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1.
Ethical issues related to information systems are important to the information technology (IT) professionals. These issues are also significant for organizations and societies. Although considerable literature on IT and related ethical issues exists, a review of this literature has found little empirical research on ethical practices within the government and private sector organizations. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to draw inferences regarding such practices currently in these sectors. The research results indicate a significant correlation between the code of ethics and the attitude of professionals towards the unethical use of software in government and private sector organizations. These also indicate significant differences in government and private sectors. 相似文献
2.
The poor success rates that US manufacturing companies have experienced with computerized process and information technologies are reviewed. Reasons for this lack of success are also reviewed, indicating that inadequate pre-planning for the social as well as technology changes concommitant with modernization efforts account for most of the failures. Tools to facilitate sociotechnical integration planning are reviewed with regards to a list of acceptability criteria that tools should meet. This review indicates the need for an AI-based software program that allows modernization practitioners and academic management-of-technology scholars to simulate alternative supportive organizational-technological plans for different business and technical objectives. Such a tool called HITOP-A (Highly Integrated Technology, Organization, and People-Automated) is described here. 相似文献
3.
In this paper, findings from a research project on work-psychological concepts for the design of computer-aided integrated manufacturing systems are presented. The work-psychological point of view is that concepts which focus not only on technical aspects, but also on the design of work organization and the use and development of skills and qualifications not only contribute to humane work conditions but are also associated with economics efficiency. Results gained from 60 small and medium size Swiss companies in the capital-goods industry show that very few companies have holistic manufacturing structures in terms of decentralization, functional integration, work group autonomy and complete and challenging tasks. Furthermore, skills and qualifications are not made use of to their fullest extent in most companies. Although technical support in terms of implementation of computer-aided manufacturing systems and technical integration is noticeably high, economic efficiency could not be exclusively attributed to the implementation of technical systems. The attainment of efficiency goals associated with the implementation of technical systems turned out to be higher in companies pursuing a holistic approach to the design of computer-aided manufacturing systems encompassing technical aspects, organizational design and use and development of skills and qualifications. Relevance to industry In many companies, the implementation and utilization of computer-aided manufacturing systems is considered an appropriate means for meeting increased market demand. Yet, a growing body of empirical findings indicates that computer-aided manufacturing systems per se will not guarantee that companies perform successfully. Data gained from case studies indicate that a comprehensive approach directed at the joint consideration and optimization of technical systems, organizational design and qualifications will contribute to a successful implementation of computer-aided manufacturing systems in terms of humane working conditions and economic efficiency. The data can be used for the work-psychologically founded design of computer-aided integrated manufacturing systems. 相似文献
4.
The formulation and implementation of a digital transformation strategy (DTS) has become a key concern for many pre-digital organizations across traditional industries, but how such a strategy can be developed remains an open question. We used interpretive in-depth case study research to study how a European financial services provider has formulated and implemented a DTS. By focusing on the underlying processes and strategizing activities, we show that digital strategy making not only represents a break with the conventions of upfront strategic information systems (IS) planning, but reveals a new extreme of emergent strategy making. Specifically, we conclude that a DTS is continuously in the making, with no foreseeable end. By building on theory from IS strategizing and strategy-as-practice literature, we theorize an integrated process/activity model that characterizes DTS formulation and implementation in pre-digital organizations. Our model shows that the crafting of a DTS is a highly dynamic process involving iterating between learning and doing. 相似文献
5.
Using a simulation-based decision modeling technique, this study investigated two components of ethical decision making: the relative importance of six ethical criteria; and the information systems (IS) professional's ability to determine the importance the six ethical criteria in their decision-making process. This was accomplished via a questionnaire mailed to 480 randomly selected DPMA members. One hundred eighteen respondents identified two criteria as most important in their ethical evaluation of IS professionals: “performance of assigned tasks to the best of his or her ability” and “works diligently to satisfy the organization's customers”. The results also raised questions about the IS professionals' (especially younger, less experienced individuals) ability to clearly articulate which criteria they actually used in their evaluation process. 相似文献
6.
