金沙江—雅砻江梯级多业主水电站群联合调度补偿效益研究

针对金沙江—雅砻江梯级多业主水电站群联合调度补偿效益问题,建立了大规模混联水电站群联合优化调度模型,并提出离散微分动态规划（DDDP）和逐步优化算法（POA）相结合的自适应混合方法,实现大规模混联水电站群联合优化调度问题的高效求解。在此基础上,结合金沙江流域长系列历史径流资料,进行了不同建设运行和联合调度情景下梯级电站调度模拟,探究了金沙江中游梯级和雅砻江下游梯级的建设运行及联合调度对金沙江下游梯级的补偿作用。结果表明,金沙江中游梯级和雅砻江下游梯级建设运行可以增加金沙江下游梯级165.36×108kW·h的发电量;雅砻江下游梯级和金沙江下游梯级联合调度可增加梯级总发电量24.79×108kW·h,而金沙江中游梯级受较大保证出力的限制联合调度效益不够显著,可以通过降低其梯级保证出力,以便有效提高联合调度的补偿效益。     

考虑下游需水的伦潭水电站月发电调度函数研究

为优化伦潭水电站调度运行方式，分析水库下游社会经济和河道内生态环境需水过程，基于发电优化调度结果采用逐步回归法提取考虑下游需水的逐月发电调度函数。结果表明，伦潭水库对下游需水过程发挥较大调蓄补给作用，主要补水时段为7月至次年2月，直接影响了伦潭水电站的发电引水流量过程；基于多元线性回归模型和BP神经网络提取的伦潭水电站发电调度函数大部分月份的纳什效率系数均在0.90以上，考虑模型结构简单且操作方便，伦潭水电站选取基于多元线性回归模型的发电调度函数；对于2017年3月至2019年2月，伦潭水电站发电调度函数较实际发电调度和发电调度图可分别增加发电量338.4×10⁴、183.8×10⁴kW·h/月，调度函数可明显提高伦潭水库的发电运行水位。研究成果可为伦潭水电站实际发电调度提供技术支撑，也可为其他水电站完善发电调度运行方式提供参考。     

基于支持向量机的水电站中长期径流组合预报

中长期径流预报是充分利用水资源、实现水电站优化运行的重要环节。以金沙江中游龙盘电站为研究对象,分别采用自回归滑动平均模型、最近邻抽样回归模型、BP神经网络建立了该水电站月径流预报模型,在分析三种模型预报结果具有一定互补性的基础上进一步建立了支持向量机分月组合预报模型。统计结果表明,与单一预报模型相比,该组合预报模型具有更高的精度和稳定性,为寻求水电站径流预报规律和制定中长期调度计划提供了技术支持。     

大规模水电站群短期发电优化调度算法改进

大规模水电站群短期发电优化调度计算量大,实际应用中为满足计算过程和结果可复现需求,多采用各类改进动态规划算法,求解速度难以满足需求。对此,结合大规模水电站群短期发电优化调度模型,同时给定起始状态和最终状态的特性,分析了从起始状态和最终状态同时进行求解的可行性,提出了改进的双向动态规划并行解算方法,实例计算表明,应用此方法可使大规模流域水电站群短期发电优化调度计算速度提高一倍。研究成果可供类似工程参考。     

含混合式抽水蓄能电站的梯级水电站优化调度

为提高梯级水电站调度运行效益、优化水库水位变化过程、减少弃水,考虑湖北省某流域梯级水电站规划新增混合抽水蓄能电站,将抽水蓄能机组作为水电站发电备用机组或利用其抽水工况实现梯级水电站年发电量的最大化。针对不同来水频率下服从皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布的天然入库,提出逐步优化算法(POA)与水位廊道耦合方法,求解含混合抽水蓄能的梯级水电站调度模型,能有效保证在多约束条件下构建发电量最大的中长期调度规则。算例结果表明,新增混合抽水蓄能电站后不仅可增加本级水电站发电量,还可提高抽水发电转换效率、减少弃水,为梯级水电站规划新增抽水蓄能电站提供参考。     

二滩水电站中长期径流预报研究

针对二滩水电站的实际径流特性和水电站发电调度的要求,应用季节性自回归模型和人工神经网络模型对二滩水电站的月径流、汛期分段和年径流预报进行研究.结果表明,这两种模型对二滩水电站的月径流预报、汛期定性预报均达到了一定精度,可为二滩水电站优化调度的径流输入提供参考依据,尤其是AR(P)模型的非汛期月径流预测和BP模型年径流预测结果可在实际运行中使用.     

水库长期发电优化调度的不确定性分析

为了解水库调度中不确定因素对水库长期发电优化调度的影响,以三峡水库为例,根据确定性系数与预报误差的关系对入库径流过程进行随机模拟,应用三角分布和正态分布描述水力不确定性的影响,不同时期选取不同的调度起调水位,运用动态规划法进行水库发电优化调度,将其结果与优化调度和常规调度结果进行比较,得出入库径流的预报误差、出库泄流能力和起调水位的变化等三个不确定性因素对水库长期优化调度的影响较大,而水位库容曲线的不确定性对结果的影响较小。并以确定性系数0.9、变异系数0.1和起调水位145m为例,综合考虑了各项不确定性因素对三峡水库长期发电优化调度的影响。结果表明,多年平均发电量减少0.94×108kW·h,这与三峡水库实际运行情况相符合。     

水电站水库预报发电调度的模糊风险分析

针对径流预报误差给水电站水库发电调度带来的风险,在采用组合模型对月径流进行预报和优化调度计算的基础上,构建了水电站水库预报发电调度的模糊风险分析模型框架,并在对入库径流进行随机模拟的条件下设计了模糊风险分析模型的求解流程。三峡水电站水库的实例应用表明,预报误差在5、10月对发电调度的影响较大,且水电站在枯水期的发电模糊风险比汛期高。     

电源优化模型在三峡分电河南研究中的应用

三峡水电站建成后将向河南电网供电。三峡水电站分配河南电网电力电量方案。不仅关系到河南电网的电源建设规划和调度运行，而且关系到三峡水电站电力电量效益的发挥。采用电源优化扩展规划模型，对三峡水电站送电河南电网方案进行了研究分析。提出了明确的推荐方案。     

对水电站水库长期最优调度几种方法的探讨

对单一水电站水库长期最优调度当入流为确定时,有许多求解方法,如动态规划DF法.状态增量动态规划IDP法、微分动态规划DDP法、网络流算法、逐步优化算法POA等.这些方法各有不同特点,本文试图寻找一种简单易行,占用计算机内存少,计算速度快,便于计算应用的方法.本文用三种不同方法对单一水库优化调度进行探讨.首先用大系统递阶控制理论和方法,建立了大系统分解协调模型及求解步骤;其次应用逐步优化POA法进行计算;最后用动态规划DP法求解.对上述三种方法分别编制了FORTRAN语言程序,并对同一实例进行计算,分析比较了三种方法的优缺点.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.