CFD analysis of journal bearing hydrodynamic lubrication by Bingham lubricant

Design of smart journal-bearing systems is an important issue that opens up the possibility for semi-active dynamic control of bearing behavior. Recent studies show that there is an increasing interest in designing hydrodynamically lubricated bearings using electro-rheological fluids (ERFs) or magneto-rheological fluids (MRFs). Both smart fluids behave like Bingham fluids, and thus the Bingham plastic model is used to describe the grease and the electro-rheological (ER) and magneto-rheological (MR) fluids behavior of the non-Newtonian fluid flow. The performance characteristics of a hydrodynamic journal bearing lubricated with a Bingham fluid are derived by means of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3-D CFD) analysis. The FLUENT software package is used to calculate the hydrodynamic balance of the journal using the so-called “dynamic mesh” technique. The results obtained from the developed 3-D CFD model are found to be in very good agreement with experimental and analytical data from previous investigations on Bingham fluids.Journal-bearing performance characteristics, such as relative eccentricity, attitude angle, pressure distribution, friction coefficient, lubricant flow rate, and the angle of maximum pressure, are derived and presented for several length over diameter (L/D) bearing ratios and dimensionless shear numbers T₀ of the Bingham fluid. The above diagrams are presented in the form of Raimondi and Boyd charts, and can easily be used in the design and analysis of journal bearings lubricated with Bingham fluids. The core profile formed in the bearing is also calculated and presented for various bearing eccentricities, L/D ratios, and shear numbers T₀, and found to be in very good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical investigations. The analysis presented here leads to charts that could be used by the designer engineer to design smart journal bearings.     

基于CFD方法的旁支型消声器性能分析

基于计算流体力学方法,综合考虑声学和流体动力学特性,对旁支型消声器进行性能分析。运用一维CFD软件GT-power计算了两种旁支型消声器具有不同插入长度时的传递损失,并对其结果进行了对比分析;利用三维CFD软件FLUENT对其流场特性进行数值模拟,计算得到了各模型的压力损失曲线,并对其影响因素进行了分析,仿真还得到了消声器腔内流速和湍动能的分布,进一步分析了其流动特性,并结合声学性能和流体动力学特性得到两种较好的结构布置,从而为消声器的设计优化提供了依据。     

A CFD model of particle concentration effects on erosion–corrosion of Fe in aqueous conditions

A CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model has been developed to evaluate the effects of particle concentration on the erosion–corrosion of the inner surfaces of a circular pipe of 90° bend at room temperatures. The relative intensity of erosion and corrosion around the pipe geometry results in transitions between various erosion–corrosion regimes, for a given inlet particle concentration. The results indicate that the corrosion-dominated regime at the pipe bend is reduced with an increase in particle concentration. Typical results from the model are shown illustrating how this 3D mapping method can be used to model parameters such as particle concentration on the erosion–corrosion regimes over the surface.     

A CFD study of wet gas metering over-reading model under high pressure

The venturi flow meter is increasingly being preferred in multiphase flow measurement because of its shorter upstream and downstream straight sections, less influenced by the flow pattern and relatively small pressure loss. However, when the venturi is used for wet gas measurement, the over-reading phenomenon occurs due to the presence of a small amount of liquid. Many scholars have established over-reading models to correct the measured values of wet gas. Regrettably, the applicability of these over-reading models under actual high pressure operating conditions has not been verified. Therefore, this review focuses on numerical simulation of the flow of wet gas in the venturi tube under high pressure conditions (11MPa/13MPa/15 MPa). The discrete phase model (DPM) and the standard k-ε model was employed in this review. The simulations results reveals the flow characteristics of wet gas in venturi tube, which includes the flow field distributions, droplet concentration distributions and wall pressure profile distributions, and indicates that the over-reading values increases with the increase of Lockhart-Martinelli parameters and gas volume flow rate, but decreases with the increase of pressure. Moreover, the ISO model has the best performance under high pressure conditions.     

