云纹纱纬编针织物外观模拟

云纹纱颜色渐变,对应的布面颜色难以直观预测,需要通过打小样来预测布面效果,但这种方式耗时、费力、增加成本。为解决此问题,文章提出一种应用真实云纹纱图像的针织物外观模拟方法,可以快速、直观、准确地预测云纹纱织物的布面颜色。首先利用图像分割、形态学开运算和闭运算等图像处理技术对采集到的云纹纱图像进行处理,得到原始纱线图像主体部分;然后利用改进的Peirce线圈模型,将真实云纹纱线纹理映射至线圈的几何模型上;最后调整线圈的串套关系,完成织物外观的模拟。模拟结果显示,模拟的织物与实际织物扫描图像颜色纹理相近,外观效果逼真。     

采用色纺纱图像的真实感色织物模拟

为解决色织物产品设计周期长,试织打样耗时费力的问题,提出一种采用色纺纱图像的真实感色织物的模拟方法。首先采集彩色纱线图像,运用阈值分割、形态学处理得到纱线主体,获取纱线主体的上、下边界和中心线,进而得到原始纱线图像的主体部分;接着根据椭圆模型和正弦曲线模型对纱线主体图像进行处理,得到纱线在二维织物表面中的形态;最后根据色纱循环和织物组织变换模型来改变经纬纱的覆盖关系,实现了真实感条纹型和格子型色织物的模拟。模拟结果表明：本文算法能够模拟不同种类色织物的织造过程,真实地反映织物的外观效果,且能够调整织物组织和色纱循环参数,提高了现有模拟算法的真实性和适应性。     

应用纱线序列图像的色纺机织物仿真

探讨应用纱线序列图像进行色纺机织物仿真的方法和效果。利用纱线图像采集设备获取5种色纺纱序列图像,然后采用灰度变换、图像阈值分割、形态学运算等图像处理技术获取纱线主体彩色图像。通过对横截面、长度以及弯曲三个参数的调整,建立织物结构模型,将获得的色纺纱主体真实颜色信息填充到模型中,最后根据建立的织物组织变化模型,实现了5种色纺纱平纹、一上三下左斜纹以及二上二下方平织物的外观仿真。认为:该织物仿真方法能够将纤维颜色在织物中的分布效果快速且准确地反映出来,品种适应性较好。     

数码纺纱生产的彩色纱及其针织物花型模拟

本文是基于数码混色纺的彩色纱,对其所形成的织物花型进行模拟。利用图像处理技术对采集的图像进行平滑去噪,得到剔除细节的模糊图像;然后运用彩色图像Kmeans聚类算法,对平滑后的图像进行聚类分割得到混色纱主体图像,获取其左右边界和中心线信息。之后在经典的Pierce线圈模型的基础上,利用混色纱主体图像的中心线离纱线左右两侧距离,将此距离对应于线圈中心线两侧的对应位置,可准确地完成纱线到线圈圈弧和圈柱的映射。最终根据不同组织的圈弧和圈柱的覆盖关系,得到基本纬编针织物组织。本文提出纱线映射线圈算法,能够按照实际织造过程,模拟各类纱线纬编织物,同时能精确预测织物外观图案。     

应用混色纱纹理信息的纬编针织物模拟

为研究数码混色纱纬编针织物的外观色彩及纹影的模拟方法,利用图像处理技术对采集的图像进行平滑去噪,得到剔除细节的模糊图像,在Lab 空间下运用彩色图像硬聚类算法对平滑后的图像进行聚类分割,得到混色纱主体图像,获取其左右的边界和中心线信息;然后在经典的Pierce 线圈模型的基础上,利用混色纱主体图像的廓线信息完成由纱线到线圈圈弧和圈柱的映射;最终根据不同组织的圈弧和圈柱的覆盖关系,得到基本纬编针织物组织。结果表明,提出的纱线映射线圈算法,通过织物组织结构及密度可模拟混色纱纬编织物的混色色彩及外观纹影。     

应用纱线序列图像的电子织物构建

为检测纱线条干均匀性对织物外观的影响,在纱线条干图像测量的基础上,提出了一种基于纱线序列图像的电子织物的构建方法。通过建立织物组织变化模型和光照模型,将纱线直径值与基元组织点外观灰度纹理分布相结合,构建电子织物外观数学模型。实验中通过将采集的纱线序列图像进行图像分割和形态学运算等处理,获取纱线直径数据,代入到构建的织物外观数学模型中,实现基于纱线序列图像的电子织物的模拟并且相关参数可调。通过选择合理的织物结构参数,提出的电子织物模型能够真实的反映纱线条干均匀性对织物外观的影响,准确预测布面效果。     

