CoCrNiAlY涂层制备工艺对组织形态及高温氧化行为的影响

为了研究CoCrNiAlY涂层微观组织结构对高温氧化行为和剥落行为的影响规律,采用激光熔覆技术和等离子喷涂工艺在718高温合金表面制备CoCrNiAlY涂层,观察其微观组织形态。利用XRD和SEM对1150 ℃高温氧化试验样品进行氧化层物相分析和形貌观察。结果表明,激光熔覆制备的CoCrNiAlY涂层中形成了胞状亚结构的等轴晶凝固组织,相对于等离子喷涂制备的CoCrNiAlY涂层结构更致密,具有更优异的抗高温氧化性能。在高温氧化过程中,等离子喷涂CoCrNiAlY涂层生成了以Cr₂O₃结构为主的复合氧化膜。激光熔覆CoCrNiAlY涂层生成Al₂O₃结构的单一氧化膜,而且熔覆层中原位形成的Y₂O₃钉扎作用能有效提高氧化膜的抗剥落性。文中系统分析讨论了两种不同工艺制备的组织形态对高温氧化膜形成机制的影响,激光熔覆涂层在高温下主要是以界面扩散方式形成致密的Al₂O₃膜,等离子喷涂涂层在高温下以界面反应的方式快速形成Cr₂O₃复合氧化膜。     

激光重熔Al2O3-TiO2涂层的强韧性能

采用等离子喷涂和激光重熔复合工艺在Ti-6Al-4V基体上制备了Al₂O₃-TiO₂涂层,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度试验和压痕试验等方法研究了激光重熔对涂层的组织及强韧性能的影响.结果表明,等离子喷涂Al₂O₃-TiO₂涂层中的主相为γ-Al₂O₃,而相应重熔涂层中的主相为α-Al₂O₃.激光重熔可消除喷涂态涂层内部的孔隙、微裂纹和层状堆垛等微观缺陷,获得致密化的组织,并使涂层与基体形成良好冶金结合.重熔涂层的硬度比相应喷涂态涂层约提高了50%,裂纹扩展抗力相比喷涂态涂层提高了近两倍.激光重熔纳米涂层中的未熔增强颗粒和纳米结构特性等对涂层起到了协同强化和韧化作用.     

环境障涂层用纳米结构Yb2SiO5粉体喂料的制备与表征

纳米结构稀土硅酸盐涂层被认为是未来新型环境障涂层的发展方向,其中 Yb₂ SiO₅ 由于与中间层莫来石的热物性能匹配良好、优异的抗水氧腐蚀能力成为非常有发展前景的环境障涂层面层候选材料。 从材料制备的角度出发, 探索纳米结构 Yb₂ SiO₅ 喂料制备工艺并对喂料进行物相、组织结构和性能表征。 采用喷雾造粒加固相烧结的方法制备了纳米结构 Yb₂ SiO₅ 喷涂粉体喂料,探索了制备高纯度 Yb₂ SiO₅ 的固相烧结工艺,后续通过等离子处理改善粉体喂料的喷涂性能。 借助 X 射线衍射仪研究了粉体喂料的物相,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜研究了粉体喂料的形貌与微观结构。 结果显示,固相烧结工艺采用在 1500 ℃下保温 4 h,再将得到的粉体喂料等离子处理可得到高纯度的 Yb₂ SiO₅ 喷涂粉体喂料,等离子处理之后的喂料为纳米结构,喂料粒度分布均符合等离子喷涂要求,喂料具有良好的流动性和致密性。     

激光辅助热喷涂NiCoCrAlYTa/ZrO2/BaF2·CaF2涂层的组织及性能∗

高温耐磨涂层是航空发动机关键摩擦副可靠使用的重要保障,鉴于其服役环境日益严苛复杂,进一步提高涂层的高温耐磨性能是十分必要的。利用激光辅助热喷涂技术制备 NiCoCrAlYTa / ZrO₂ / BaF₂·CaF₂ 高温耐磨涂层,利用 SEM、EDS 分析高温耐磨涂层的横截面微观组织及化学成分,研究 ZrO₂ / BaF₂·CaF₂质量分数、激光功率及扫描速度对耐磨涂层微观组织、力学性能及高温耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：激光辅助处理可以诱导耐磨涂层表面形成具有树枝状结构的 ZrO₂陶瓷层; 当激光功率为 80 W,扫描速度为 8 mm / s,喷涂粉末为 75 wt.% NiCoCrAlYTa+25 wt.% ZrO₂ / BaF₂·CaF₂时,制备涂层的微观组织、综合力学性能及高温耐磨性能达到最好;在此工艺参数下,涂层顶部的 ZrO₂ 陶瓷层最为致密均匀,其平均纳米硬度为 13.6 GPa,平均弹性模量为 182.5 GPa,800 ℃时的磨损率为 2.7×10^?5 mm³ ·N^?1 ·m^?1 。将高温耐磨涂层的组分设计与激光辅助热喷涂工艺相结合,可为提高涂层综合性能的提供解决途径。     

