经编贾卡提花间隔织物的顶破性能

为探讨不同经编提花间隔织物结构的顶破性能差异,采用在拉舍尔双针床贾卡经编机上编织的8种不同提花结构的织物进行顶破性能试验,分析不同织物的顶破强力大小和顶破曲线特征,解释了经编间隔织物的顶破机制,并从提花面结构角度讨论对织物顶破强力的影响。结果表明：平布层和提花层分别影响间隔织物顶破过程的第1、2阶段;间隔层结构决定间隔织物顶破高度;提花面结构决定间隔织物顶破强力大小,厚组织顶破强力大于薄组织,顶破强力与网孔尺寸成反比关系;在鞋用经编提花间隔织物的设计中,可根据鞋面部位和功能需求进行灵活的组织搭配,丰富鞋材的花纹图案。     

经编提花间隔鞋面材料的开发

为研究开发经编提花间隔鞋面材料,介绍素色和双色贾卡经编提花间隔鞋面材料的设计方法,分析各种花色效应的梳栉配置方式,然后详细阐述经编提花间隔鞋面材料的开发流程及生产要求,包括原料选择、组织结构、花型设计、后整理等方面。在24针/25.4 mm的RDPJ5/1经编机上开发素色经编提花间隔鞋面材料,给出编织工艺参数及设计意匠图等。结果表明,经编提花间隔织物用作鞋面材料,不仅能满足鞋面材料功能性需求,而且具有外观时尚、成形性好等优点。     

经编双贾卡提花间隔鞋面材料的设计开发

提出一种经编双贾卡提花间隔鞋面材料的设计方法,包括原料设计、组织结构设计、花型设计、上机工艺参数设计和后整理等.以具体开发案例为例,详细阐述经编双贾卡提花间隔鞋面材料的开发流程,并在24针/25.4 mm的RDPJ7/2双针床双贾卡经编机上开发一款双贾卡提花间隔鞋面材料,给出贾卡意匠图和编织工艺设计参数等.结果 表明,...     

经编提花间隔织物的计算机辅助设计

为实现经编提花间隔织物的快速设计,在分析间隔织物编织原理和贾卡提花原理的基础上,研究这类织物的计算机辅助设计模型。采用数学矩阵的方法,分别建立垫纱数码、穿经设计和贾卡意匠设计等数学模型,用于指导计算机软件进行提花间隔织物的工艺设计。以双针床拉舍尔经编机生产的鞋材用提花间隔织物为例,介绍经编提花间隔织物的CAD设计方法,并结合人体足部特征和运动特点进行鞋面功能分区,用于指导贾卡意匠图的设计,达到经编提花间隔织物功能性与装饰性的统一,实现织物的快速、高效设计。     

经编双贾卡提花鞋面织物的计算机辅助设计

为实现经编双贾卡提花鞋面织物的高效设计,在探讨双贾卡提花鞋面织物结构特征的基础上,深入分析了双贾卡提花鞋面织物的成形原理及贾卡提花原理,研究这类织物的计算机辅助设计模型,从理论上建立了经编双贾卡提花鞋面织物的垫纱运动设计、贾卡意匠设计、贾卡梳垫纱效应设计以及穿经设计数学模型,用于指导计算机软件实现该类织物的工艺设计和产品开发。结合人体足部运动需求及生产实践,介绍了鞋面功能分区设计、贾卡意匠图设计及上机工艺设计方法,总结出该类织物的设计过程与生产方式,实现了经编双贾卡双色鞋面织物的快速、准确设计。     

基于反向对拉垫纱工艺的双贾卡提花间隔鞋材开发

为丰富双贾卡提花间隔鞋材的外观与组织结构设计,提升鞋材的轻薄透气性能,借鉴经编无缝内衣“无底网”成形技术,提出一种利用贾卡梳反向对拉垫纱的原理实施提花间隔鞋材的开发思路。阐述了反向对拉垫纱的工艺原理、鞋材织物的设计步骤和后整理工艺;结合产品开发实例介绍了原料选择、组织设计、花型结构设计、工艺参数、上机织造等各关键工艺。试验结果表明,基于反向对拉垫纱技术的双贾卡提花间隔鞋材轻盈细腻,透气、透湿性良好,外观新颖时尚,可作为休闲运动鞋面的优选材料,同时为经编双贾卡鞋面材料的开发提供参考。     

