冷轧薄宽带钢局部型中浪瓢曲变形行为研究

针对薄宽带钢冷轧过程中易发多发的局部型中浪瓢曲缺陷,引入非均匀载荷宽度、弹性约束系数及平均张应力建立了屈曲变形的解析计算模型。应用能量最低原理对屈曲变形区域进行搜索求解,得到了局部型中浪屈曲临界条件(包括临界应力、屈曲波长和屈曲波宽),获得了其与非均匀载荷宽度、弹性约束系数、平均张应力的关系,并发现平均张应力是产生局部型中浪的重要影响因素。应用样条有限元方法对局部型中浪进行数值仿真分析,验证了屈曲解析计算方法的正确性。在实验轧机上进行了轧制研究,通过轧制获得了局部型中浪屈曲模态,对实验结果分析得到了相对应的屈曲临界条件,与解析法和样条有限元法结果基本吻合,证明了样条有限元计算方法与解析计算方法的正确性及其工程应用价值。     

INFLUENCE OF DAMPING MODELS ON DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF A BASE-ISOLATED COMPOSITE STRUCTURE UNDER EARTHQUAKES AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIBRATIONS

Structural design simultaneously governed by earthquakes and environmental vibrations has received a lot of attention in recent years.Base-isolated composite structures are typically used in the above-mentioned structural design.The corresponding analysis involves validating structural safety under earthquakes and human comfort under environmental vibrations through a time-history analysis.Thus,a reasonable damping model is essential.In this work,the representatives of viscous damping model and rate-independent damping model,namely the Rayleigh damping model and uniform damping model,were adopted to investigate the influence of damping models on the time-history analysis of such structural designs.The energy dissipation characteristics of the above-mentioned damping models were illustrated via a dynamic test of recycled aggregate concrete specimens.A case study was performed on a base-isolated steelconcrete composite structure.The dynamic responses under the excitation of earthquakes and environmental vibrations were compared using different damping models.The uniform damping model was found to be more flexible than the Rayleigh damping model in dealing with excitations with different frequency components.The uniform damping model is both theoretically advantageous and easy to use,demonstrating its potential in dynamic analysis of structures designed simultaneously governed by earthquakes and environmental vibrations.     

A VIBRATION RECOGNITION METHOD BASED ON DEEP LEARNING AND SIGNAL PROCESSING

Effective vibration recognition can improve the performance of vibration control and structural damage detection and is in high demand for signal processing and advanced classification.Signal-processing methods can extract the potent time-frequency-domain characteristics of signals;however,the performance of conventional characteristics-based classification needs to be improved.Widely used deep learning algorithms(e.g.,convolutional neural networks(CNNs))can conduct classification by extracting high-dimensional data features,with outstanding performance.Hence,combining the advantages of signal processing and deep-learning algorithms can significantly enhance vibration recognition performance.A novel vibration recognition method based on signal processing and deep neural networks is proposed herein.First,environmental vibration signals are collected;then,signal processing is conducted to obtain the coefficient matrices of the time-frequency-domain characteristics using three typical algorithms:the wavelet transform,Hilbert-Huang transform,and Mel frequency cepstral coefficient extraction method.Subsequently,CNNs,long short-term memory(LSTM)networks,and combined deep CNN-LSTM networks are trained for vibration recognition,according to the time-frequencydomain characteristics.Finally,the performance of the trained deep neural networks is evaluated and validated.The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed vibration recognition method combining signal preprocessing and deep learning.     

数字3D电影最新动向

全球数字3D电影领域的领头羊Real D公司于10月17日与欧洲投资商Terra Firma公司旗下在泛西欧拥有1600块银幕的Odeon院线以及UCI院线签署协议,将于未来2年中在英国、爱尔兰、德国、奥地利以及葡萄牙合作安装500块数字3D银幕.     

