飞秒光纤光栅高温测量方法研究

为了实现高温环境下温度的准确测量,利用飞秒激光制备的光纤布拉格光栅（Fiber Bragg Gratings,FBG）杰出的热稳定性,提出一种基于飞秒光纤光栅的高温测量方法。利用光纤热光系数、热膨胀系数与温度之间的依赖关系,建立了FBG中心波长-温度模型;由于该模型不存在解析解,利用单点中心波长-温度特解和四次多项式拟合温度-中心波长工作曲线。基于该工作曲线和预退火（1 000℃,20 h）FBG在常温至900℃范围内进行温度测量实验,结果表明最大测量偏差不超过±2℃。本方法仅需标定单点中心波长-温度即可实现宽温度范围内的温度准确测量,简洁有效,在航空航天、核电冶金等领域中具有重要的研究和应用价值。     

Pseudospectral modal method for conical diffraction of gratings

For lamellar gratings and other layered periodic structures, the modal methods (including both analytic and numerical ones) are often the most efficient, since they avoid the discretization of one spatial variable. The pseudospectral modal method (PSMM) previously developed for in-plane diffraction problems of one-dimensional gratings achieves high accuracy for a small number of discretization points, and it outperforms most other modal methods. In this paper, an extension of the PSMM to conical diffraction problems is presented and implemented. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the high accuracy and excellent convergence property of this method for both dielectric and metallic gratings.     

Analysis of strain error sources in micro-beam Laue diffraction

Micro-beam Laue diffraction is an experimental method that allows the measurement of local lattice orientation and elastic strain within individual grains of engineering alloys, ceramics, and other polycrystalline materials. Unlike other analytical techniques, e.g. based on electron microscopy, it is not limited to surface characterisation or thin sections, but rather allows non-destructive measurements in the material bulk. This is of particular importance for in situ loading experiments where the mechanical response of a material volume (rather than just surface) is studied and it is vital that no perturbation/disturbance is introduced by the measurement technique. Whilst the technique allows lattice orientation to be determined to a high level of precision, accurate measurement of elastic strains and estimating the errors involved is a significant challenge. We propose a simulation-based approach to assess the elastic strain errors that arise from geometrical perturbations of the experimental setup. Using an empirical combination rule, the contributions of different geometrical uncertainties to the overall experimental strain error are estimated. This approach was applied to the micro-beam Laue diffraction setup at beamline BM32 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). Using a highly perfect germanium single crystal, the mechanical stability of the instrument was determined and hence the expected strain errors predicted. Comparison with the actual strain errors found in a silicon four-point beam bending test showed good agreement. The simulation-based error analysis approach makes it possible to understand the origins of the experimental strain errors and thus allows a directed improvement of the experimental geometry to maximise the benefit in terms of strain accuracy.     

高温ITO薄膜应变计制备及压阻性能EI北大核心CSCD

高温薄膜应变计被广泛应用于极端条件热端构件的应变测量。ITO薄膜应变计通常能够应用于1000℃以上的应变测量,为了研究ITO薄膜的显微结构、XPS光谱、阻温特性及压阻响应,采用磁控溅射在陶瓷基底上制备了ITO薄膜应变计,并在高温纯N2中热处理ITO薄膜。结果表明,其电阻温度系数稳定在-750×10-6℃-1,在1200℃下测试其应变特性,测得电阻漂移率为0.0018 h-1,应变因子为16。ITO薄膜在高温下具有稳定的电阻温度系数和低漂移率,为高温端部件应变的测量提供了可能。     

应变计伺服液压缸测试方法研究

针对原有轧机伺服液压缸高频动态响应测试系统的不足,提出一种基于应变计的新型测试方法.运用ANSYS有限元软件得到机架表面适用于实验的应变测点,并利用现有轧机伺服液压缸实验设备,制定合理的实验方法和流程,进行液压缸测试实验.结果表明:应变-位移曲线和载荷-位移曲线均呈很好的线性关系,重复性好,可以满足现有轧机伺服液压缸高频动态响应测试系统的要求.     