经编双贾卡提花间隔织物的工艺研究

为了解决单贾卡织物颜色单一、双贾卡织物不具备间隔织物优良性能的问题,文章提出一种生产三层双贾卡提花织物的思路和方法,即在RDPJ7/2经编机上得到双贾卡提花间隔织物。分别研究了三种提花间隔织物的工艺,阐述每种提花间隔织物的特征及其形成原理,并以一种具体工艺为例,介绍了提花间隔织物的工艺设计方法,包括原料设计、贾卡意匠图设计和上机工艺设计。开发的提花织物不仅具有良好的花型外观,还具备间隔织物的良好吸湿透湿、抗压减震等物理性能,既可用作运动鞋面,也可用作装饰类衬垫织物,为其他经编贾卡提花面料的开发提供理论参考依据。     

单贾卡经编间隔鞋面的工艺设计

文章通过分析经编间隔鞋面的编织原理,介绍鞋面常用基本组织和原料特点,以及具有结构效应的4种经编织物的编织工艺,探讨了单贾卡经编间隔鞋面的工艺设计流程及工艺设计过程中的注意事项,为单贾卡经编间隔鞋面的产品设计提供参考。     

经编单层双贾卡提花鞋材的工艺研究

为减小传统经编提花鞋材织物的面密度,丰富提花组织,提高织物结构稳定性,提出一种在双针床双贾卡经编机上编织单层立体提花鞋材的方法。对经编提花鞋材进行分类,包括单层单贾卡提花、单贾卡间隔提花、双层双贾卡提花以及单层双贾卡提花。重点研究了单层双贾卡提花的原理,通过控制电子贾卡导纱梳栉在针前横移时的偏移信息,实现后针床贾卡装置在前针床提花编织。结合针织鞋材的结构特点和性能要求,研究了提花鞋材的组织结构设计方法,并通过工艺举例,阐述了原料、组织结构、工艺参数和后整理的设计方法,为其他经编提花产品的开发提供参考依据。     

经编三维结构贾卡鞋面材料的尺寸预测系统

针对经编三维结构贾卡鞋面材料对鞋面各功能部位尺寸要求高,具体尺寸不宜控制这个问题,设计了4种组织结构、4种上机密度,分析这2种因素对鞋面整体横向、纵向缩率的影响,并研究贾卡网孔组织对鞋面局部花型尺寸的影响。基于试验结果,探究了贾卡鞋样整体横向、纵向缩率、网孔区域尺寸变化与影响因素间的定性关系,由此建立了鞋面材料的尺寸预测系统。最后,利用该尺寸预测系统进行贾卡3层鞋面设计。从一款设计实例发现,织造、后整理等工序后,成品鞋面尺寸与设计稿相吻合。证明本文开发的经编三维结构贾卡鞋面材料尺寸预测系统具有一定的可靠性。     

The thermostability, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of some vegetables subjected to different durations of boiling: Investigation in vitro

This research was performed in order to compare the water and acetone extracts of raw and boiled for 10, 20, 40 and 60 min Korean lotus roots (KLR) and Polish white onion (PWO) in the contents of their bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and thermostability.It was found that polyphenols (mg GAE/g), flavanols (μg GAE/g), flavonoids (mg CE/g), anthocyanins (mg CGE/kg) and tannins (mg CE/g) in water extract of raw lotus roots were 14.18 ± 0.7, 8.41 ± 0.5, 1.09 ± 0.06, 21.3 ± 1.2 and 7.29 ± 0.4, and of white onion - 11.11 ± 0.6, 6.78 ± 0.3, 0.71 ± 0.03, 17.00 ± 0.9 and 1.64 ± 0.08, respectively, and significantly higher in KLR (P < 0.05). The antioxidant activity of raw KLR water extract (139.4 ± 6.1, 53.1 ± 3.6 and 89.3 ± 4.6 μmol TE/g for DPPH, CUPRAC and ABTS, respectively) was significantly higher than in white onion (23.84 ± 1.8, 31.9 ± 2.1 and 38.14 ± 2.6 for DPPH, CUPRAC and ABTS, respectively, P < 0.05).The thermostability of the water KLR extract’s of polyphenols, flavanols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins was high and even after 60 min of boiling remains as 40.0, 42.3, 50.5, 41.4 and 41.0%, respectively. After 60 min of boiling the most thermostable compounds were flavonoids - remaining at 50.5% in water extract of KLR. Also after 60 min of boiling the thermostability of the antioxidant activity of water extracts of KLR remained significantly high: 40.6, 42.3, 46.3 and 43.6%, according to DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and CUPRAC assays, respectively.Similar relationship was obtained with acetone extracts, but the value was lower than with the water ones. In conclusion, the contents of some bioactive compounds, the antioxidant activity and the thermostability in water and acetone extracts of KLR are significantly higher than the same indices in PWO. FTIR and fluorimetry can be used as additional markers for the characterization of bioactive compounds in vegetables.     

