Strength, Durability, and Safety of Engineering Systems

The evolution of approaches to the solution of machine dynamics and strength problems on the basis of determining static and dynamic nominal and local stresses of the operating load is discussed. It is shown how the material strength and plasticity characteristics, the cyclic strength characteristics in the high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue regions, the high-temperature long-term strength and creep characteristics, and the linear and nonlinear characteristics of fracture mechanics were sequentially used as the basic criterial parameters of the deformability and strength of structural materials. Particular emphasis was given to the results of studies on machine safety and catastrophe mechanics. Integrated approaches to the solution of strength and safety problems of potentially dangerous facilities (nuclear power stations, spacecraft complexes, aircraft, chemical plants, etc.) by analysis of all stages of their life cycle, including design, manufacture, testing, and operation, are discussed.     

缓凝剂和减水剂作用于半水石膏水化硬化的研究进展

从缓凝剂和减水剂的缓凝作用机理、缓凝作用的影响因素、缓凝剂和减水剂对半水石膏水化硬化性能的影响几个方面论述了缓凝剂和减水剂作用于半水石膏水化硬化的研究进展。归纳了缓凝剂和减水剂的缓凝作用机理,分析了缓凝作用的影响因素,总结了缓凝剂和减水剂对半水石膏水化硬化性能的影响,重点提出了缓凝剂和减水剂复合作用的原理,最后指出研究外加剂复合作用于半水石膏水化硬化的不足及其原因。     

Microwave processing of titanium and titanium alloys for structural,biomedical and shape memory applications: Current status and challenges

Microwave (MW) radiation has attracted increasing attention in the fabrication and/or synthesis of titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys from powder since 1999 when the first study was reported by Gedevanishvili et al. This article provides a comprehensive review of MW processing of Ti and Ti alloys. It begins by discussing the critical technical issues associated with MW processing of Ti powder, including the heating response of Ti powder to MW radiation, temperature measurement by infrared pyrometry and calibration, and interstitial absorption and control. This is followed by a detailed review of the sintering of a range of powder metallurgy (PM) Ti and Ti alloys for structural, biomedical, and shape memory applications. As a new development in the field, MW heating and sintering of titanium hydride (TiH₂) powder for the fabrication of PM Ti are discussed in terms of the heating response, interstitial contamination, microstructure, and tensile properties of the as-sintered Ti. The challenges that face MW sintering of PM Ti from either Ti powder or TiH₂ powder are reviewed, and solutions are proposed. Based on the heating and isothermal sintering characteristics by MW radiation, recommendations are made for the applications of MW processing of Ti and Ti alloys.     

再论标准和标准化的基本概念

本文是作者再次对标准和标准化的概念进行讨论。首先讨论的是标准化的目的、主体和对象。作者认为标准化的目的是控制、有序化和统一化;标准化的主体是人/机构;标准化对象可以是具体的或抽象的事物,也可以是它们的组合;任何事物都可以抽象地表达为实体(entity)。第二,作者讨论了标准和标准化的本质以及它们的作用;认为从内容角度看,标准是匹配问题解决方案,也是为标准化对象规定需要满足的要求;从实施角度看,标准是规则;标准化则是制定、实施、传播标准的过程;标准的作用是能够创建并组织现实世界,并能够为相关方建立互相交流和共同理解的基础;标准化的作用是对创新方案进行选择和简化,阻止现实世界过度无序化发展,形成复杂化和简化之间的平衡。第三,作者讨论了标准的记录形式、自愿/强制属性和时空范围,认为标准的记录形式有文件、样品、图形符号、物理表达等多种形式;标准具有选择的自愿性和实施的强制性;标准在时空范围内是有限的。文章的结尾给出了理解标准化概念的框架。     

Energy and exergy analysis of single effect and series flow double effect water–lithium bromide absorption refrigeration systems

In this paper, the energy and exergy analysis of single effect and series flow double effect water–lithium bromide absorption systems is presented. A computational model has been developed for the parametric investigation of these systems. Newly developed computationally efficient property equations of water–lithium bromide solution have been used in the computer code. The analysis involves the determination of effects of generator, absorber and evaporator temperatures on the energetic and exergetic performance of these systems. The effects of pressure drop between evaporator and absorber, and effectiveness of heat exchangers are also investigated. The performance parameters computed are coefficient of performance, exergy destruction, efficiency defects and exergetic efficiency. The results indicate that coefficient of performance of the single effect system lies in range of 0.6–0.75 and the corresponding value of coefficient of performance for the series flow double effect system lies in the range of 1–1.28. The effect of parameters such as temperature difference between heat source and generator and evaporator and cold room have also been investigated. Irreversibility is highest in the absorber in both systems when compared to other system components.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