HRXRD研究SiN盖帽层在Si中引入的应变

为了研究SiN盖帽层在Si中引入应变的机理与控制,利用高分辨X射线衍射(HRXRD)技术分析了si中应变的各向异性以及与盖帽层厚度的关系.研究发现,盖帽层厚度低于300nm时,应变量与厚度呈近线性关系,随后增加趋缓,最终达到一饱和值;同时,应变在不同晶向表现出明显的各向异性,表层应变Si与未应变Si衬底在(004)晶面上的衍射峰重叠在一起,而(111)晶面的2个衍射峰可明显地被分离,且倾角对Si衬底衍射峰半高宽具有明显的展宽.     

Controlled modulation of laser beam and dynamic patterning of colloidal particles using optical tweezers

We present controlled generation of complex-structured beam profiles using diffractive optical element and demonstrate multiple dynamic trapping of colloidal particles. The phase element is programmed to generate various tailored optical fields having structures, similar to that of number three, spiral, and circle but in a tractable manner. Thus, the generated spatially tailored optical fields are confined to focal volume in optical tweezers. This enabled real-time trapping of multiple microscopic objects whereby its transverse organization was controlled in a dynamic manner from one structure to another with the help of spatial light modulator. Such a controlled beam shaping finds potential applications in biophotonics, super resolution imaging, and measurement of biophysical parameters, cell sorting, and micro-manipulation of colloidal particles.     

Non-contact strain measurement using metal foil gauges with the application of the laser speckle method

This paper presents a new method to measure cyclic strain with no contact using metal foil gauges assisted by the laser speckle method. When aluminium foil is pasted on a specimen and the specimen is loaded cyclically, slip bands are produced on the foil surface. There is a fixed relation between density of the slip bands and the strain amplitude or loading cycles depending on the foil material. Thus the fatigue strain of the base metal can be estimated by observing the surface change of the metal foil by the slip bands at a constant number of loading cycles. The method presented in this paper is intended to make a non-contacting strain measurement by the application of the laser speckle technique for the detection of the surface change. This method is based on observation of the changes in a laser speckle pattern depending on the surface roughness and surface property changes of the foil caused by fatigue. The laser speckle pattern can be analysed automatically and quantitatively using an image processing system.     

An assessment of a frictional strain gauge probe for dynamic strain measurement

A probe for the measurement of surface strains on dynamically loaded structures has recently been tested at the National Engineering Laboratory (NEL). The procedure for estimating the amplitude of the conditioned signals from the frictional strain gauge attached to the probe is described and the usefulness of the technique is discussed. Calibration data are presented from comparative tests of the performance of the frictional gauge and bonded gauges on an axially loaded testpiece subjected to sinusoidal and random loading conditions.     

High resolution X-ray diffraction studies of real structure of nearly perfect single crystals

Real structure together with composition and elemental purity of single crystals controls their properties. This paper reviews recent work carried out at the National Physical Laboratory on application of high resolution X-ray diffractometry, topography and diffuse X-ray scattering for direct observation and characterization of real structure of single crystals of silicon, gallium arsenide, diamond and LiNbO₃. A series of six multicrystal X-ray diffractometers have been designed, developed and fabricated indigenously. The most versatile of these systems is a five crystal X-ray diffractometer with state-of-the-art level resolution. These techniques and equipments have been applied in studying several interesting problems. Even in dislocation-free crystals of silicon, remarkable differences in the defect structure have been observed if the growth method was changed from float zone to Czochralski. Study of effect of externally applied electric fields and ion implantation on real structure of crystals has yielded interesting results. Images of ‘filaments’ which show nonhomogeneous distribution of electric current through semiconductors and insulators have been recorded for the first time in high resolution traverse topographs. Diffracted X-ray intensities could be modified by externally applied electric fields. It has been shown that implantation of BF ₂ ⁺ ions in silicon for producing shallow junctions does not produce homogeneous distribution of boron. The impurity is partially in clustered form. Biaxial stress introduced by thin depositions in substrate crystals are of considerable applied concern. The value and nature of stress have been determined in a number of systems. Typical results obtained on GaAs: multilayer metallizations are described. Also, degradation of perfection of substrates has been monitored. This work has shown that the stress is not homogeneously distributed and is quite anisotropic. A new high resolution X-ray diffraction technique has been developed for direct observation and study of forward diffracted X-ray beam and anomalous transmission of X-rays through ‘thin’ diamond crystals of varying degrees of perfection.     