激光合金化掺杂TiC对等离子喷涂8YSZ热障涂层热腐蚀行为的影响*

传统的等离子喷涂热障涂层在高温环境下服役易受熔融腐蚀盐渗透而过早剥落失效，研究激光合金化掺杂自愈合材料 TiC 对热障涂层热腐蚀行为的影响具有重要意义。采用大气等离子喷涂技术（Atmospheric plasma spray，APS）在 Inconel 718 镍基高温合金表面制备 NiCrAlY 粘结层，采用大气等离子喷涂技术在 NiCrAlY 粘结层上制备 8 wt.%氧化钇部分稳定的氧化锆（8 wt.% yttria partially stabilized zirconia，8YSZ）陶瓷层，构建典型双层结构热障涂层体系。采用 1 kW 光纤耦合激光器将自愈合材料 TiC 熔于 8YSZ 热障涂表层，并考察其在 900 ℃下 25%NaCl+75%Na₂SO₄混合熔盐中保温 4 h 的热腐蚀行为。结果表明，与等离子喷涂涂层相比，激光合金化改性热障涂层表面更加光滑，分布有网状裂纹，且结构致密。等离子喷涂涂层的热腐蚀产物主要是针状颗粒 Y₂(SO₄)₃ 和 m-ZrO₂，但仅有较少的热腐蚀盐渗透至激光合金化改性热障涂层内部，其热腐蚀产物为 Y₂(SO₄)₃ 和少量的 TiO₂。激光合金化改性热障涂层的抗热腐蚀性能较等离子喷涂态热障涂层提升 55.5%，一方面激光合金化改性层组织致密，可阻止热腐蚀盐渗透至涂层内部，另一方面，激光合金化改性热障涂层表面粗糙度更低，能减少与热腐蚀盐的接触面积。此外，自愈合材料 TiC 在高温下发生氧化反应引起体积膨胀，实现裂纹的部分自愈合效应，进一步阻止了热腐蚀反应的发生。采用激光表面改性技术将自愈合材料 TiC 引入热障涂层，激光合金化改性热障涂层不仅具有光滑的表面形貌，还具有致密的微观组织结构；同时自愈合材料 TiC 在高温环境下的裂纹自愈合效应有助于抑制热腐蚀盐的渗透， 最终提高热障涂层的抗热腐蚀性能。     

超音速大气等离子喷涂TiB2-SiC涂层的抗氧化性及耐熔盐腐蚀性能

采用超音速大气等离子喷涂制备全包覆TiB₂-SiC涂层,研究了TiB₂-SiC涂层在400和800 ℃的氧化性能,并探究其氧化机理。对TiB₂-SiC涂层在900 ℃下的抗铝熔盐腐蚀性能进行研究,并探讨其耐熔盐腐蚀机理。结果表明,超音速大气等离子喷涂制备的TiB₂-SiC涂层具有良好的抗氧化性,在400 ℃的氧化速率常数为1.92×10^-5 mg²·cm^-4·s^-1,在800 ℃的氧化速率常数为1.82×10^-4 mg²·cm^-4·s^-1。超音速大气等离子喷涂制备的TiB₂-SiC涂层在900 ℃下具有良好的抗熔盐腐蚀性能,熔盐腐蚀后TiB₂-SiC涂层都保持致密结构,未发生涂层的开裂及剥落。     

多孔ZrO2-8 wt% Y2O3涂层的制备及性能

航空发动机的效率与转动叶片和机匣之间的间隙密切相关。为了控制转子和静子之间的间隙,需要在机匣表面制备可磨耗的封严涂层。在发动机的高温端,ZrO₂-8wt% Y₂O₃涂层是经常采用的封严涂层基体。涂层中的孔隙可以增加涂层的可磨耗性。本文利用聚苯酯(PHB)增加等离子喷涂的ZrO₂-8 wt% Y₂O₃涂层的孔隙率。为了避免聚苯酯在等离子喷涂过程中的烧损,利用溶胶-凝胶法在聚苯酯颗粒表面沉积一层TiO₂层。文中将讨论采用此方法制成的涂层的形态、孔隙率、硬度和可磨耗性。结果表明,在喷涂粉末中混合包覆型的聚苯酯后,涂层的孔隙率将会得到提升,涂层硬度将会下降。磨耗试验的结果表明涂层的磨耗深度随着涂层孔隙率的增加而增加。     

Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3热障涂层的制备及抗热震性能研究

本文以BaCO₃、MgO、Ta₂O₅为原料,采用固相反应法合成了Ba(Mg_1/3Ta_2/3)O₃(简称BMT)陶瓷粉末,利用大气等离子喷涂技术制备了BMT/YSZ双层陶瓷涂层。利用XRD、SEM和金相显微镜检测了BMT粉体及涂层的物相组成和显微结构。采用水淬法考核了涂层的抗热震性能。结果表明：1450℃下煅烧4h可合成出具有复合钙钛矿结构的BMT粉末,粉末具有良好的高温相结构稳定性。等离子喷涂制备的BMT/YSZ涂层组织致密,涂层系统中各界面结合紧密。涂层在室温至1150℃间热震9次后发生片状剥落,剥落位置位于BMT层间,BMT材料低的断裂韧性和第二相Ba₃Ta₅O₁₅的存在是导致涂层失效的主要原因。     

等离子喷涂制备ZrB2/SiC/Ta2O5涂层抗烧蚀性能研究

为了提高C/C复合材料的抗烧蚀性能,通过等离子喷涂法在C/C表面制备了SiC/Al₂O₃内层和ZrB₂/SiC/Ta₂O₅外层的双层涂层,通过XRD,SEM和EDS分析了涂层烧蚀前后的物相组成、微观结构和成分分布。烧蚀前涂层表面没有裂纹并且内层与基体、内层与外层之间结合良好。元素Zr、Si、Ta在涂层表面的分布相近,涂层表面成分分布均匀性良好。通过氧乙炔火焰在1800 ℃下对涂层的抗烧蚀性能进行考核。烧蚀过程中形成的镶嵌结构有利于阻挡氧气的渗入,Ta-Si-O玻璃层的形成封填了涂层孔隙,对基体有良好的保护效果,涂层表现出了较好的抗烧蚀性能。     

C/C复合材料大气等离子喷涂mullite/ZrB2-MoSi2涂层抗烧蚀性能

采用大气等离子喷涂技术(APS)在C/C复合材料表面制备了mullite/ZrB₂-MoSi₂双层抗烧蚀涂层。借助XRD、SEM、EDS等分析手段对涂层的组织结构进行研究;基于氧丙烯焰烧蚀试验考察ZrB₂-MoSi₂/mullite复合涂层对C/C复合材料高温耐烧蚀性能的影响。结果表明,在1700 °C和1800 °C的氧丙烯焰下烧蚀60 s,ZrB₂-MoSi₂/mullite涂层试样的质量烧蚀率分别为3.49×10_-3 g/s与3.77×10_-3 g/s。其与单层ZrB₂-MoSi₂涂层试样相比,ZrB₂-MoSi₂/mullite涂层试样展现了出色的抗烧蚀性能。烧蚀过程中形成的硅酸盐玻璃可以作为热障层而减少氧气的进一步渗透,并且还具有自我封填缺陷的能力,使ZrB₂-MoSi₂/mullite涂层表现较好的抗烧蚀性。     

Bioactive Glass-Ceramic Coatings Synthesized by the Liquid Precursor Plasma Spraying Process

In this study, the liquid precursor plasma spraying process was used to manufacture P₂O₅-Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂ bioactive glass-ceramic coatings (BGCCs), where sol and suspension were used as feedstocks for plasma spraying. The effect of precursor and spray parameters on the formation and crystallinity of BGCCs was systematically studied. The results indicated that coatings with higher crystallinity were obtained using the sol precursor, while nanostructured coatings predominantly consisting of amorphous phase were synthesized using the suspension precursor. For coatings manufactured from suspension, the fraction of the amorphous phase increased with the increase in plasma power and the decrease in liquid precursor feed rate. The coatings synthesized from the suspension plasma spray process also showed a good in vitro bioactivity, as suggested by the fast apatite formation when soaking into SBF.     

Structural, Mechanical and Erosion Properties of Yttrium Oxide Coatings by Axial Suspension Plasma Spraying for Electronics Applications

Yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) coatings have been prepared by axial suspension plasma spraying with fine powders. It is clarified that the coatings have high hardness, low porosity, high erosion resistance against CF₄ -containing plasma and retention of smooth eroded surface. This suggests that the axial suspension plasma spraying of Y₂O₃ is applicable to fabricating equipment for electronic devices, such as dry etching. Surface morphologies of the slurry coatings with splats are similar to conventional plasma-sprayed Y₂O₃ coatings, identified from microstructural analysis. Dense coating structures with no lamellar boundaries have been seen, which is apparently different from the conventional coatings. It has also been found that crystal structure of the suspension coatings mainly composed of metastable monoclinic phase, whereas the powders and the conventional plasma spray coatings have stable cubic phase. Mechanism of coating formation by plasma spraying with fine powder slurries is discussed based on the results.     