Using Semantic Web technologies in complex scenarios requires that such technologies correctly interoperate by interchanging ontologies using the RDF(S) and OWL languages. This interoperability is not straightforward because of the high heterogeneity in Semantic Web technologies and, while the number of such technologies grows, affordable mechanisms for evaluating Semantic Web technology interoperability are needed to comprehend the current and future interoperability of Semantic Web technologies.This paper presents the OWL Interoperability Benchmarking, an international benchmarking activity that involved the evaluation of the interoperability of different Semantic Web technologies using OWL as the interchange language. It describes the evaluation resources used in this benchmarking activity, the OWL Lite Import Benchmark Suite and the IBSE tool, and presents how to use them for evaluating the OWL interoperability of Semantic Web technologies. Moreover, the paper offers an overview of the OWL interoperability results of the eight tools participating in the benchmarking: one ontology-based annotation tool (GATE), three ontology frameworks (Jena, KAON2, and SWI-Prolog), and four ontology development tools (Protégé Frames, Protégé OWL, SemTalk, and WebODE). 相似文献
7.
This paper provides an overview of opportunities and challenges for expert coordination, knowledge sharing, and task performance using advanced information and communication technologies. Evolving in part from [Hendrick, H., 1991. Ergonomics in organizational design and management. Ergonomics 34(6), 743–756] discussion of macroergonomics, this paper describes the author's framework for systems engineering analysis of information flow and performance at team and organizational units of analysis. Work in the author's research lab has focused on several aspects of information technology use and team interactions to support shared understandings, task demands, and effective responses in responses to events. Multiple empirical studies are summarized describing evaluations of technology use, task cycles and expert knowledge coordination in several settings, including aerospace, healthcare, and project management. 相似文献
8.
AbstractRisk assessments in Sociotechnical Systems (STS) tend to be based on error taxonomies, yet the term ‘human error’ does not sit easily with STS theories and concepts. A new break-link approach was proposed as an alternative risk assessment paradigm to reveal the effect of information communication failures between agents and tasks on the entire STS. A case study of the training of a Royal Navy crew detecting a low flying Hawk (simulating a sea-skimming missile) is presented using EAST to model the Hawk-Frigate STS in terms of social, information and task networks. By breaking 19 social links and 12 task links, 137 potential risks were identified. Discoveries included revealing the effect of risk moving around the system; reducing the risks to the Hawk increased the risks to the Frigate. Future research should examine the effects of compounded information communication failures on STS performance. Practitioner Summary: The paper presents a step-by-step walk-through of EAST to show how it can be used for risk assessment in sociotechnical systems. The ‘broken-links’ method takes a systemic, rather than taxonomic, approach to identify information communication failures in social and task networks. 相似文献
9.
An expanding array of consumer products have the facility to have things added in and plugged on, their firmware upgraded, and as yet un-thought of future capability supported. In short, more and more products can be connected to something and/or someone, and in doing so are slowly adapting to the current day state of modernity that is called ‘the information age’. Inevitably, this brings with it changes in the way that products should be thought about and designed. The purpose of this paper is to try and help product designers and Ergonomists to get a grip on all the complexity and non-linearity that the information age brings with it, and help make themselves and their increasingly networked and interoperable products at home in it. Our case study, Apple's new iPhone, serves as a pertinent example. 相似文献
11.
The immense environmental challenges facing society today have necessitated a research effort toward exploring digitally enabled solutions for environmental problems. Only limited research exists today to inform our understanding on how technology could assist groups of individuals in cultivating collective commitment and engaging in actions for environmental sustainability. By presenting an in‐depth case study of a social media‐enabled grassroots environmental movement in rural Malaysia, this paper aims to illuminate and understand an underresearched phenomenon of community‐driven environmental sustainability. This study makes 2 contributions: (1) we draw on the perspective of technology affordances to shed light on both the enabling power and unintended consequences of social media in the pursuit of environmental sustainability; and on that account, (2) we contribute rich, empirically informed insights toward understanding the underresearched phenomenon of digitally enabled, community‐driven environmental sustainability. 相似文献
12.