The effect of trimming on strain gauge accuracy

During a programme of fatigue testing welded tubular joints, similar to those in use in North Sea offshore structures, it was necessary to measure the strain as close to the weld toe as possible and also to detect crack initiation. To this end general purpose miniature foil strain gauges were used. The backings of these gauges were trimmed prior to installation to enable placing the measuring grid as close as possible to the weld toe. The investigation described was carried out to assess the accuracy of these strain gauge installations.     

Characterisation of high temperature oxidation using electron backscatter diffraction

Abstract

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to characterise the oxide scales formed on a low alloy steel. The technique provides a powerful combination of local phase information and orientational relationships both within and between phase layers. It has revealed that hematite grain growth occurs almost exclusively along the 0001 direction for the entire range of samples examined. Wüstite and magnetite grains were also found to grow preferentially along orientations close to the 001 direction.

EBSD is also well suited to characterising more complex scales such as those formed during hot working (e.g. millscale), and those formed on Fe–Ni alloys. In the latter complementary chemical information from energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), which was acquired simultaneously with the EBSD, enables the identity of crystallographically similar phases to be distinguished. EDS also shows that no nickel exists in the external scale and that it instead accumulates at the interface with the scale and at adjacent grain boundaries.     

Excimer laser processing of inkjet-printed and sputter-deposited transparent conducting SnO2:Sb for flexible electronics

The feasibility of low-temperature fabrication of transparent electrode elements from thin films of antimony-doped tin oxide (SnO₂:Sb, ATO) has been investigated via inkjet printing, rf magnetron sputtering and post-deposition excimer laser processing. Laser processing of thin films on both glass and plastic substrates was performed using a Lambda Physik 305i excimer laser, with fluences in the range 20-100 mJ cm^− 2 reducing sheet resistance from as-deposited values by up to 3 orders of magnitude. This is consistent with TEM analysis of the films that shows a densification of the upper 200 nm of laser-processed regions.     

High-resolution, resistless patterning of indium-tin-oxide thin films using excimer laser projection annealing process

High-resolution, large-area patterning of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin film was demonstrated using an excimer laser projection crystallization process. After amorphous ITO (a-ITO) was deposited on a glass substrate, the a-ITO was selectively crystallized using an excimer laser scanning projection exposure system. Following the selective crystallization, the substrate was dipped in an etchant for an optimized time, resulting in formation of high-resolution patterns of polycrystalline ITO (p-ITO) on the substrate because the a-ITO has higher etch rate than the p-ITO. The p-ITO patterns were clean and sharp, and the pattern quality was suitable for production applications in the microelectronics industry.     

应变电测与传感器技术的新发展及应用

首先介绍应变电测与传感器技术的新发展:(1)各种新型特殊电阻应变计:高温600～800℃密封焊接式应变计,900℃粘贴式动态应变计,低温-269～-196℃电阻应变计,防水应变计,大应变15%～30%电阻应变计等。(2)新型应变计式传感器:土木、机械用力传感器,钢筋计,土压力计,扭矩传感器,六分力传感器,另有应变传感器可安装在结构上测量应变,可重复使用,配合应变测试仪器使用,还可进行无线遥测。(3)新型数据采集仪器:高速静态数据采集仪,最多达1000通道,可测应变、温度、应变式传感器、直流电压等,精度0.05%,采集速度每通道0.04s,多通道总计0.4s采集完成;小型多通道动态应变和温度记录仪,最多有80通道,其中应变最多达64通道,其余为热电偶、电压测量通道;超动态电阻应变仪,频响可达200～500kHz,另有数据采集和分析软件可快速分析处理数据。其次介绍近来在土木工程、铁路工程、机械工程和航空航天工程以及医学、体育等领域中的若干应用实例。     