Reactive spraying of nickel-aluminide coatings

Reactive spraying of nickel aluminides was accomplished via reaction synthesis techniques in which nickel and aluminum powders were fed through a direct- current plasma torch onto carbon steel substrates. The as- sprayed coatings obtained by reactive spraying were characterized by x- ray diffraction and microscopic techniques. Reactive spraying of nickel and aluminum resulted in coatings consisting of Ni, Al, Ni ₃Al, NiAl₃, Ni₅Al₃, NiAl, and Al₂O₃, depending on the experimental conditions. Nickel aluminide phases observed in plasma spray depositions were compared with the phases obtained by combustion synthesis techniques, and the formation of phases in reactive spraying was attributed to the exothermic reaction between splats of aluminum and nickel. Primary and secondary reactions leading to the formation of nickel aluminides were also examined. The splat thickness and the reaction layer suppressed the formation of desired equilibrium phases such as Ni₃Al and NiAl. As- sprayed coatings were annealed to enhance the diffusional reactions between the product phases and aluminum and nickel. Coatings obtained by reactive spraying of elemental powders were compared with as- sprayed and annealed coatings obtained with a bond coat material in which nickel was deposited onto aluminum particles.     

High Pressure Cold Sprayed (HPCS) and Low Pressure Cold Sprayed (LPCS) Coatings Prepared from OFHC Cu Feedstock: Overview from Powder Characteristics to Coating Properties

Cold spraying enables high quality Cu coatings to be deposited for applications where high electrical and/or thermal conductivity is needed. Fully dense Cu coatings can provide an effective corrosion barrier in specific environments. The structure of cold-sprayed Cu coatings is characterized by high deformation which imparts excellent properties. Coating properties depend on powder, the cold spray process and post treatments. First of all, powder characteristics have a strong influence on the formation of pure coatings. Secondly, cold spraying provides dense, adherent, and conductive coatings by using HPCS and LPCS. Furthermore, an addition of Al₂O₃ particles to the Cu powder in LPCS process significantly improves coating properties. Also, heat treatments improve electrical conductivity. This study summarizes optimal characteristics of Cu powder optimized for cold spraying, achieving high coating quality and compares properties of HPCS Cu, LPCS Cu and Cu+Al₂O₃ coatings prepared from the same batch of OFHC Cu powder.     

Structure and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying

Titanium dioxide coatings were deposited by utilizing an atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) system, at different spray parameters like argon flow rate and arc current. The structure and crystallite size of the as-sprayed TiO₂ coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photo-catalytic efficiency was determined in an environmental test chamber and evaluated from the conversion rate of ethanol. The as-sprayed TiO₂ coatings were photo-catalytically reactive for the degradation of ethanol and the photo-catalytic activity was influenced by spray conditions.     

Yb<Subscript>2</Subscript>Si<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript> Environmental Barrier Coatings Deposited by Various Thermal Spray Techniques: A Preliminary Comparative Study

Dense, crack-free, uniform, and well-adhered environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are required to enhance the environmental durability of silicon (Si)-based ceramic matrix composites in high pressure, high gas velocity combustion atmospheres. This paper represents an assessment of different thermal spray techniques for the deposition of Yb₂Si₂O₇ EBCs. The Yb₂Si₂O₇ coatings were deposited by means of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF), suspension plasma spraying (SPS), and very low-pressure plasma spraying (VLPPS) techniques. The initial feedstock, as well as the deposited coatings, were characterized and compared in terms of their phase composition. The as-sprayed amorphous content, microstructure, and porosity of the coatings were further analyzed. Based on this preliminary investigation, the HVOF process stood out from the other techniques as it enabled the production of vertical crack-free coatings with higher crystallinity in comparison with the APS and SPS techniques in atmospheric conditions. Nevertheless, VLPPS was found to be the preferred process for the deposition of Yb₂Si₂O₇ coatings with desired characteristics in a controlled-atmosphere chamber.     

