基于胎面-路面摩擦自激的轮胎非线性振动建模仿真

轮胎的多边形磨损是汽车研发设计过程中迫切需要解决的问题之一。考虑轮胎接地磨擦的非线性特性,建立了悬架-轮胎-胎面系统的考虑时间延迟的两自由度动力学振动模型,研究基于自激振动理论的轮胎多边形磨损现象。通过matlab/simulink进行仿真试验,验证了汽车中高速行驶时硬自激振动现象的存在,并给出了能够引起自激振动的敏感参数及车速范围。所建立的动力学振动模型可以帮助分析悬架动力学特性对轮胎多边形磨损的影响,为减小或消除轮胎的自激振动提供了理论依据。     

考虑流固耦合的大柔性圆柱体涡激振动非线性时域模型

基于流固耦合的涡激升力模型和Morison方程,提出了一个非线性的圆柱体涡激振动时域分析模型。该模型不仅考虑了脉动拖曳力诱发的顺流向涡激振动,而且考虑了横向的流固耦合问题。该模型物理意义清楚,其非线性包括流体阻尼的非线性性质和涡激升力与圆柱体响应的相关性,这些非线性性质是该模型区别于现有涡激振动分析模型的主要特征。分析表明,该模型较好地反映了圆柱体涡激振动的本质,与现有的商业软件吻合较好。     

水下加肋双层圆柱壳体振动传递特性分析

研究水下双层圆柱壳体振动传递特性具有重要的工程意义,尤其对于水下结构噪声快速预报和外壳表面速度场实时重构.以此为出发点,通过双层加肋圆柱壳体模型水下振动试验研究了不同激励条件下内外壳体振动特性;然后建立了水下双层圆柱壳体有限元模型,计算分析了壳体在流固耦条件下的振动路径及特性,找出了不同激励方向、流体耦合方式和内外壳体连接方式等典型因素下内、外壳体间振动传递规律,为速度场重构和水下噪声预报提供了一定的理论指导.     

滚动汽车轮胎自激振动仿真及其影响因素分析

以高速行驶汽车产生的轮胎周向多边形磨损现象为背景,通过建立轮胎的有限元模型以及轮胎-路面的LuGre摩擦模型实现了汽车轮胎高速滚动过程有限元模型的建立,应用该模型进行了轮胎侧向自激振动的仿真分析及影响因素研究。仿真结果表明滚动汽车轮胎在一定条件下确实出现了侧向自激振动现象,它也是造成轮胎多边形磨损的原因之一。参数灵敏度分析表明：轮胎侧向自激振动随车速的增加先增加后减小,车速过低或过高时均不能形成自激振动;前束角与外倾角对自激振动的影响与 车速相似,两者都存在一个峰值点;另外,大载荷条件下,胎面自激振动会比较剧烈,轮胎的多边形磨损也比较严重。因此,为避免产生轮胎自激振动,减少轮胎多边形磨损,要将设计参数以及使用工况控制在合适的范围内     

海冰作用下平台结构自激振动的参数分析与响应的数值计算

本文依据Ｍａａｔｔａｎｅｎ的自激冰力模型,分析了冰和结构的各种参数对海冰作用下平台结构自激振动的影响;对不同动力特性的导管架平台结构简化模型,进行了海冰作用下结构自激振动响应的数值计算,发现了自激冰力和结构振动的一些特征,为进一步理解冰致平台结构自激振动现象,避免自激振动的产生及采取相应的控制措施提供了有益的结果。     

分析模型选取对螺旋桨脉动激励引起的水下结构振动与声辐射影响研究

由于激振力作用位置的原因,目前关于水下结构振动与辐射噪声特性问题的分析模型多选用舱段或尾部结构,本文使用有限元/直接边界元方法,分析螺旋桨—轴系—壳体结构这一典型的尾部受迫振动问题,研究不同模型选取对结构振动及声辐射特性的影响,分析表明,使用局部模型将对结构的振动特性、辐射声压分布等特性产生影响,分析结果中略掉了较多的结构振动模态,从而使分析结果不全面,对于水下结构的振动响应分析,建议采用整体结构作为分析模型。     