Nutritive value of masau (Ziziphus mauritiana) fruits from Zambezi Valley in Zimbabwe

Ziziphus mauritiana (masau) fruits are consumed by many people in Zimbabwe. The fruits contribute significantly to people’s diet when they are in season. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional content of the fruits and, hence, quantify their contribution to the diet. Samples of masau were collected in two seasons (August 2006 and August 2007). Both macronutrients and micronutrients were determined using standard AOAC methods of analysis. Dry matter content ranged from 21.1 ± 0.2 to 24.1 ± 0.3 g 100 g⁻¹ of edible portion of the sweet and sour fruits, and 84.8 ± 0.2 to 87.2 ± 0.2 g 100 g⁻¹ for the dried fruit. Crude protein per 100 g edible portion of dry weight ranged between 7.9 ± 0.0 and 8.7 ± 0.0 g, crude fat from 0.8 ± 0.0 to 1.5 ± 0.0 g, crude fibre from 4.9 ± 0.0 to 7.3 ± 0.0 g, ash between 3.0 ± 0.0 and 4.3 ± 0.0 g and carbohydrate between 79.5 ± 0.0 and 83.2 ± 0.0 g. The fruits were rich in vitamin C (15.0 ± 0.0–43.8 ± 0.02 mg 100 g⁻¹) and the energy values ranged between 1516.0 ± 1.73 and 1575.0 ± 2.3 kJ 100 g⁻¹. Furthermore, the fruits contained (mg 100 g⁻¹ of dry weight) potassium from 1865.0 ± 1.3 to 2441.0 ± 1.1, calcium from 160.0 ± 0.3 to 254.0 ± 0.1, sodium between 185.0 ± 0.1 and 223.0 ± 0.2, magnesium between 83.0 ± 0.0 and 150.0 ± 0.13 and phosphorous from 87.0 ± 0.1 to 148.0 ± 0.5. Manganese and copper contents ranged between 0.7 ± 0.03 and 1.6 ± 0.03, while iron and zinc ranged between 2.1 ± 0.43 and 4.3 ± 0.1, and 0.6 ± 0.0–0.9 ± 0.0 mg 100 g⁻¹ of dry weight, respectively. The masau fruit is therefore a good potential source of carbohydrates, proteins and micronutrients, such as calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorous, copper, iron, Vitamin C and zinc.     

Evaluation of culture media for enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium animalis in the presence of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus

The study compared the growth capability of probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus La05, Lactobacillus casei Lc01 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12) and non-probiotic (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) cultures on twenty-one culture media grouped according to selectivity: non-selective agars, selective agars without antibiotics and MRS agars containing different combinations of lithium chloride, cystein, bile salts and antibiotics. Four of these media were selected for quantitative enumeration of L. acidophilus La05, L. casei Lc01, and B. animalis Bb12. The best culture media and incubation conditions for enumeration of the probiotic cultures were: B. animalis: MRS agar with dicloxacillin, 37 °C or 42 °C, anaerobiosis; L. acidophilus: MRS agar with bile salts, 37 °C or 42 °C, aerobiosis; L. casei: MRS agar with lithium chloride and sodium propionate, 37 °C or 42 °C, aerobiosis or anaerobiosis. Plating on MRS with glucose replaced by maltose, 37 °C or 42 °C, anaerobiosis, will distinguish probiotic from non-probiotic cultures. For enumeration of each probiotic in a mixed culture, the following media and incubation conditions were recommended: B. animalis: 4ABC-MRS, 42 °C, anaerobiosis, L. acidophilus: LC medium, 42 °C, aerobiosis or anaerobiosis and L. casei: LP-MRS, 42 °C, aerobiosis or anaerobiosis. In all experiments, differences in counts using pour plating or surface plating were not significant (P ≤ 0.05).     