This paper explores how the change agent role problem can be detected and alleviated with the help of a knowledge-based support tool. The mismatch between MIS specialist change agent role style and IS environment is a complex problem to solve. The problem results when the MIS specialist's role outlines responsibilities that cannot possibly manage the change and related uncertainty surrounding an IS initiative. MIS specialists are classified by change agent roles that reflect varying types of responsibility for social and technological change. Evaluation of IS environment constructs provide the MIS specialist with a formal way to compare the different IS change agent roles to moderate IS uncertainty, thereby increasing the likelihood of IS success. The relevant IS change agentry relationships are identified from a literature review. Results from a multiple case study were used to develop and validate a conceptual model of the IS change agentry application domain. Based on this model, a suitable knowledge representation scheme is developed that provides a high level structure to the IS change agent role application domain and also guides the reasoning process. The proposed approach supports the interpretation of domain relationships applicable when choosing among change agent roles. Therefore, it could be used by IS specialists proactively to facilitate the analysis of complex domain facts prior to committing resources to a change agent role. The approach is illustrated with case data. Managerial implications of the study are discussed. 相似文献
13.
ContextThe participation of users in the design process is recognized as a positive and a necessary element as artifacts suit their needs. Two complementary approaches of users’ involvement co-exist: the user-centered design and the participatory design. These approaches involve learning process from users to designers and vice versa. However, there has no research in design of virtual reality (VR)-based software dealing with how the elaboration of needs is actually distributed in time and among users, designers and project leaders, as well as how it is actually supported by tools and methods. ObjectiveThis paper aims to observe, in a real design project of a virtual reality-based software, how the various stakeholders (users, designers, project leaders) actually participate by sharing and pulling pieces of information from the process of needs elaboration, and how these contributions evolve throughout the decisions made in the course of the project. MethodOur method, based on the observation of the practices in collective design, allows us to collect and analyze the relationship between each possible action (e.g., elicitation), each stakeholder who initiates these actions (e.g., users) and each phase of the design process (e.g., evaluation phase), and the dynamics of the construction of needs. ResultsOur results detail how the elicited needs are dealt with by designers, users and/or project leaders: (1) we show a strong contribution of users in the design, compared to others stakeholders, (2) among the needs elicited by users, most have been validated by the designers, (3) some elicited needs could have been firstly rejected and finally validated and implemented. ConclusionWe identify the reasons which justify and explain our results confronting them to the literature. We underline the conditions have been satisfied in our study in order to involve effectively users in the design of emerging technologies. 相似文献
14.
The increased complexity of modern sociotechnical systems (STS) necessitates the need for a manageable representation of their attributes, to augment our understanding and enable the development of ways through which we can increase their effectiveness, efficiency, and safety. Although many of the methodologies developed in the Human Factors domain map and investigate system properties and network structures, the inclusion of the temporal dimension in the analysis of STS remains limited. In this paper we present how modeling and visualization of STS can be augmented with the incorporation of temporal interaction analysis techniques that enable a micro-level, fine-grained analysis of data. We provide an overview of temporal analysis techniques by breaking down their main function, requirements, types of research questions they can address, and the visualization properties they offer, attempting to enhance their use in system analysis. This overview can assist researchers in selecting an analysis technique, enabling the incorporation of temporality in STS analysis, and helping towards the design of improved and safer systems and interventions. 相似文献
15.
The results of a survey are presented on the perceived importance of 20 IS issues in Hong Kong in 1994 and in the next five years. The survey was based on studies carried out in the USA and Taiwan. The major issues which changed were a decline in the importance of recruiting and maintaining a skilled workforce ( IS human resources), accompanied by an increase in the importance of the need for a good communications network ( Telecommunications). Comparing the results with those of the USA and Taiwan revealed seven issues common to all the three studies. In particular, the ability to anticipate and adapt to the changing face of IS ( IS strategic planning) was a top three issue for the USA, Taiwan and Hong Kong. 相似文献
16.
