particles was simulated using the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid modeling approach, incorporating a kinetic-frictional constitutive model for dense assemblies of the particulate solid. The interaction between gas and particles was modeled using the Gidaspow drag model and the predicted hydrodynamics is compared with published experimental data. To investigate drying characteristics of particulate solids in axisymmetric spouted beds, a heat and mass transfer model was developed and incorporated into the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT 6.2. The kinetics of drying was described using the classical and diffusional models for surface drying and internal moisture drying, respectively. The overall flow patterns within the spouted bed were predicted well by the model; i.e., a stable spout region, a fountain region, and an annular downcomer region were obtained. Calculated particle velocities and concentrations in the axisymmetric spouted bed were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data of He et al. (Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1994a, 72:229; 1994b, 72:561). Such predictions can provide important information on the flow field, temperature, and species distributions inside the spouted bed for process design and scale-up.     

Volume‐of‐fluid‐based model for multiphase flow in high‐pressure trickle‐bed reactor: Optimization of numerical parameters

Aiming to understand the effect of various parameters such as liquid velocity, surface tension, and wetting phenomena, a Volume‐of‐Fluid (VOF) model was developed to simulate the multiphase flow in high‐pressure trickle‐bed reactor (TBR). As the accuracy of the simulation is largely dependent on mesh density, different mesh sizes were compared for the hydrodynamic validation of the multiphase flow model. Several model solution parameters comprising different time steps, convergence criteria and discretization schemes were examined to establish model parametric independency results. High‐order differencing schemes were found to agree better with the experimental data from the literature given that its formulation includes inherently the minimization of artificial numerical dissipation. The optimum values for the numerical solution parameters were then used to evaluate the hydrodynamic predictions at high‐pressure demonstrating the significant influence of the gas flow rate mainly on liquid holdup rather than on two‐phase pressure drop and exhibiting hysteresis in both hydrodynamic parameters. Afterwards, the VOF model was applied to evaluate successive radial planes of liquid volume fraction at different packed bed cross‐sections. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Hydrodynamics and flow regime transition study of trickle bed reactor at elevated temperature and pressure

The hydrodynamics in a trickle bed reactor (TBR) in non-ambient conditions are studied for air-water and air-acetone (pure organic liquid of low surface tension) systems. A flow map experiments for air-water and air-acetone systems are performed in a pilot plant reactor of 0.05 m i.d. and 1.25 m height. It has been demonstrated from the experimental results that the pressure drop tends to increase with increasing superficial gas and liquid velocity and reactor pressure, while it tends to decrease with increasing bed temperature. The results also show that the dynamic liquid holdup increases with increasing liquid velocity and decreases with increasing superficial gas velocity, reactor pressure and bed temperature. The dynamic liquid holdup and pressure drop values are obviously higher than those measured for air-water system at the same fluid fluxes, reactor pressure and bed temperature due to the surface tension effects. For higher reactor pressure and temperature, the trickle to pulse transition boundary shifts towered higher superficial velocities of both gas and liquid.     

Mathematical modeling of gas dehydration using adsorption process

In this study, a mathematical model was developed to simulate an adsorption process for dehydration of a gas stream. In deriving the model, the following assumptions were made. Variation of the gas velocity along the bed length was accounted for and the bed pressure drop was calculated by the Ergun equation. Mass and heat transfer outside the solid particles were assumed to be convective and those inside the particle were assumed to be diffusive. The dual site Langmuir isotherm was employed in predicting adsorption equilibrium and the Peng–Robinson equation was used as the PVT relation. The resulting mathematical model was solved by the finite volume method and the results were verified against experimental data reported by Mohamadinejad et al. [2000. Separation Science and Technology 35,1] and Gorbach et al. [2004. Adsorption 10,1]. Good agreement was observed between the predictions of the model and the experimental data. The developed model was used to perform parametric study. Our results suggest that the break-through time decreases linearly with the square of particles diameter. It also decreases linearly with the inverse of particles tortuosity. A similar trend appears to exist for variations of the bed percent saturation. The bed pressure drop increases linearly with the inversed diameter of particles.     

On the role and the origin of the gas pressure gradient in the discharge of fine solids from hoppers

The Brown and Richards (Principles of Powder Mechanics, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1970) correlation for the discharge rate of fine powders from a hopper was modified to account for the gas pressure gradient near the outlet. According to Donsı̀ et al. (Chem. Eng. Sci. 52 (1997) 4291) there is a transition between a granular flow region and a suspended flow region near the hopper outlet. Brown and Richards (1970) stated that the particle discharge rate depends on the flow conditions just above this transition surface. In the modified equation that is developed to account for the gas pressure, a term including the gas pressure gradient at this surface appears. The gas pressure gradient is evaluated from the literature experimental results by considering the Donsı̀ et al. (1997) finding that a significant part of the gas pressure gradient near the hopper outlet is due to the suspended motion. Furthermore, a simplified analysis is carried out to evaluate from the experimental results the voidage variation within the solids phase that is responsible for the onset of the gas pressure gradient.