Quality assessment of wild European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stored in ice

The quality assessment of wild European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stored in ice and in boxes without ice (3 ± 1 °C) was investigated by the sensory analysis, levels of nucleotide breakdown products and biogenic amines for up to 19 days. Sensory analysis was assessed using the Tasmanian Food Research Unit Scheme. K and related values (K_i, G, P, H and F_r) were used as freshness indicators. Linear regressions (r²) obtained from K, K_i, G, P, H and F_r were 0.95, 0.96, 0.83, 0.96, 0.99 and 0.96, respectively, for eel stored in ice whereas, for eel kept in boxes without ice, the values were 0.86, 0.86, 0.96, 0.91, 0.98 and 0.86, respectively. When eel stored in ice and in boxes without ice were considered at the limit of acceptability by assessors at ∼12–14 days and ∼5–7 days, respectively, the average K, K_i and P values were ∼70–85%, H values were ∼60% and F_r values were ∼10% for both storage conditions. The level of histamine exceeded the legal limit (5 mg/100 g fish) in eel stored without ice after 6–7 days and, in ice, after 13–14 days of storage, at which time eels were rejected by the sensory panel. The concentrations of biogenic amines were higher in eel stored in boxes without ice than in eel kept in ice. The levels of histamine in the muscle of eel kept in boxes without ice and in ice increased to the maximum levels of 17.9 mg/100 g on day 12 and 12.6 mg/100 g on day 19, respectively.     

Effect of temperature on the development of the yam moth, Dasyses rugosella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)

Studies on the effect of temperature on the development of the yam moth, Dasyses rugosella Stainton were carried out in the laboratory at four different temperatures, 20°C, 24°C, 29°C and 33°C. The mean fecundity per female at 20°C, 24°C, 29°C and 33°C was 37.6±1.9, 84.2±2.7, 112.3±3.9 and 109.3±3.9 eggs, respectively. Oviposition period ranged from 4.7 days at 20°C to 2.9 days at 33°C. Hatchability of eggs was highest at 29°C with 70.0% and lowest at 20°C with 15.0%. The developmental time decreased with increase in temperature. The mean developmental time at 20°C, 24°C, 29°C and 33°C was 13.8±0.3, 7.8±0.2, 5.1±0.2 and 3.9±0.2 days for the egg, 90.0±0.7, 50.1±0.7, 36.1±0.8 and 23.6±0.8 days for the larval stages, 22.3±2.6, 12.2±0.2, 10.1±0.1, and 7.8±0.2 days for the pupa and 126.1±0.8, 70.1±0.8, 51.3±0.9, and 35.1±0.8 days for the period from egg hatching to adult emergence, respectively. Since fecundity, oviposition and development of the moth were impaired at 20°C, storage of yam tubers at low temperatures (well below 20°C but not lower than 12°C to avoid chilling injury) will significantly retard the development of D. rugosella and help in its control. Unmated individuals lived longer than their mated counterparts. Adult females were always larger than the males. The wing span of the female ranges from 16.9-18.5 and in males from 13.0-15.0 mm. The body length for males ranged from 5.0-6.5 and was 6.5-9.0 mm for females.     

Effects of light,temperature and water activity on the kinetics of lipoxidation in almond-based products

Lipoxidation in almond-derived products was investigated using the chemiluminescence (CL) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) methods to detect the first and later reaction products, respectively. The effects of light during storage at 5 °C, 22 °C and 40 °C were studied, as well as the effects of combined heat/water activity treatments in the 60–120 °C and 0.38–0.72 range. During storage, light was found to enhance the CL and TBARS values, and specific responses were observed in almond paste and the final Calisson product. During the heating of almond paste, as the initial water activity (a_w) increased, the CL rate constants increased during heating to 60 °C and 80 °C, but interestingly, these values decreased during further heating to 120 °C, whereas the maximum TBARS rate constants occurred at a_w 0.57 at all the heating temperatures tested. The activation energies, based on the CL and TBARS values, decreased specifically when the a_w increased from 0.38 to 0.72, giving overall values ranging from110 kJ mol⁻¹ to 60 kJ mol⁻¹. Likewise, in the same water activity range, the temperature-dependent rate constant enhancing factor (Q₁₀) decreased from 3.3 to 1.6.     