第十二届中国建筑企业高峰论坛在绍兴市举行王治安主持会议并致辞

<正>本刊讯2014年12月23日,由中国建设报社、浙江省住房和城乡建设厅、绍兴市人民政府主办的第十二届中国建筑企业高峰论坛在绍兴市举行。来自全国各地的建筑行业主管部门、行业协会负责人,专家学者及企业代表等300余人齐聚一堂,围绕"创新融合,开放共赢"主题,共同分享了一场建筑行业思想盛宴。中国建设报社党委书记杜久才、社长翟建和中国建筑装饰协会会长李秉仁、中国土木工程协会副理事长刘     

9.3大阅兵:高标准让军魂荡气回肠

<正>阅兵是展示辉煌的时刻,而为这一辉煌采取的所有的标准,不啻也是宝贵的财富,应当成为践行标准的榜样……这个月最令人难忘、最引人自豪、最提振国威的事情,当属"9.3"大阅兵,它有着以往没有的多重的亮点:首次以纪念抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利为阅兵主题,彰显维护和平是全世界人民共同的愿望。首次邀请外国军队代表参加分列式,体现纪念大会的国际性。首次组织抗战老兵包括国民党老兵参加,体现了对历史的尊重,体现全民族抗战的特色。首次编组英模部队方队受阅,展示中国共产党在抗战中定海     

车类影视广告拍摄——光线表现篇

汽车能满足人们生活、娱乐、工作的各种需求,为生活添加乐趣.商务车、房车、越野车或轿车,不管是驰骋还是安静地停放,都具有他们独特的气质,外型、轮廓、结构、颜色、车漆的纹理及其光泽度各有特点.拍摄广告就是要把汽车的这些独到之处提炼、表达出来,在观赏者印象中建立一个全方位的立体形象,激发消费者的购买愿望,这里就必须用到一个非凡的摄影手段--光线.     

Control of vertical phase separation in high performance non-fullerene organic solar cell by introducing oscillating stratification preprocessing

Non-fullerene organic solar cell(NFOSC)has attracted tremendous attention due to their great potential for commercial applications.To improve its power conversion efficiency(PCE),generally,sequential solution deposition(SSD)methods have been employed to construct the graded vertical phase separation(VPS)of the bulk-heterojunction(BHJ)active layer for efficient exciton separation and charge transition.However,a variety of orthogonal solvents used in the SSD may lead to the unpredicted change in the BHJ morphology and introduce additional defects inside the BHJ bulk thus complicate the fabrication process.Here,a simple oscillating stratification preprocessing(OSP)is developed to facilitate the formation of graded VPS among the BHJ layer.As a result,a significant improvement is obtained in PCE from 10.96%to 12.03%,which is the highest value reported among PBDB-T:ITIC based NFOSC.     

High power and stable P-doped yolk-shell structured Si@C anode simultaneously enhancing conductivity and Li+ diffusion kinetics

Silicon is a low price and high capacity ancxje material for lithium-ion batteries.The yolk-shell structure can effectively accommodate Si expansion to improve stability.However,the limited rate performance of Si anodes can't meet people's growing demand for high power density.Herein,the phosphorus-doped yolk-shell Si@C materials(P-doped Si@C)were prepared through carbon coating on P-doped Si/SiO_xmatrix to obtain high power and stable devices.Therefore,the as-prepared P-doped Si@C electrodes delivered a rapid increase in Coulombic efficiency from 74.4%to 99.6%after only 6 cycles,high capacity retention of-95%over 800 cycles at 4 A·g^-1,and great rate capability(510 mAh·g^-1at 35 A·g^-1).As a result,P-doped Si@C anodes paired with commercial activated carbon and LiFePO₄cathode to assemble lithium-ion capacitor(high power density of?61,080 W·kg^-1at 20 A·g^-1)and lithium-ion full cell(good rate performance with 68.3 mAh·g^-1at 5 C),respectively.This work can provide an effective way tofurther improve power density and stability for energy storage devices.     