YBCO高温超导薄膜激光化学腐蚀进程的实验观测

提出了将激光辅助化学刻蚀技术应用于钇钡铜氧(YBCO)高温超导薄膜的刻蚀,研究了无掩膜YBCO薄膜激光化学刻蚀的表面特性及其变化规律,在激光辐照下,YBCO薄膜的液相刻蚀速率大大加快,并且在整个过程中,刻蚀速率呈现加快趋势,这一特性将有可能用于改善YBCO刻蚀中的横向钻蚀情况,并提高图形边缘的侧壁陡峭度.     

Measurement of high‐temperature strains in superalloy and carbon/carbon composites using chemical composition gratings

This paper describes an experimental and signal processing technique to perform high temperature tests on superalloy (INCONEL) and carbon/carbon structures using silica‐based chemical composition gratings (CCGs). The results obtained from applying this technique at 940°C in superalloys and 950°C for carbon/carbon (C/C) composites are benchmarked against data obtained from four different methods. The results show that the wavelength responses of the CCGs bonded on the superalloy and on the C/C plate increase nonlinearly with increasing temperatures. The temperature‐dependent strain transfer coefficients recorded during the superalloy tests show quite stable results below 600 °C and tend to slightly decrease thereafter. The values of the strain transfer coefficients below 1000 °C are significantly affected by the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate material and the interface. We demonstrate that the strain transfer coefficient calculation method used in this paper is not suitable for low and/or negative expansion material. The results of the relative errors show that the CCGs‐F method based on the quadratic dependence of the wavelength shift versus the temperature appears to be the best to estimate the mechanical strains within the interval of temperatures considered and the measurement accuracy. The relative errors measured between 200 °C and 1000 °C are less than 5%.     

The design of a multi-purpose multi-component strain gauge dynamometer

The design, construction and calibration of a multi-purpose multi-component strain gauge dynamometer is described. The dynamometer was constructed for use with a free surface water channel, which can also be used as a water tunnel or a cavitation tunnel. In this experimental facility, the large speed range available (0·03 to 6·1 m/s) and the variety of projects encountered require the measurement of a wide range of loads in several different configurations. The dynamometer system has been based on a unit block concept so that the blocks can be assembled into a suitable configuration and complexity of components to suit each particular problem.
The basic design concept is described together with the calibration results and the magnitude of the interactions. It is concluded that the overall accuracy of the dynamometer blocks and the absence of interaction coupled with the versatility of the system confirm the choice of the original design.     

Design and fabrication of polymeric micro-optical components using excimer laser ablation

Abstract

Numerical simulation was used to predict the profile of a three-dimensional aspherical microlens and a microprism array. Based on the simulated results, the desired micro-optical lens profile was obtained using excimer laser ablated polyimide. The simulation method applied to excimer laser ablation can significantly reduce the quantity of microablation experiments. Ablated microstructures with surface roughness R _a < 20 nm were successfully achieved for micro-optical components. The excimer laser ablation parameters included laser fluence, shot number, workstation velocity, and repetition rate. Numerical simulation can be applied to predict various profiles of microlens and microprism arrays with different dimensions, the desired geometries being formed by laser ablation.     

Three-dimensional shape measurement beyond the diffraction limit of lens using speckle interferometry

Speckle interferometry is generally known as a method for measuring the deformation of an object with rough surfaces. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement method is proposed for superfine structures beyond the diffraction limit using the basic property of speckle interferometry. Since the differential coefficient distribution of the shape of such an object can be detected in speckle interferometry by imparting a known lateral shift to the measured object, the shape can be reconstructed by integrating the differential coefficient distribution. Based on experimental results obtained using diffraction gratings as measured objects, it is confirmed that the proposed method can measure 3D shapes that are beyond the diffraction limit of the lens.