客运专线富水黄土隧道隧底振动特性试验研究

当高速列车通过时,将导致隧道出现振动现象。在此条件下,修建于富水黄土地基上的隧道能否满足振动安全要求,是困扰郑州至西安客运专线建设的难题之一,国内外没有任何经验可借鉴。为解决该问题,开展了模拟高速列车振动效应的激振试验,得出了不同激振频率下的振动速度在隧道仰拱结构深度方向、仰拱填充面横向和纵向的变化规律,也得出了隧底富水黄土中振动速度的变化规律。试验结果表明,隧道结构和隧底黄土中的振动速度均不大。综合分析后可以判定,列车引起的振动不足以对隧道产生明显影响,富水黄土隧道满足客运专线运营要求。     

圆柱体横流与顺流方向涡激振动耦合模型研究

基于尾流振子模型对刚性圆柱体在横流以及顺流方向涡激振动耦合模型进行了研究。首先建立了横流以及顺流方向考虑结构几何非线性的结构振子以及尾流振子模型,其次基于二阶精度中心差分格式对模型进行先离散后迭代求解,再次通过与他人实验结果进行对比验证了该数值模型的可靠性,最后对不同质量比、不同结构阻尼比以及不同几何非线性系数下圆柱体涡激振动响应振动幅值以及振动轨迹进行了分析。分析结果表明:随着质量比的增大,横流以及顺流方向的振动幅值均呈下降趋势,锁定区间宽度逐渐变窄。随着结构阻尼比的增大,横流以及顺流方向的振动幅值同样呈下降趋势,而锁定区间宽度逐渐变宽。随着折合速度的增加,结构振动轨迹依次出现斜"8"字形、"月牙"形以及正"8"字形。随着几何非线性系数的增加,横流以及顺流方向振动幅值从上分支进入低分支时的位移突降现象会变得越来越明显。     

重力坝动力特性测试方法模型试验研究

目前水工结构的动力破坏特性越来越受到关注,其中动力特性是其研究的一个重要方面。通过模型试验的方法研究重力坝模型动力特性的测试方法。重点研究了环境激励法测试结构动力特性的效果,并与传统测力法进行了比较。试验结果表明采用环境激励的方法,可只根据结构的振动响应数据,有效地测试结构的动力特性。并且在不同大小环境激励下结构的振型没有发生变化,频率与阻尼比变化很小。试验结果还表明通过环境激励法与通过传统激励法测试的振型、频率与阻尼比相差很小,可认为采用这两种方法测试的结构动力特性一致。同时还说明环境激励法可有效地测试有损伤结构的动力特性。试验结果为使用环境激励法测试实际在线重力坝结构的动力特性提供了依据。     

单辊驱动轧机水平非线性参激振动机理研究

在考虑轧辊和轧件间摩擦力和水平方向非线性刚度和阻尼的基础上,建立了单辊驱动轧机水平非线性参激振动模型,用多尺度法求解了振动系统在主参数共振情况下的一阶近似解,给出了振动系统的频率响应方程,用数值方法研究了定常解的稳定性,并用分岔图、Poincare映射和Lyapunov指数方法分析了刚度波动对轧机水平非线性参激共振的影响。     

春季河冰流凌对桥墩撞击作用计算模型的研究

采用LS-DYNA显示动力分析软件就流冰对桥墩撞击力的计算机仿真模型进行了研究。提出了河冰的简化本构关系模型;建立了桥墩与流冰接触撞击的有限元分析模型。探讨了接触类型与算法、冰排网格密度、接触区域桥墩网格密度对桥墩撞击力计算结果的影响,并与实测结果进行了对比。得出如下结论：流冰及接触区域的桥墩可采用solid164单元;河冰材料可采用线弹性模型,最大拉应力失效准则;ASTS自动面面接触类型及对称罚函数接触算法就流冰对桥墩撞击力模型是适合的;与桥墩接触的近区冰排单元大小及接触区域桥墩网格密度对撞击力均有较大影响,应注意单元尺寸的合理选择。研究结果为流冰对桥墩撞击力的计算提供了新的方法,对完善流冰撞击力的计算方法具有理论价值及现实意义     