Vacuum plasma spraying of high-performance electrodes for alkaline water electrolysis

Electrode coatings for advanced alkaline water electrolysis were produced by applying the vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) process. The characteristics of the used VPS equipment that were essential for the development of effective electrocatalytic electrode layers are presented. Molybdenum-containing Raney nickel coatings were applied for cathodic hydrogen evolution, and Raney nickel/Co₃O₄ matrix composite layers were developed for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction. For the preparation of Raney nickel coatings, a precursor alloy such as Ni-Al was sprayed that had to be leached subsequently in caustic solution to remove the aluminum content, forming a porous, high-surface-area nickel layer. The spray powders and the resulting VPS layers were studied by metallography, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive analysis by x-ray (SEM/EDX). For spraying of thermally sensitive oxide electrocatalysts (e.g., Co₃O₄), special process conditions involving plasma-chemical effects (reactive plasma spraying) had to be developed. The electrocatalytic activity of the electrode coatings was investigated by performing polarization curves free of ohmic losses (IR-free) and long-term tests under conditions of continuous and intermittent operation, which showed excellent electrochemical properties.     

Study of plasma- and detonation gun-sprayed alumina coatings using taguchi experimental design

Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) is a most versatile thermal spray method for depositing alumina (Al₂O₃) coatings, and detonation gun (D-gun) spraying is an alternative thermal spray technology for depositing such coatings with extremely good wear characteristics. The present study is aimed at comparing the characteristics of Al₂O₃ coatings deposited using the above techniques by using Taguchi experimental design. Alumina coating experiments were conducted using a Taguchi fractional-factorial (L₈) design parametric study to optimize the spray process parameters for both APS and D-gun. The Taguchi design evaluated the effect of four APS and D-gun spray variables on the measured coating attributes. The coating qualities evaluated were surface roughness, porosity, microhardness, abrasion, and sliding wear. The results show that the coating quality is directly related to the corresponding coating microstructure, which is significantly influenced by the spray parameters employed. Though it is evident that the D-gun-sprayed coatings consistently exhibit dense and uniform microstructure, higher hardness, and superior tribological performance, the attainment of suitable plasma-sprayed coatings can be improved by employing the Taguchi analysis.     

纳米CeO2掺杂对烧结钕铁硼磁体表面Zn-Al涂层性能的影响

采用喷涂工艺在烧结钕铁硼磁体表面制备了不同纳米 CeO₂ 掺杂量的 CeO₂ / Zn-Al 复合涂层。 利用扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度仪、盐雾试验箱和电化学工作站对 CeO₂ / Zn-Al 复合涂层的微观结构、力学性能及耐腐蚀性能进行表征分析。 结果表明:CeO₂ 纳米颗粒较均匀弥散分布于 Zn-Al 涂层中,不仅能够增加 Zn-Al 涂层的硬度,而且可以提高 Zn-Al 涂层的屏蔽性能,CeO₂ / Zn-Al 复合涂层耐中性盐雾试验能力高达 720 h。 添加的 CeO₂ 颗粒能够隔绝 Zn-Al 涂层中的锌铝薄片之间的直接接触,起到绝缘作用,延长了腐蚀介质渗入钕铁硼基体的腐蚀通道。     

Mechanical and Thermal Transport Properties of Suspension Thermal-Sprayed Alumina-Zirconia Composite Coatings

Micro-laminates and nanocomposites of Al₂O₃ and ZrO₂ can potentially exhibit higher hardness and fracture toughness and lower thermal conductivity than alumina or zirconia alone. The potential of these improvements for abrasion protection and thermal barrier coatings is generating considerable interest in developing techniques for producing these functional coatings with optimized microstructures. Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ composite coatings were deposited by suspension thermal spraying (APS and HVOF) of submicron feedstock powders. The liquid carrier employed in this approach allows for controlled injection of much finer particles than in conventional thermal spraying, leading to unique and novel fine-scaled microstructures. The suspensions were injected internally using a Mettech Axial III plasma torch and a Sulzer-Metco DJ-2700 HVOF gun. The different spray processes induced a variety of structures ranging from finely segregated ceramic laminates to highly alloyed amorphous composites. Mechanisms leading to these structures are related to the feedstock size and in-flight particle states upon their impact. Mechanical and thermal transport properties of the coatings were compared. Compositionally segregated crystalline coatings, obtained by plasma spraying, showed the highest hardness of up to 1125 VHN_{3 N}, as well as the highest abrasion wear resistance (following ASTM G65). The HVOF coating exhibited the highest erosion wear resistance (following ASTM G75), which was related to the toughening effect of small dispersed zirconia particles in the alumina-zirconia-alloyed matrix. This microstructure also exhibited the lowest thermal diffusivity, which is explained by the amorphous phase content and limited particle bonding, generating local thermal resistances within the structure.