直流增益和直流偏移的不确定度

介绍了用最小二乘法评价线性测量系统直流增益和直流偏移指标时测量结果的不确定度分析和评价过程。讨论了影响评价结果不确定度的几个主要因素 ,包括信号源误差、被校系统量化误差、被校系统重复性影响、非线性误差影响等等。对一个实例 ,给出了直流增益和直流偏移几项指标不确定度分析和评价结果。该过程及结论可用于分析计量标准相应指标的不确定度 ,也可用于估计直流增益和直流偏移的测量不确定度     

基于化学发光溶液示踪的射流浓度场测试分析系统

基于化学发光具有灵敏度高、不受外界光源干扰的优势,研究将化学发光溶液作为射流示踪剂的可行性,并开发了一套用于射流浓度场扩散规律研究的实验装置和测试分析系统。开展了化学发光体系的选择与优化、射流扩散实验装置的设计与开发（水槽实验装置、射流实验装置、图像采集与图像处理）、动水条件下射流浓度场扩散实验3方面的研究工作。构建的实验系统的特点在于以化学发光溶液作为射流浓度场的示踪剂,利用图像采集装置和图像处理程序来捕捉、分析射流浓度场时空动态变化的扩散过程。研究结果表明,过氧草酸酯类化学发光体系可以作为射流示踪剂来定量描述和分析射流浓度场的扩散特性,设计开发的实验装置和分析系统可以完成测定和分析动水条件下射流浓度场的任务。     

Solidification of cement kiln dust using sulfur binder

The present study aims to offer a new methodology for consuming two industrial wastes; sulfur, from petroleum and natural gas industries, and cement kiln dust (CKD), from Portland cement industries, in construction industry. Sulfur solidified cement kiln dust material (SSCKDM) was manufactured by mixing molten sulfur, treated sulfur, CKD and sand at a controlled temperature in excess of 120 °C. The hot mixture was subsequently cast and shaped into the desired mold and was then allowed to solidify at a specified cooling rate. Solidified materials were immersed for time periods up to 28 days in distilled water at different temperatures of 25 and 60 °C, sea water, and acidic and basic universal buffer solutions of pH4 and pH9, respectively. Solidified material performance as function of time and type of aqueous solution exposed to was evaluated in view of compressive strength variations and leachability of metal and heavy metal ions.The results indicated that the solidified articles exhibit homogenous and compact internal microstructure with excellent mechanical properties. However, it showed durability problem upon exposure to aqueous solution environments due to the initial chemical composition of the CKD, whose leached test showed release of relatively high amounts of sulfates and alkali metals. Durability of SSCKDM articles in relation to strength reduction and crack formations control was improved by addition of glass fiber while, the use of anti-leaching agent such as anhydrous sodium sulfide resulted in reduction of leached heavy metals without any measurable decrease in leached amounts of alkali metals and anions from the solidified matrix. Furthermore, based on leachability index method of calculation, potential chemical mobility of metal and heavy metal ions from the solidified matrix was characterized as medium.     

鼓式制动器制动不稳定时变特性分析

由于工作环境复杂多变,制动器工作不稳定而导致振动和噪声,鼓式制动器制动时的温度变化对制动不稳定性影响较大,研究制动不稳定性影响因素及其制动不稳定时变特性具有实际工程意义。基于鼓式制动器四自由度接触模型,分别在Hypermesh和ABAQUS中建立鼓式制动器制动鼓和制动蹄总成模型与摩擦制动接触模型并进行试验验证;通过热机耦合动态分析,研究制动鼓温度对制动应力的影响;分析弹性模量和热膨胀系数对鼓式制动器制动不稳定时变特性的影响。分析表明：制动不稳定性是摩擦力耦合所致;制动过程中制动鼓温度与应力相互作用且均先快速上升后缓慢下降;鼓式制动器制动不稳定时变特性主要体现在不稳定模态个数及不稳定倾向系数（tendency of instability, TOI）值的变化,制动温度变化导致弹性模量变化,引起不稳定模态个数和TOI值略有变化,弹性模量对鼓式制动器制动不稳定时变特性影响较小;制动温度变化导致热膨胀系数变化,引起不稳定模态个数和TOI值先大幅降低后略有升高,热膨胀系数对鼓式制动器制动不稳定时变特性影响较大。研究结果对改善汽车制动声品质具有一定指导意义。     

