3D堆叠封装硅通孔结构的电-热-结构耦合分析

硅通孔(TSV)技术作为三维封装的关键技术,其可靠性问题受到广泛的关注。基于ANSYS平台,通过有限元方法,对3D堆叠封装的TSV模型进行了电-热-结构耦合分析,并进一步研究了不同的通孔直径、通孔高度以及介质隔离层SiO_2厚度对TSV通孔的电流密度、温度场及热应力分布的影响。结果表明:在TSV/微凸点界面的拐角处存在较大的电流密度和等效应力,容易引起TSV结构的失效;增大通孔直径、减小通孔长度可以提高TSV结构的电-热-机械可靠性;随着SiO_2层厚度的增加,通孔的最大电流密度增大而最大等效应力减小,需要综合考虑合理选择SiO_2层厚度。     

基于复合介质层材料的硅通孔热结构耦合分析

硅通孔(TSV)技术是三维封装的关键技术,对三维IC的可靠性起决定性作用。基于ANSYS Workbench平台,通过有限元仿真对退火阶段的TSV模型进行热结构耦合分析。比较了二氧化硅(SiO₂)介质层与苯并环丁烯(BCB)介质层在不同负载下的热应力,研究了不同填充材料、介质层厚度、通孔直径、深宽比条件下的热应力分布和热应力影响,分析了碳纳米管掺杂的苯并环丁烯(BCB-CNT)介质层的热应力。结果表明,该复合介质层能有效降低热应力,提高了三维IC的可靠性。     

TSV结构热机械可靠性研究综述

硅通孔(TSV)结构是三维电路集成和器件封装的关键结构单元。TSV结构是由电镀铜填充的Cu-Si复合结构,该结构具有Cu/Ta/SiO2/Si多层界面,而且界面具有一定工艺粗糙度。TSV结构中,由于Cu和Si的热膨胀系数相差6倍,致使TSV器件热应力水平较高,引发严重的热机械可靠性问题。这些可靠性问题严重影响TSV技术的发展和应用,也制约了基于TSV技术封装产品的市场化进程。针对TSV结构的热机械可靠性问题,综述了国内外研究进展,提出了亟需解决的若干问题:电镀填充及退火工艺过程残余应力测量、TSV界面完整性的量化评价方法、热载荷和电流作用下TSV-Cu的胀出变形计算模型问题等。     

三维集成电路中TSV的热特性研究

基于Comsol Multiphysics平台,通过使用有限元仿真对三维集成电路的硅通孔(TSV)模型进行了热仿真分析。分别探究了TSV金属层填充材料及TSV的形状、结构、布局和插入密度对三维(3D)集成电路TSV热特性的影响。结果表明:TSV金属层填充材料的热导率越高,其热特性就越好,并且采用新型碳纳米材料进行填充比采用传统金属材料更能提高3D集成电路的热可靠性;矩形形状的TSV比传统圆形形状的TSV更有利于3D集成电路散热;矩形同轴以及矩形双环TSV相比其他结构TSV,更能提高TSV的热特性;TSV布局越均匀,其热特性越好;随着TSV插入密度的增加,其热特性越好,当插入密度达6%时,增加TSV的数目对TSV热特性的影响将大幅减小。     

多种结构硅通孔热应力仿真分析

硅通孔(TSV)技术是实现三维封装的一种关键技术。通过有限元分析方法,研究了三种结构硅通孔的热应力,提出聚对二甲苯填充结构在热应力方面的优越性。为了进一步研究聚对二甲苯填充结构的TSV热应力,选用不同聚对二甲苯直径、高度、硅通孔的尺寸和深宽比进行仿真,得出一系列优化结论:随着聚对二甲苯直径的增大,等效应力先增大后减小;增大聚对二甲苯的高度、减小硅通孔的直径和深宽比,有利于优化热应力;深宽比大于4时,三种结构的热应力均趋于平稳。     

穿透硅通孔互连结构的湿-热应力有限元分析

对穿透硅通孔(TSV)互连结构的湿-热应力问题进行了有限元分析。首先模拟了在二氧化硅和氢基半硅氧烷(HSQ)低k材料TSV互连结构在回流焊过程中,因热膨胀系数不匹配而引入的热应力,然后预测了HSQ基TSV互连结构在潮湿环境下因湿膨胀系数不同引起的湿应力,以及湿-热环境下的湿-热应力分布。结果表明:湿气会提高TSV结构界面处的等效应力,但湿气对铜线中的应力影响较小。湿-热应力集中主要出现在HSQ材料和与之相邻的硅上。与SiO2基TSV结构相比,HSQ基TSV结构中铜线上的应力集中得到改善,但HSQ和硅界面上的应力集中有所增加。     