Protective effects of a synthetic soybean isoflavone against oxidative damage in chick skeletal muscle cells

The antioxidant and protective properties of a synthetic soybean isoflavone (SI) were investigated using chick skeletal (leg) muscle cells (SMC) isolated from 20-day-old Linnan yellow broiler chick embryo. Skeletal muscle cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium treated with 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM SI, respectively, under 80 μM H₂O₂/FeSO₄ conditions. After 24 h of incubation, SI reduced the loss of SMC under oxidative stress by H₂O₂/FeSO₄. The addition of SI significantly promoted SMC proliferation (P < 0.01). Upon treatment with 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM SI, the activity of total superoxide dismutase in the supernatant of the media was enhanced by 17.0%, 13.0%, 13.3% and 11.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared to the control, the activity of glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased only at 25 μM concentration of SI (P < 0.05), and the increment was 90.7%. The activity of catalase was increased by 49.2% and 49.1%, respectively, at 75 and 100 μM SI (P < 0.01). The concentration of creatine kinase in the media was decreased by 61.6% and 60.6%, respectively, at 75 and 100 μM SI (P < 0.01). The addition of SI did not affect the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the media. In conclusion, the SI protected skeletal muscle cells from oxidative damage, attributed to its antioxidant activity.     

Crude glycerine inclusion in Limousin bull diets: Animal performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality

Three hundred and six Limousin young bulls (7 ± 1 months of age, initial body weight 273 ± 43 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of crude glycerine supplementation on animal performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Animals were assigned to three different diets: Control (0% of crude glycerine), G2 and G4 (2 and 4% of crude glycerine, respectively). The diets were administrated ad libitum for 240 days (final body weight 644 ± 24 kg). Average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, the gain:feed ratio, ultrasound measures in vivo, carcass characteristics, pH, water holding capacity, drip losses, and cooking losses were not affected (P > 0.05) by diets. Diet decreased C16:0 (P < 0.01) and C16:1 (P < 0.05) contents in meat. The G4 meat showed lower C12:0, C14:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, c9,t11-c18:2, C20:0 and C20:4 levels (P < 0.05) than control. Glycerine increased desirable fatty acid percentages (P < 0.05) in intramuscular fat.     

Mineral content of tropical fruits and unconventional foods of the Andes and the rain forest of Colombia

A total of 68 species of starchy foods, tropical fruits, leaves and tubers (101 samples), were collected on the foothills of the Colombian Andes and in the rain forests of the Colombian Pacific coast. Their edible portion was analyzed for mineral content (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Se, Co, Ni). The foods were generally high in K (36–1.782 mg K/100 g edible portion) and low in sodium (<45 mg Na/100 g edible portion). The tree foliages had the highest contents in most of the elements, especially in calcium (280–1242 mg Ca/100 g edible portion, i.e., up to 62 g Ca/kg dry matter) and iron (0.7–8.4 mg Fe/100 g edible portion). Correlations (P < 0.001) were observed between total ash and many elements, especially Ca and Mg (r =  0.77 and 0.73, respectively). High correlations were also obtained between Ca and Mg (r = 0.93).     

Effect of multiple factors on accumulation of nucleosides and bases in Cordyceps militaris

In order to improve the accumulation of valuable metabolites (3′-deoxyadenosine, adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, adenine and uracil) in Cordyceps militaris, multiple factors such as carbon sources, nitrogen sources, metal ions and fermentation duration were investigated in liquid shake flasks. Using both potato broth and glucose as carbon sources were found to facilitate the production of nucleosides and bases most, and 2% of glucose was the most suitable initial level. Mixture of 0.3% yeast extract with 0.3% peptone was the best selection of nitrogen sources and supplementing with 0.1 mmol/L Mn²⁺ achieved the maximum biomass and biosynthesis of nucleosides and bases among all investigated metal ions. The most suitable harvest time for C. militaris was found to be the 6th day, because the production of 3′-deoxyadenosine, adenosine and uridine began to speed up from the later exponential growth phase until the 6th day. Finally, under optimal culture conditions, the contents of 3′-deoxyadenosine, adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, adenine and uracil were increased to 0.212 ± 0.014 mg/g, 5.05 ± 0.31 mg/g, 4.03 ± 0.30 mg/g, 0.556 ± 0.029 mg/g, 6.39 ± 0.33 mg/g, 0.208 ± 0.016 mg/g and 0.437 ± 0.027 mg/g, respectively.