抗冰平台的冰振疲劳分析

基于现场原型结构的观测,对渤海抗冰导管架平台冰激疲劳寿命估计的必要性进行了分析。结果表明,由于渤海特殊环境条件与油藏分布决定了在该海域设计的导管架平台属于典型的柔性抗冰结构,冰激振动不仅能激起较大的加速度响应,而且引起的交变应力也比较明显,在结构设计中进行疲劳寿命估计是必要的。目前,精确估计冰激疲劳寿命的方法还不成熟,其中冰激励荷载与海冰疲劳环境模型是两个关键问题。结合现场观测,对建立锥体疲劳冰荷载与冰环境参数的研究方法进行了论述,为详细疲劳分析提供了基础。     

基于原型测量的极地航行船舶船体冰载荷分析

船体与海冰碰撞引起的冰载荷一直是破冰船领域研究的重点。根据S.A.AgulhasⅡ号极地科考补给船在南极海域的原型测量数据,利用影响系数矩阵法和反演法对船体艉肩部的冰载荷进行分析。通过肋骨上不同应变传感器测得的剪应变,在MATLAB中利用系数矩阵转换,得到了不同肋骨上的冰载荷。通过建立艉肩部有限元模型,采用两种不同的离散方式对载荷区域进行离散,并利用Tikhonov正则化求解反演方程,得到外板的冰载荷分布。克服了数据处理过程中解的不适定性,使得两种方法得到的计算结果也极为相近。     

A panel method for modelling level ice actions on moored ships. Part 2: Simulations

A semi-empirical method for calculating local ice forces on moored ships was described in Part 1 and is implemented for a real hull in this article. The method splits the ice actions into actions in the vicinity of the waterline caused by breaking of intact ice and rotation of broken ice floes, and actions below the waterline caused by ice-hull friction. The hull was discretized into flat panels and ice forces were calculated for each panel and summed to obtain the total ice action. The resolution of the discretization was studied and stable results were obtained with relatively few panels.The model was compared with model test data and satisfactory agreement was found for the mean mooring forces. Surge oscillations were larger in the simulations than in the model tests, probably due to underestimated ice-induced damping forces in the simulations.The dynamic surge response of the ship was investigated by varying the ice drift speed and the surge natural period. The coefficient of variation for the surge motions was largest for speeds around 0.10-0.15 m/s for all surge natural periods. The importance of parameterizing the ice forces in terms of the penetration of the ship into the ice is highlighted, as this strongly affects the dynamic response of moored ships in level ice.The model can be applied in studies of dynamic response of moored ships in level ice with constant drift direction and it can be extended to variable ice drift direction.     

Experiments on level ice loading on an icebreaking tanker with different ice drift angles

A series of tests was performed with a laboratory-scale model ship to simulate the effects of ice load parameters on an icebreaking tanker. A model of the icebreaking tanker Uikku was mounted on a rigid carriage and towed through an unbroken ice sheet in the ice tank of the Marine Technology Group at Aalto University. Two ice sheets and 11 different experimental configurations were used. The carriage speed, heading angle of the model ship, and ice thickness were varied, and the forces, accelerations, ice cusp sizes, carriage positions, and ice pile dimensions under the intact ice sheets were measured.This paper includes results for the measurements of ice rubble loads against the model hull in the horizontal plane. Phenomena such as ice failure modes and ice rubble accumulation on the upstream side of the hull beneath the ice sheet were observed in some tests. The icebreaking lengths and dimensions of ice rubble were analyzed for some tests. The effects of towing speed, heading angle under the intact ice sheet in front of the hull, and the accompanying ice loads on the formation and build-up of ice rubble were analyzed. In addition, the evolution of ice rubble geometry, in cross sections and the horizontal plane, was investigated. There was good agreement over several orders of magnitude between the measured and calculated values of the lateral ice forces. These results are relevant to the modeling of ice loading on hulls and the design of moored or dynamic positioned structures for operation in ice-covered waters. Some parameters obtained from these tests can be used as input for future numerical simulations.     