In the practice of concurrent engineering, the factors that are considered early in the product design process include manufacturability, assembly, and cost. A set of issues that are not typically considered revolve around the operational requirements for human workers in the manufacturing system. What tasks will human workers accomplish? How will these tasks be organized and coordinated? What information and resources need to be shared? Will the workers have a coherent set of job responsibilities? How should the manufacturing environment be designed to support effective work practices? How can a manufacturing process be designed that also informs organizational structure and takes into account the quality of working life? The field of sociotechnical systems theory (STS) focuses on exactly these kinds of issues. Rather than subscribing to the usual view of technological determinism — that a complex human-machine system is designed solely with respect to optimization of technical criteria — the goal of STS is to jointly optimize both human and technological considerations in system design and operation. The spirit of STS has much in common with recent work in cognitive systems engineering that advocates the design of joint cognitive systems in which machines serve as flexible, context-sensitive resources for human problem solving. Furthermore, a focus on design teams necessitates the study of the relationship between group work and technology as studied in the field of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). This paper briefly reviews current research in sociotechnical systems theory, computer-supported cooperative work, and cognitive systems engineering and proposes a framework for integrating operational concerns into the concurrent engineering process. Relevance to industry To be competitive, organizations need to effectively manage human and technological resources. A key issue is the nature of the information and technological infrastructure that both enables and supports ‘best practice’ across the enterprise. This paper describes such an approach in the context of the ‘operational enterprise’ and provides both a philosophical stance as well as specific examples of software support. 相似文献
17.
This article draws on the strengths of two fields—technology and intercultural studies—to present a model for theorizing and developing research methods that ethically and accurately situate L2 writing and communication technologies. Much research in communication technologies and writing use so-called localized approaches to intercultural inquiries. However, because these approaches focus on the concreteness of local situations, they do not provide a valid or ethical frame for understanding the influence of communication technologies across cultures. Because communication technologies restrain and reinforce certain communication possibilities and corresponding rhetorical and cultural patterns, they do not relate to or fit each cultural and rhetorical tradition the same way. Rather, communication technologies develop complexly different relations to each cultural and/or rhetorical tradition across the globe. Consequently, each rhetorical tradition uses each communication technology with a distinct sense of purpose, audience-author relations, information needs, and organizational patterns. This article first overviews the debate about technology-culture relationships and then explores how the difference-based lens cannot ethically and accurately situate L2 writing and technology. Next, drawing on research in intercultural studies and international human rights, the article sets up an intercultural frame for examining L2 writing and technologies. Finally, it puts into practice this intercultural-technology frame by looking at L2 writing in Ecuadorian contexts. 相似文献
18.
Many of the proposed benefits of health information systems, particularly those regarding efficiency, are assumed to be caused by changes in clinical provider and staff workflow. Assessing the extent to which electronic health records (EHRs) are having the expected effects and identifying barriers to anticipated improvements requires a detailed understanding of how such systems affect day-to-day work activities. This study utilized interviews and observations to develop prototypical workflow models of day-to-day activities in ambulatory practices, allowing activity changes due to the implementation of EHRs with varying levels of interoperability to be identified. Primary and specialty care practices from a multi-county region were sampled. Results showed that EHRs did not consistently improve efficiency, but variously reduced, added, or simply changed work tasks. The impact depended on the work process, level of interoperability, and type of provider involved, as well as aspects of the user interface design. Additionally, implementing EHR systems did not eliminate the use of paper from work processes. Implications for successful implementation and design of EHR systems are provided. Relevance to industryEffectively designing and implementing health IT systems in clinical settings requires an understanding of how the IT system will impact, and be integrated with, existing work activities, and how these impacts may depend on the level of interoperability achieved by the IT system. 相似文献
19.
Der Einfluss einer experimrcntellen Kinetose auf die von tier Konzentrations-fähigkeit abhängige Leistung im TAF-Test (Target-Aiming-Function-Test) wurde an 10 männliehen Versuchsporsonen unteraucht. Während die angowandte Belasturigsform zu einor signifikanten Veranderung dor vegetativen Reaktionslage fährto, was im CPT (Cold-Pressure-Test) mm Ausdruck kam, ergab sich koine Verschleehterung der Leistung im TAF-Test. Die Bedoutung des von der Auswirkung anderer ‘ stress ’-Formen auf den TAF-Test unterschiedlichen Ergebnissos fiir die allgemeino Verwendbarkeit dieses Tests wird diskutiort. 相似文献
20.
While research has produced valuable insights about digital innovation, we lack a comprehensive understanding about its core nature, and research across disciplinary boundaries lacks integration. To address these issues, we review 227 articles on digital innovation across eight disciplines. Based on our findings, we (1) inductively develop a new definition and propose a new framing of current conceptualizations of digital innovation, (2) organize central concepts of the literature on digital phenomena and show how they intersect with our conceptualization, and (3) develop a framework to organize digital innovation research according to five key themes. We conclude by identifying two particularly promising areas of future research. 相似文献
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