纬编针织物几何建模及其算法

为更真实地模拟纬编针织物几何形态,丰富细节特征,采用三层纤维螺旋的加捻纱线模型刻画针织物中纱线形态。将最小旋转标架作为计算加捻纱线中各纤维位置的局部坐标,通过几何变换、坐标变换等方法,构建任意曲线为中心线的加捻纱线模型。根据成圈、集圈、浮线3种典型纬编针织物线圈结构,通过反算法求取3次非均匀有理B样条曲线控制点,进而构建线圈纱线中心线模型。在此基础上,提出根据结构意匠图构建加捻纱线针织物几何模型的算法,并给出相应算例。结果表明：本文算法所建立的加捻纱线针织物几何模型保留了纱线加捻的细节特征,外观更加贴近真实织物。     

基于TexGen的筒状纬编针织物的三维仿真

为建立筒状纬编针织物三维几何模型,突出其立体感,以传统的二维Pierce线圈模型作为织物在其厚度方向上的投影,利用几何关系得到能描述纬编针织物纱线形态的15个节点及其二维坐标值的计算方法,再将织物厚度方向扩展为节点坐标的第三维度,根据节点位置的不同得到其三维坐标值,基于这些节点在TexGen软件中使用Bezier样条曲线建立织物的纱线轨迹,再以指定的纱线横截面形状扫掠轨迹,建立通用的筒状纬编针织物三维模型。模拟结果较好地表现了线圈的相互串套关系和织物的空间形态,且能为后续的有限元分析提供前处理工作。     

纬编均匀提花针织物仿真结构模型的建立

为分析纬编均匀提花针织物的结构特征,选取6块由不同粗细纱线编织而成的不同密度的纬平针织物进行研究,得出了理想状态下的线圈模型。采用圣东尼SM-DJ2TS 双向电脑提花圆机编织反面为芝麻点、纵条纹等不同提花方式形成的双面提花织物,并对其结构特征进行分析。受反面线圈的影响,反面为芝麻点时织物正面呈现菱形隐条纹,反面为纵条时织物正面呈现二针纵条纹。根据织物呈现的不同外观效应,利用超景深VHX?600 三维显微镜观察其结构,在成圈线圈模型的基础上分析其线圈变形规律,从而得到该类织物线圈结构模型,可为纬编均匀提花针织物仿真提供理论参考。     

色纺纱生产工艺中色差问题研究

色纺纱的测色对象通常是针织品,但因生产工艺引起的色差问题尚未得到足够重视,导致生产中无法及时发现问题,影响产品质量和生产效率。选取6种不同颜色配比的有色黏胶纤维纺制不同线密度和捻度的色纺纱,并以纬平针、1+1罗纹、半畦编3种组织结构分别编织色纺纱针织物。测试和分析色纺纱针织物的色差,研究纱线线密度、纱线捻度和织物组织3个因素对色纺纱针织物颜色的影响。结果表明,纱线线密度和捻度对色纺纱针织物的色差影响较大,本研究为色纺纱生产工艺的选择提供了依据。     

Element concentrations in shell of Pinctada margaritifera from French Polynesia and evaluation for using as a food supplement

Element concentrations in shell of Pinctada margaritifera (black-lip pearl oyster) from Manihi, French Polynesia, were measured with Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The respective average concentrations were: calcium (Ca) 396.4 mg/g, sodium (Na) 5.536 mg/g, magnesium (Mg) 2.136 mg/g, strontium (Sr) 890.6 ppm, iron (Fe) 67.89 ppm, aluminum (Al) 45.74 ppm, phosphorus (P) 27.19 ppm, boron (B) 12.17 ppm, manganese (Mn) 2.308 ppm, copper (Cu) 1.050 ppm, zinc (Zn) 0.7180 ppm; and nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and vanadium (V) were below detection limits with ICP-AES.     