CIG前驱膜叠层方式对CIGS膜成分和结构的影响

采用中频交流磁控溅射方法制备了三种不同叠层方式的CuInGa（CIG）前驱膜。采用固态法硒化,获得了CIGS吸收层。采用SEM和XRD观察和分析了薄膜的成分、组织结构和表面形貌。着重分析不同叠层方式的CIG前驱膜对CIGs吸收层薄膜成分、晶体结构的影响。结果表明,三种叠层方式的前驱膜都可以获得成分均匀、结构一致的CIGS吸收层薄膜。Ga可以有效抑制In2Se挥发相生成,保持成分的稳定性。以CuGa（top）／CuIn（bottom）形式的前驱膜有利于形成紧密晶粒排列的CIGS。     

Shrinkage compensation approach proposed for ABS material in FDM process

Dimensional accuracy of parts manufactured by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) greatly suffers from the shrinkage problems of the available polymer materials. This paper proposes a constructive idea for resolving the shrinkage issues and explains how shrinkage could be managed by interior geometry of the artifacts fabricated on desktop 3D printers. The main principle for preventing the deterioration on dimensional accuracy of the holes/slots is to utilize the auxiliary lines located from the hole’s perimeter to the outer boundaries of the artifact. Thus, the shrinkage of these auxiliary line segments simply helps to pull the original hole backward, acting against the predicted contraction. In this paper, the proposed approach will be examined using a finite element analysis tool to predict the shrinkage behavior of the fabricated samples along with necessary measurements taken on the Coordinate Measuring Machine. Additionally, an analytical framework for modeling the shrinkage behavior of ABS is to be elaborated. The coherence of the simulations and the measurements are to be analyzed regarding the effect of the geometry and material color on the shrinkage behavior. The discussion involves the improvement on the dimensional accuracy of 3D printed features.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Ice formation process by cooling water–oil emulsion with stirring in a vessel

An emulsion, which was a mixture of silanol-aqueous solution and silicone oil, was investigated as a heat storage material for a dynamic type ice storage system. The emulsion was poured into a vessel, which was immersed into a constant temperature bath at a low temperature, and frozen with stirring. Using stainless steel vessels coated with PFA resin and PTFE vessels with different thickness, the experiments were carried out under various conditions of temperature. Measuring the temperature history in the vessel, overall heat transfer coefficients before the start of freezing and during the ice formation were obtained. The effects of the material of the cooling surface and the thermal resistance of the wall on the ice formation process were clarified. If the heat flux of the wall was less than a critical value, slurry ice was formed without adhesion to the cooling surface. The results obtained under the same condition of the thermal resistance proved that it was effective against ice adhesion to coat PFA resin inside the vessel. It was found by the experiments in which the PTFE vessels were used that the critical value of the heat flux was nearly constant regardless of the thermal resistance.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Effect of deflecting ring on noise generated by outdoor set of a split-unit air conditioner

In order to analyze the influence of the deflecting ring on the noise generated by the outdoor set of a split-unit air conditioner, the flow field in the outdoor set is simulated with the CFD software STAR-CD, the relative turbulent intensities are computed and the influence of the width and contoured duct of the deflecting ring on the noise generated by the outdoor set is analyzed. The results of computation and experiment show that there is an optimal width of the deflecting ring, corresponding to the minimum noise generated by the outdoor set. In addition, the influence of the contoured duct of the deflecting ring on the noise generated by the outdoor set is analyzed and a double contoured duct is designed. The results of computation and experiment verify that the deflecting ring with double contoured duct can improve the aerodynamic performance and reduce the noise generated by the outdoor set.     

Tribologische Kennwerte für Reibwerkstoffe

Tribology parameters for friction materials The tribology parameters of the friction materials are currently the coefficient of friction and the wear coefficient. They are determined depending on the material, the surface pressure and the frictional speed. These two parameters are not sufficient for an evaluation of the friction materials on the basis of a wear theory. Their validity is therefore limited. It is proposed to evaluate the friction materials on the basis of the energetic wear theory. The parameters are then the wear energy density, the shear stress of friction and the linear wear intensity. These values can be shown in a diagram and allow for the direct comparison of widely varying friction materials. The reference coefficient of friction is being introduced as a new wear parameter. The determination of the proposed parameters is made on a flywheel test rig, combined with the laser‐optical online measurement of the wear particles. It was possible to demonstrate that the parameters correctly describe the practice‐relevant requirements using two proven friction materials.     