Analysis of powder steel material,laser sintering technology and machining on surface parameters and fatigue

The technology of selective laser melting (SLM) is booming in all engineering applications today and tends to expand production of statically and dynamically loaded parts, not only for the prototypes but also for direct metal end–use parts. However, apart from design and type of loading, there still is a number of real material and technological parameters that contribute to the final quality of the produced parts and affect or improve the surface integrity and life of the parts. This paper expands the results and conclusions made in some previous works and presents all data from the tests expressed in their technological relations. The main conclusion is that a suitable machining process did not affect the surface integrity and fatigue of the tested samples, and the key role in assessments were the material structure, its homogeneity and defects.     

稀土偶联剂REC对复合材料老化性能的影响

研究了用稀土偶联剂 (REC)处理的CaCO3、Mg (OH) 2 、BaSO4 与PP或ABS所形成复合体系的老化性能、力学性能及流动性。发现此偶联剂对这几种填料均有良好的改性作用 :力学性能显著提高 ,流动性明显改善。CaCO3、Mg (OH) 2 的加入对PP的光氧老化过程有加速作用 ,对热氧老化过程有不明显的阻滞作用 ;而BaSO4 则对ABS体系的光氧、热氧老化过程均有阻滞作用。新型偶联剂对各体系光氧老化过程有轻微的促进作用 ,而对热氧老化过程无明显影响 ,老化性能优于钛酸酯偶联剂     

CNKI设计叙事研究的文献计量可视化分析

目的 对国内设计叙事研究的文献进行计量可视化分析,以便客观可信地解读国内设计叙事研究的特征和动态,继而获得阶段性的总体认知。方法 量化分析和质化论述结合,以CNKI数据库中的设计叙事核心期刊文献为研究的数据来源,通过VOSviewer、Citespace等工具进行文献计量可视化分析,并在此基础上深入解读与论述设计叙事研究热点与发展趋势。结论 检索范围内设计叙事文献年度发文数量呈快速上升趋势,研究热点主要集中在理论概念、效用价值、实践场景、媒介形态和方式路径等方面;呈现出从跨学科理论引介到基于设计学科方法构建,从设计理念和形式的语言学符号诠释转向设计体验构建,从以空间类为主全面扩展到各种设计题材的多元化发展趋势;更加关注叙事对于设计的意义构造、情感体验,强调叙事对于设计的个性化和差异化表达。     

Quantitative prediction of microbial behaviour during food processing using an integrated modelling approach: a review

Microbiological safety of food relies on microbial examination of raw materials and final products, coupled with monitoring process parameters and hygiene standards. The concept of predictive microbiology was developed to evaluate the effect of processing, distribution and storage operations on food safety. The objective of this paper is to review the approaches proposed by researchers to quantify the effect of competitiveness or fluctuating conditions on bacterial behaviour. The main microbial models that quantify the effects of various hurdles on microbial kinetics are presented. To provide complementary information for microbial models, three areas have to be considered: process engineering that characterises and models mass and heat transfer; microbiology that characterises and models bacterial behaviour and metabolite production, and; applied thermodynamics that characterises and models the physico-chemical properties of a food product. Global modelling approaches, developed by integrating the previous models, are illustrated with recent results.     

Technik und Potenziale des Verschleißschutzes mittels thermisch gespritzter Beschichtungen

Technology and Potential of Wear Resistant Thermal Spray Coatings Thermal spray technologies are used for coating of component parts with a large variety of materials, e. g. for protection against wear and corrosion. During the last 20 years, the comparatively novel processes in thermal spraying have been established in surface technologies and will increasingly develop their market. Continuous equipment developments as well as new technologies for thermal spraying guarantee increasing importance of this technology, and will have a sustainable effect on industries with typical wear and corrosion‐caused problems. Therefore, thermal spray coated components possess an outstanding suitability and a high application potential for the construction of stone machining machines / plants and the mining industry (as well as associated vehicle and equipment technology), which still has hardly been developed in the area of mining industry and stone machining. A short introduction of thermal spray technology and processes and an overview is given for typical applications and already established coating solutions besides some recent examples from the area of stone machining and mining. This article shows the potential of thermally sprayed coatings as solutions for the stone machining and mining industry.     