Effects of extracts of spices on rumen methanogenesis,enzyme activities and fermentation of feeds in vitro

BACKGROUND: An experiment was conducted to study the effects of boiling water, methanol and ethanol extracts (0, 0.25 and 0.50 mL) of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (clove), bulbs of Allium sativum (garlic), bulbs of Allium cepa (onion) and roots of Zingiber officinalis (ginger) on rumen methanogenesis, fibrolytic enzyme activities and fermentation characteristics in vitro. RESULTS: Ethanol and methanol extracts of fennel, clove and garlic at 0.50 mL and clove at 0.25 mL inhibited (P < 0.05) methane production. Carboxymethylcellulase activity was reduced (P < 0.05) by ethanol and methanol extracts (0.50 mL) of fennel and clove (0.25 and 0.50 mL). The extracts of clove reduced (0.25 and 0.50 mL) xylanase and acetylesterase activities, and the fennel extract (0.50 mL) reduced (P < 0.05) xylanase activity. However, the extracts of garlic (0.50 mL) increased (P < 0.05) acetylesterase activity. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids were reduced (P < 0.05) by the extracts of garlic and onion. The extracts of garlic caused a decrease (P < 0.05) in acetate:propionate ratio (A:P) at 0.50 mL, whereas A:P was increased (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of 0.50 mL extracts of clove. Methanol and ethanol extracts of clove decreased (P < 0.05) in vitro organic matter degradability. Extracts (0.50 mL) of clove decreased (P < 0.05) the numbers of total protozoa, small entodiniomorphs and holotrichs, whereas extracts of onion, ginger and garlic enhanced (P < 0.05) protozoal numbers (both entodiniomorphs and holotrichs). CONCLUSION: Ethanol and methanol extracts of fennel and garlic have potential to inhibit rumen methanogenesis without adversely affecting rumen fermentation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antimicrobial resistant genes associated with Salmonella from retail meats and street foods

We examined the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from 300 meat products (raw beef, chicken meat and street foods). A total of 88 non-duplicate Salmonella from 66 (22.0%) retail meat and 22 (7.5%) street food samples were recovered and 11 serovars were identified. Among the 88 Salmonella isolates, the highest resistance was to tetracycline (73.8%), followed by sulfonamide (63.6%), streptomycin (57.9%), nalidixic acid (44.3%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (19.3%), ampicillin (17.0%), chloramphenicol (10.2%), cephalotin (8.0%), kanamycin (6.8%), ciprofloxacin (2.2%) gentamycin (2.2%), cefoxitin (2.2%), amoxicillin–clavulanate (1.0%) and amikacin (1.0%). Sixty-seven percent of the isolates (59/88) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Ten out of 17 resistance genes (bla_TEM-1, strA, strB, aadA, sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB, floR, cmlA) were detected. Twelve of the 59 MDR Salmonella isolates from serovars Typhimurium (6), Newport (3), Agona (1), Albany (1) and Weltevreden (1) had class 1 integrons. The gene cassettes identified were dfrA1, dfrV, dfrA12, aadA2, sul1 genes and an open reading frame orfC of unknown function. Four integron-positive isolates could transfer resistance phenotypes to the recipient strain, E. coli J53 via conjugation. These data revealed that the Salmonella isolates recovered from the retail meats and cooked street foods were resistant to multiple antimicrobials, which can be transmitted to humans through food products. The occurrence of mobile genetic elements such as integrons reiterates the roles of food of animal origins as a reservoir of MDR Salmonella.     

Antimicrobial resistance and co-selection phenomenon in Listeria spp. recovered from food and food production environments

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), co-selection phenomenon, and the relationship between reduced susceptibility (RSC) to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and resistance to other antimicrobials in Listeria spp. (n = 103) recovered from food processing environments (FPE) and food were investigated. Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and other listeriae, respectively, to cefoxitin (FOX; 98% vs. 88%), CIP (7% vs. 4%), clindamycin (CLI; 33% vs. 59%) and tetracycline (6% vs. 8%) was observed, as was RSC to CIP (67% vs. 57%) and CLI (65% vs. 41%). L. monocytogenes also possessed RSC to linezolid (LZD; 6%), rifampicin (2%) and streptomycin (6%), with other listeriae displaying RSC to chloramphenicol (4%). L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2a (90%) isolates were more frequently resistant or possessed RSC to CIP compared to serotype 4b (55%) (p = 0.015). When eight strains were experimentally adapted to high concentrations of CIP, co-selection occurred as MICs to benzalkonium chloride (BAC) increased (n = 5), gentamicin MICs remained the same (n = 6) or increased 2-fold (n = 2), and led to RSC to LZD (n = 1) and resistance to CLI (n = 8). Overall, levels of resistance/RSC to CIP in food chain isolates, particularly 1/2a, are concerning. Further, reduced sensitivity to disparate antimicrobials following CIP exposure highlights the need for increased knowledge of co-selection phenomenon linked with antimicrobial agents.     