Parametric optimization of a new combined refrigeration cycle – active thermal potentiostatting system

The active thermal potentiostatting system proposed by Martinovskii and Tsirlin is directly generalized to a more practical case, in which one intermediate chamber, besides a thermal potentiostatting chamber, and two irreversible refrigeration cycles are included and the influence of the thermal resistance between the working fluid and the reservoirs, the heat leakages from the environment to the intermediate chamber and from the intermediate chamber to the potentiostatting chamber are taken into account. Expressions for the main parameters of the system are derived. By using the optimal control theory, the minimum total power input of the system with non-zero cooling rates is calculated and the temperatures of the working fluid in the isothermal processes of the refrigeration cycles are optimized. The optimal allocation of the heat-transfer areas of the heat-exchangers in the refrigeration cycles is discussed in detail. The results obtained here are more general and useful than the relevant results in literature and can provide some valuable guidance for the optimal design and operation of real active thermal potentiostatting systems.     

Verbesserung des Eigenspannungszustands beim Kaltfließpressen durch den aktiven Einsatz eines gesteuerten Gegenstempels

By using an active counter punch during cold extrusion, the residual stress of the component can significantly be improved, which can increase its fatigue strength. In general, the workpieces produced through full‐forward extrusion are characterized by a strongly unfavourable stress state: The resulting high axial tensile residual stresses on the surface as well as the steep stress gradient accelerate the formation and the growth of cracks during cyclic loading. A system developed by the authors, consisting of a counter punch actively employed during the forming process allows improving the residual stress state of the final product. This result is obtained through a homogenization of the deformations in the samples during the cold extrusion. Therefore, a finite element simulation of the process was developed in Simufact Forming®. The simulation was experimentally validated by using the two austenitic steels 1.4307 and 1.4404. Another focus is the development of suitable measuring strategies for the X‐ray residual stress analysis with the sin²Ψ‐method to ensure the quality of the measurement results despite coarse‐grained and anisotropic microstructures. The results of the simulations and the experiments show that his technique has a considerable potential to increase the product quality without modifying the process time.     

An experimental study on minimizing frost deposition on a cold surface under natural convection conditions by use of a novel anti-frosting paint. Part II. Long-term performance, frost layer observation and mechanism analysis

In this part of study, the comparative observations of the structure and the surface temperature of the frost layer of both the coated and uncoated surfaces ware carried out and a preliminary analysis was presented. A series of the repeated cycling tests were completed that lasted for more than 2 months, and the influences of the coating thickness were also investigated. The results show that the frost layer deposited on the coating surface has a very fragile structure and can be removed easily by external force. The coating thickness has an important effect on the anti-frosting performance of the paint. The results also show that the coating of the paint on the copper surface is durable and presents a very good repeated cycling performance.     

Two-phase split of refrigerants at a T-junction

The present study experimentally investigated the two-phase flow split of refrigerants at a T-junction. As geometric parameters, the direction of the inlet or branch tube and the tube diameter ratio of branch to inlet tube were chosen. As inlet flow parameters, the inlet mass flux and quality were varied from 100 to 700 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and from 0.1 to 0.9, respectively, for the condition of distribution header of a multi-pass evaporator in the general refrigeration system. All experiments were performed for R-22, R-134a, and R-410A. The measured data were compared with the values predicted by the models developed for air–water or steam–water mixture in the literature. We propose a modified model for application to the reduced T-junction and vertical orientation of tubes. Among the geometric parameters, the branch tube direction showed the largest sensitivity to the mass flow rate ratio for the gas phase, while the inlet quality showed the largest sensitivity to the mass flow rate ratio among the inlet flow parameters.