应用于MEMS封装的TSV热可靠性分析

针对MEMS系统中硅通孔(TSV)的热可靠性,利用快速热处理技术(RTP)进行了温度影响的实验分析。通过有限元分析(FEA)方法得到不同温度热处理后TSV结构的变化趋势,利用RTP对实验样品进行了不同温度的热处理实验,使用扫描电子显微镜和光学轮廓仪表征了样品发生的变化。结果表明,热处理后TSV中Cu柱的凸起程度与表面粗糙度均随热处理温度的升高而增加,多次重复热处理与单次热处理的结果基本相同。该项研究为TSV应用于极端环境下MEMS小型化封装提供了一种解决方案。     

倒装焊器件中Cu/low-k结构热可靠性分析

利用有限元软件建立了倒装焊器件的整体模型和Cu/low-k结构的子模型,分析了在固化工艺及后续热循环条件下Cu/low-k结构的热机械可靠性。结果表明:在金属互连线与低电介质材料的交界处容易产生可靠性问题,采用low-k材料及铜互连线时均增大了两者所受最大等效应力,另外,通孔宽度对low-k及铜线的热应力影响并不明显。     

界面粗糙度对硅通孔结构界面分层的影响

硅通孔(TSV)结构是三维互连封装的核心,针对其热可靠性问题,基于ANSYS有限元分析软件分别构建光滑和粗糙两种界面形貌的TSV结构分析模型,模拟计算了两种界面下TSV结构的热应力和界面分层裂纹尖端能量释放率,通过对比分析研究了界面粗糙度对TSV结构界面分层的影响。结果表明,温度载荷下粗糙界面上热应力呈现出明显的周期性非连续应力极值分布,且极值点位于粗糙界面尖端点。界面分层裂纹尖端能量释放率也呈周期性振荡变化。降温下,粗糙界面尖端点附近能量释放率明显大于光滑界面稳态能量释放率;升温下,粗糙界面能量释放率总体上呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势。     

新型同轴型混合碳纳米管填充的硅通孔

针对碳纳米管填充的硅通孔(TSV)的信号传输性能优化问题,提出一种新型的基于同轴型混合碳纳米管填充的硅通孔结构.在内外层管束交界处的耦合电容的基础上,提出新型TSV结构的可变参数等效电路模型,并基于TSV在三种不同应用层次上的尺寸参数,通过此电路模型分析新型TSV中的信号传输性能.分析结果表明,在0～40 GHz内与单一类型碳纳米管填充的TSV相比,所提出TSV结构具有更小的插入损耗与更短的上升时延,并随TSV的尺寸增大优势更加显著.最后,对所提出TSV结构进行时域眼图仿真,仿真结果表明其在高速集成电路中可以满足对信号完整性的要求.     

Effects of dimension parameters and defect on TSV thermal behavior for 3D IC packaging

Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology is a promising and preferred way to realize the reliable interconnection for 3D IC integration. The temperature changed in the processes of TSV manufacturing and chip using, due to the mismatch in the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of the materials used in TSV structure, significant thermal stress will be induced under the thermal load. These stresses may lead to various reliability issues. Dimension parameters and defects are the two factors affecting the thermal behavior of TSV. In order to optimize TSV design and the quality of via filling, a numerical model of Cu-filled TSV was established to simulate and analyze the effect of diameter, aspect ratio (AR) and defects on TSV thermal stress and deformation in this paper. Simulation results show that the equivalent stress and total deformation of TSV increases as the increase of the diameter of TSV. The effect of aspect ratio on equivalent stress is very little; however, it has a great impact on total deformation, especially for the large diameter of the TSV. Additionally, the effects of shape, size and location of defect on thermal stress were also investigated.     

Thermal expansion behavior of through-silicon-via structures in three-dimensional microelectronic packaging

Thermo-mechanical reliability is an important issue for the development and deployment of the through-silicon-via (TSV) technology in three-dimensional (3D) microelectronic packaging. The mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the array of copper (Cu) lines and the surrounding silicon (Si), upon temperature variation, affects the overall thermal expansion behavior of the whole TSV structure itself and generates an internal stress state. In this work we use the finite element method to numerically study the effective in-plane CTE of the Si/Cu composite structure. A 3D unit-cell approach is undertaken, which takes into account uniformly distributed TSVs in the Si chip. Results of the temperature-dependent effective CTE can be used as model input for simulating larger-scale 3D packages where the Si/Cu TSV structure is treated as a homogeneous material. We also examine the evolution of stress and deformation fields, and identify potential reliability concerns associated with the thermal loading.     