Numerical Analysis of Powder Properties in Low Power Plasma Torch

A mathematical model was presented to describe the particle trajectory, velocity and temperature properties in the low power plasma spraying torch (3.6 kW)in which powder particles were directly injected into the region between the cathode and anode. The results show that the characteristics of the particles by low power plasma spraying are similar to that by traditional APS( Atmosphere plasma spraying) in 40 kW. The velocities of the particles increase with the increase of inlet gas flow rate, current and percentage of nitrogen and hydrogen, while the temperature of the powder increase with the decrease of the gas flow rate and with the increase of current and percentage of nitrogen and hydrogen.     

线性度评价结果的不确定度

目的 介绍了用最小二乘法评价线性测量系统性度、直流增益和直流偏移几项指标时,测量结果的不确定度分析和评价过程。方法 讨论了影响评价结果不确定度的几个主要误差来源,包括信号源误差、被校系统测量误差、被校系统增益影响、量程范围内输入信号数值个数、环境影响等等,给出了减小线性度、直流增益和直流偏移几项指标评价不确定度的主要措施：（１）环境控制措施,以减少环境带来的不确定度;（２）选取高精度信号,以减少信     

GLONASS时间频率传递研究

分析了基于GNSS的时间频率传递方法的发展趋势和GLONASS发展现状及趋势。对GLONASS时间频率传递进行了研究,就其原理实现、误差补偿及数据处理进行了阐述,实现了GLONASS时间频率传递的基本方法,实施了GLONASS和GPS时间频率传递实验。将两种时间频率传递结果进行了对比,对GLONASS时间频率传递自身性能进行了分析,结果显示:GLONASS时间频率传递已达到了可与GPS时间频率传递相比较的水平。     

Property Change During Fixtured Sintering of NiTi Memory Alloy

Fixtured sintering of up to 5 hours at 1223 to 1323 K is successfully used to diminish the dimensional change of NiTi memory alloys produced from mixtures of elemental Ni and Ti powders packed and pressed at room temperature under 400, 500, and 600 MPa pressure. The improvements obtained can help near-net-shape technology via powder metallurgy that overcomes the traditional casting problems such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon absorption and intermetallic compound precipitation, which lower the workability and the homogeneity of the final alloy. The effects of compaction pressure, sintering time, and sintering temperature on dimensional change, porosity, hardness, and morphology of the produced TiNi intermetallic alloy are investigated. Phase transformation temperatures and mechanical properties of the sintered samples were determined and compared for the influence of compaction pressure and sintering conditions. It was concluded that suitable thermoelastic and superelastic effects are achievable via appropriate selection of fixtured sintering conditions.     

Effect of Dehydration and Urea on Stability of Homosulfamine in Solid States

In the presence of urea in solid states, the stability of unpulverized homosulfamine hydrate (phase I; UHH) is significantly decreased whereas that of unpulverized homosulfamine anhydrate (UHA) is not. The stability of UHH is decreased slightly more by pulverization (PHH). The major objective of this study was to investigate the effects of urea, dehydration, and pulverization on the stability of homosulfamine in solid states. Binary mixtures of UHH and urea, PHH and urea, and UHA and urea in a ratio of 1:1 (wt/wt) were prepared as physical mixtures and were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to study their appearance and structural changes before and after storage. PXRD analysis revealed that physical mixtures comprising UHH and urea and PHH and urea have the same diffraction pattern as that of the mixture of UHA and urea after preparation. The dehydration rate of the crystal water of UHH was accelerated by the presence of urea in addition to pulverization. Moreover, the PXRD patterns of the physical mixtures of UHH/urea and PHH/urea were significantly altered during storage, whereas that of UHA/urea was not, which was consistent with the SEM and FTIR results. The particle shape and appearance of UHH varied significantly as a result of pulverization. The stability of homosulfamine was influenced not only by the presence of urea and dehydration but also by the surface state and particle size of the crystalline form.