Lipids from cephalothorax and hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Compositions and deterioration as affected by iced storage

Lipids from cephalothorax and hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) stored in ice for up to 6 days were extracted and characterised. The extraction yields of lipids from hepatopancreas (10.65–12.64%) were higher than those from cephalothorax (2.59–2.88%). However, no changes in the extraction yield were observed during the storage (p > 0.05). The carotenoid contents of lipids from cephalothorax and hepatopancreas slightly increased within the first 2 and 4 days of iced storage (p < 0.05), respectively, but decreased thereafter (p < 0.05). With increasing storage time, a progressive formation of hydroperoxide was found as evidenced by the increase in the absorbance band at 3600–3200 cm⁻¹ in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and increased peroxide values (PVs) (p < 0.05). The increases in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), p-anisidine value (AnV) and free fatty acid (FFA) content of lipids were noticeable when iced storage time increased (p < 0.05). Those changes indicated that lipid oxidation and hydrolysis occurred in both samples. Phospholipids (PL) were the major components in lipids from cephalothorax (82.51% of total lipids). Nevertheless, lipids from hepatopancreas contained triglyceride (TG) and PL as the dominant components (45.35% and 38.03% of total lipids, respectively). A decrease in the TG content with a concomitant increase in free fatty acid was observed at the end of storage (day 6) (p < 0.05). Decreases in unsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5(n-3)) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6(n-3)) were noticeable at day 6 of storage (p < 0.05). Thus, the extended storage time resulted in the enhanced deterioration of extracted lipids.     

Traceability of olive oil based on volatiles pattern and multivariate analysis

An automated head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-based sampling procedure, coupled to gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry (GC–ITMS), was developed and employed for fast characterisation of olive oil volatiles. In total, 914 samples were collected, over three production seasons, in north-western Italy—Liguria (n = 210) and other regions—in addition to the rest of Italy, Spain, France, Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey (n = 704) with the aim to distinguish, based on analytical (profiling) data, the olive oils labelled as “Ligurian” (protected denomination of origin region, PDO) from all the others (“non-Ligurian”). For the chemometric analysis, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and artificial neural networks with multilayer perceptrons (ANN-MLP) were tested. Employing LDA, somewhat lower recognition (81.4%) and prediction (61.7%) abilities were obtained. The classification model was significantly improved using ANN-MLP. Under these conditions, the recognition (90.1%) and prediction (81.1%) abilities were achieved. The diagnostic value of the data obtained by one-dimensional GC–ITMS were compared with those generated by two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS), allowing a comprehensive analysis of olive oil volatiles.     

Novel Approach of Using Nutraceutic‐Directed Caloric Antioxidant Density and Ion‐Ratio for Evaluating Fruit's Health Quality

Seven kinds of indigenous fruits and five imported fruits were compared for their “health quality.” Methods including the calorific, antioxidant, and ion ratios were carried out. Results indicated the order of content (in mg/100g) was: Ca²⁺, Murcott orange (218.2) > Kiwifruit (200.0) > pineapple (138.5) > Golden kiwi (117.6); Mg²⁺, Pitaya (192.2), banana (88.0), Kiwifruit (63.4), and Golden kiwi (58.4); Zn²⁺, Pitaya (19.53) > pear (10.8) > Kiwifruit (6.09) > Irwin mango (4.58). Cu²⁺, Kiwifruit (0.70) > Red globe grape (0.67) > Golden kiwi (0.65) > Irwin mango (0.42) ≈ Pitaya (0.40). In terms of ion ratio, Pitaya showed Zn²⁺/Cu²⁺ (48.8), Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ (6.7) and uniquely possessed selenium 0.002 mg/100 g; for pear, Zn²⁺/Cu²⁺ = 37.2, while Kyoho grape, Red globe grape, and Golden kiwi revealed extremely high Fe²⁺/(Co²⁺+Ni²⁺) ratios. On the other hands, Irwin mango and Pitaya astonishingly contained huge amount of inositol, reaching 3523.2 mg/100 g and 1998.7 mg/100 g, respectively. To evaluate the “health quality” of fruits, an overall ranking method by combining (a) the Function‐directed Caloric Antioxidant Density (CAD) and (b) the ion ratio was developed. The finalized ranking of these selected fruits was: Pitaya > cherry > Irwin mango > Murcott orange = pineapple > banana > Golden kiwi > pear > Kiwifruit > Red globe grape > apple > Kyoho grape. Conclusively, this evaluation method is novel, contemporary and scientific, which could more clearly assess the “health quality” of fruits in view of nutritional, calorific, and antioxidant balance.     