A Pyrenylpropyl Phosphonic Acid Surface Modifier for Mitigating the Thermal Resistance of Carbon Nanotube Contacts

Efforts to utilize the high intrinsic thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for thermal transport applications, namely for thermal interface materials (TIMs), have been encumbered by the presence of high thermal contact resistances between the CNTs and connecting materials. Here, a pyrenylpropyl‐phosphonic acid surface modifier is synthesized and applied in a straight forward and repeatable approach to reduce the thermal contact resistance between CNTs and metal oxide surfaces. When used to bond nominally vertically aligned multi‐walled CNT forests to Cu oxide surfaces, the modifier facilitates a roughly 9‐fold reduction in the thermal contact resistance over dry contact, enabling CNT‐based TIMs with thermal resistances of 4.6 ± 0.5 mm² K W^?1, comparable to conventional metallic solders. Additional experimental characterization of the modifier suggests that it may be used to reduce the electrical resistance of CNT‐metal oxide contacts by similar orders of magnitude.     

Fabrication of nylon-6/carbon nanotube composites

A new technique to fabricate nylon-6/carbon nanotube (PA6/CNT) composites is presented. The method involves a pretreatment of carbon nanotubes synthesized by catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbon and an improved in-situ process for mixing nanotubes with the nylon 6 matrix. A good bond between carbon nanotubes and the nylon-6 matrix is obtained. Mechanical property measurements indicate that the tensile strength of PA6/CNT composites is improved significantly while the toughness and elongation are somewhat compromised. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the fractured tensile specimens reveals cracking initiated at the wrapping of the CNTs PA6 layer/PA6 matrix interface rather than at the PA6/CNT interface.     

基于单壁碳纳米管束的三维互连线设计与分析

Metallic carbon nanotubes(CNTs) have been proposed as a promising alternative to Cu interconnects in future integrated circuits(ICs) for their remarkable conductive, mechanical and thermal properties. Compact equivalent circuit models for single-walled carbon nanotube(SWCNT) bundles are described, and the performance of SWCNT bundle interconnects is evaluated and compared with traditional Cu interconnects at different interconnect levels for through-silicon-via-based three dimensional(3D) ICs. It is shown that at a local level, CNT interconnects exhibit lower signal delay and smaller optimal wire size. At intermediate and global levels, the delay improvement becomes more significant with technology scaling and increasing wire lengths. For 1 mm intermediate and 10 mm global level interconnects, the delay of SWCNT bundles is only 49.49% and 52.82% that of the Cu wires, respectively.     

Carbon Nanomaterials for Next-Generation Interconnects and Passives: Physics, Status, and Prospects

This paper reviews the current state of research in carbon-based nanomaterials, particularly the one-dimensional (1-D) forms, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), whose promising electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties make them attractive candidates for next-generation integrated circuit (IC) applications. After summarizing the basic physics of these materials, the state of the art of their interconnect-related fabrication and modeling efforts is reviewed. Both electrical and thermal modeling and performance analysis for various CNT- and GNR-based interconnects are presented and compared with conventional interconnect materials to provide guidelines for their prospective applications. It is shown that single-walled, double-walled, and multiwalled CNTs can provide better performance than that of Cu. However, in order to make GNR interconnects comparable with Cu or CNT interconnects, both intercalation doping and high edge-specularity must be achieved. Thermal analysis of CNTs shows significant advantages in tall vias, indicating their promising application as through-silicon vias in 3-D ICs. In addition to on-chip interconnects, various applications exploiting the low-dimensional properties of these nanomaterials are discussed. These include chip-to-packaging interconnects as well as passive devices for future generations of IC technology. Specifically, the small form factor of CNTs and reduced skin effect in CNT interconnects have significant implications for the design of on-chip capacitors and inductors, respectively.      

Fabrication of carbon nanofibers using only ion beam irradiation to glassy carbon

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are new carbon-based materials. However, the production of CNFs and CNTs is very difficult due to the complicated processes and high temperature involved. Therefore, a method of fabrication is required that enables high throughput at a low cost.Our previous study reported that oxygen ion beam energy of 500 eV applied to glassy carbon (GC) forms the finest pitch conical anti-reflection (AR) structures, and that an irradiation time of more than 24 min fabricates conical AR structures with heights of more than 250 nm. After the fabrication of the AR structures, irradiation by an argon ion (Ar⁺ beam changes the surface morphology, and oblique angle irradiation can form CNFs. Thus, we carried out oblique Ar⁺ beam irradiation on conical carbon protrusions on GC fabricated by oxygen ion beam irradiation. As a result, CNFs have been formed using oxygen and argon ion beam irradiation at room temperature. In addition, multi-wall CNT can be obtained by two-step ion beam irradiation.     

Post-treatment method for improving field emission from carbon nanotubes/nanofibers

Carbon nanotubes/nanofibers(CNTs/CNFs)featurehigh aspect ratios,small radii of curvature at their tips,superior mechanical strength,good thermal conductivityand highchemical stability.Because of these characteris-tics advantageous for electron field emiss…