A preliminary investigation of thermal ice pressures

Measured ice stress data are needed to verify and improve thermal ice thrust prediction models used in estimating ice forces on dams, bridge piers, locks and other hydraulic structures. During February and March, 1983, thermal ice pressures were measured in the ice on a small lake in central New Hampshire. Even though the ice sheet was relatively warm and only exhibited small changes in temperature, stresses up to 200 to 300 kPa were recorded with a newly designed biaxial ice-stress sensor. Ice stresses normal and parallel to the shore of the lake were similar.Given the rate of change of temperature of the ice, ice pressures were calculated for the measurement period using a uniaxial rheological model consisting of a spring and nonlinear dashpot connected in series. Calculated and measured stresses were in good agreement.     

Determining the contribution of Antarctica to sea-level rise using data assimilation methods

The problem of forecasting the future behaviour of the Antarctic ice sheet is considered. We describe a method for optimizing this forecast by combining a model of ice sheet flow with observations. Under certain assumptions, a linearized model of glacial flow can be combined with observations of the thickness change, snow accumulation, and ice-flow, to forecast the Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise. Numerical simulations show that this approach can potentially be used to test whether changes observed in Antarctica are consistent with the natural forcing of a stable ice sheet by snowfall fluctuations. To make predictions under less restrictive assumptions, improvements in models of ice flow are needed. Some of the challenges that this prediction problem poses are highlighted, and potentially useful approaches drawn from numerical weather prediction are discussed.     

寒区水塘冰温度应力原型观测及分析

冰体内温度应力引起的膨胀压力可导致结构物不同程度的破坏,其值是寒区水工建筑物的关键设计参数。为探究静冰温度应力的时空分布特性,采用原型观测研究手段,结合理论分析及计算,以黑龙江省大庆市青花湖6号水塘为研究对象,对水塘淡水冰层内部温度场和应力场进行了观测及分析。结果表明:冰温变化主要取决于上部气温的波动情况,表层冰温与气温呈良好的线性关系,且斜率在0.38~0.56;深度30 cm以上的冰温对气温变化的响应较为敏感,30 cm以下的冰温沿垂向基本呈线性分布;基于冰的Bergdahl粘弹性本构关系提出了一种冰温度应力计算模型,并结合实测数据回归分析确定模型中的参数,参数的拟合值明显依赖于测点位置;温度应力模型计算结果与观测结果吻合良好;从距离侧边挡墙较远的测点1到较近的测点4,随着周边围岸约束作用的增强,整体冰应力水平呈递增趋势;冰应力沿垂向呈非单调分布,即冰层表面产生的应力稍小,最大应力值出现在冰深10 cm~30 cm处,其下随深度逐渐减小,且冰应力只在0.7 m以内的冰层上部产生。     

Numerical simulation of local ice loads in uniform and randomly varying ice conditions

The ice loading process has a clear stochastic nature due to variations in the ice conditions and in the icebreaking processes of ships. The statistical characteristics of local ice loads are typically studied on the basis of field measurements. In this paper, a numerical method was applied to simulate a ship moving forward in either uniform or randomly varying ice conditions, where the thickness and strength properties of the ice encountered by the ship were assumed to be constant or randomly generated using the Monte Carlo method. The purpose of this simulation is to show the origin of the statistical variation in ice loading, which is difficult to identify in field measurements. To validate the numerical results, an icebreaking tanker, MT Uikku, was then modeled in a simulation program, the ice loading process was stochastically reproduced and the calculated amplitude values of the ice-induced frame loads were compared with the field measurements.