Physicochemical characteristics,proximate analysis and mineral composition of ostrich meat as influenced by muscle

The influence of muscle on the physicochemical characteristics, proximate analysis, and mineral composition of meat from 10 ostriches (10–12 months old), slaughtered according to commercial abattoir procedures, were evaluated. Muscle had no influence (p > 0.05) on L*-values (32.5), a*-values (11.9), water-holding capacity (11.9%), final pH (pH₂₄) values (6.07), and ash contents (1.12 g/100 g edible meat). However, intramuscular lipid contents varied (p < 0.05) from 0.88 (M. fibularis longus) to 1.44 (M. flexor cruris lateralis) g/100 g edible meat, at a mean value of 1.16 g/100 g edible meat for 10 different muscles. Sodium (34.7 mg/100 g edible meat) and iron (3.14 mg/100 g edible meat) contents, both influenced (p < 0.05) by muscle, possessed substantially lower and higher values, respectively, than values reported for beef and chicken.     

Encapsulated phosphates reduce lipid oxidation in both ground chicken and ground beef during raw and cooked meat storage with some influence on color,pH, and cooking loss

Effects of encapsulated sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP) and sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) on lipid oxidation in uncooked (0, 2, 24 h) and cooked (0, 1, 7 d) ground chicken and beef during storage were determined. Ten phosphate treatments included a control (no phosphate), three unencapsulated (u) at 0.5% and three encapsulated (e) phosphates (0.5%) each at a low (e-low) and high (e-high) coating level. Two heating rates (slow, fast) were investigated. Cooking loss (CL), pH, color, orthophosphate (OP), TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) were determined. A fast heating and uSTP resulted in lower CL (p < 0.05). Orthophosphate increased with phosphate incorporation, slow heating and storage (p < 0.05). Encapsulated phosphates and increased coating level reduced OP (p < 0.05). Unencapsulated STP increased CIE a* and pH, whereas uSPP decreased CIE a* and pH (p < 0.05). Encapsulated phosphates and the greater coating level had no effect on the pH in cooked samples. Not increased coating level but encapsulated phosphates decreased lipid oxidation in cooked samples (p < 0.05).     

Chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) milk and colostrum

Bactrian camel milk and colostrum are commonly used as foods in Mongolia, whose people believe that these products promote human health. It has been hypothesized that milk oligosaccharides are biologically significant components of human milk, acting as receptor analogs that inhibit the attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to the colonic mucosa, and as prebiotics, which stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria within the infant colon. To evaluate their biological significance, we studied the oligosaccharides present in samples of Bactrian camel milk and colostrum. Using ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we identified and characterized the following oligosaccharides of camel colostrum: Gal(β1–4)[Fuc(α1–3)]Glc (3-fucosyllactose), Gal(β1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (3′-galactosyllactose), Gal(β1–6)Gal(β1–4)Glc (6′-galactosyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (3′-sialyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)Glc (6′-sialyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2–3)Gal(β1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (sialyl-3′-galactosyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (sialyllacto-N-tetraose c), Neu5Ac(α2–3)Gal(β1–3)[Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–6)]Gal(β1–4)Glc (sialyllacto-N-novopentaose a), Gal(β1–3)[Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–6)]Gal(β1–4)Glc (sialyllacto-N-novopentaose b); and Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)[Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–6)]Gal(β1–4)Glc (monosialyllacto-N-neohexaose). The oligosaccharides in the mature camel milk were characterized as 3′-galactosyllactose, Gal(β1–3)[Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–6)]Gal(β1–4)Glc (lacto-N-novopentaose I), and 3′-sialyllactose.