水轮机参数化网格生成及整体性能数值模拟

为了对水轮机整体性能做出预测,采用参数化方法生成了水轮机全流道的结构网格,并在动静界面的数据交换上采用周向平均插值的方法进行了数值模拟,最后通过程序和CFX进行了数值模拟计算,并把结果与实际测得的数据进行比较,验证了模型和计算的准确性。研究结果表明,采用这种模型既能模拟水轮机内部流场,又能对整体性能做出较精确的预测。     

New criteria for the experimental validation of CFD simulations

As CFD methods are still not perfect, they usually need experimental validation. Difficulties have been encountered during the experimental validation of CFD calculation results in quantitatively assessing the consistency between experiments and numerical simulations. It seems that existing criteria are only suitable for the comparison of experiments of the same type, thus, experiments vs. experiments or simulations vs. simulations. New criteria enabling the quantitative comparison of measurement results with computational results have been proposed. The criteria have proven to be very useful for the validation of CFD calculations of a high pressure gas meter calibration facility.     

基于动态信号处理的煤粉浓度在线测量技术研究

提出了一种非接触式的煤粉浓度测量方法。将传统的频域分析和小波变换结合起来,根据信号的频谱特征,探讨煤粉浓度变化与气体单相流和气固两相流流动噪声信号的对应关系。并根据煤粉浓度测量的特性建立煤粉浓度测量试验台,研制出基于数字信号处理器DSP的数据采集和软件处理系统。     

Characterization of ultrafine coal fly ash particles by energy-filtered TEM

In this study, energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy is demonstrated to be a valuable tool for characterizing ultrafine coal fly ash particles, especially those particles encapsulated in or associated with carbon. By examining a series of elemental maps (K-edge maps of C and O, and L-edge maps of Si, Al, Ti and Fe) recorded using the three-window method, considerable numbers of titanium and iron species with sizes from several nanometres to submicrometre were shown to be present, typically as oxides dispersed in the carbonaceous matrix. Crystalline phases, such as rutile and iron-rich oxide spinel, were also identified from electron diffraction patterns and high-resolution TEM images. Information about these ultrafine coal fly ash particles regarding their size, morphology, elemental composition and distribution, and crystalline phases, which has not been available previously in conventional ash studies, should be useful in toxicological studies and related environmental fields.     

汽车排气消声器流场CFD分析

主要借助Fluent软件,采用计算流体力学方法研究消声器的空气动力学问题,重点阐述消声器的压力场和速度场,以及消声器基本结构和入口空气流速对其压力损失的影响,并提出影响声学性能的几个方面,为消声器的计算机辅助设计提供帮助。     

基于蒙特卡罗模型的高浓度浆液细度在线测量

近年来颗粒粒径测量问题受到了国内外的广泛研究。 针对燃煤电厂高浓度脱硫石灰石浆液细度在线测量,将基于蒙特 卡罗方法的声衰减模型拓展至高浓度范围,高浓度蒙特卡罗模型(HC-MCM)预测衰减系数与实验测量值相吻合。 构建 HC-MCM 矩阵用于颗粒粒径分布的反演可减小计算时间,且差分进化算法的计算结果与设定粒径和分布宽度的相对误差小于 1% 。 搭建基于透射和反射法的双模式超声检测装置并开发软件测量系统,加工适用于高浓度浆液细度测量的透射传感器和超声探 针,依托燃煤电厂完成长达 168 h 的浆液细度在线测量实验。 结果表明,两种模式超声衰减谱的变化趋势和数值大小基本吻 合。 粒径分布参数 DV50 与激光粒度仪测量结果的相对误差小于 8% ,其粒径分布满足燃煤电厂成品石灰石浆液的细度要求。     

Wet gas overreading characteristics of a long-throat Venturi at high pressure based on CFD

Based on the operational conditions of the PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas well field, this study aims to explore the wet gas flow overreading (OR) characteristics of a nonstandard long-throat Venturi by the means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. The studied prototype structure size is an inner diameter of 50 mm, a diameter ratio of 0.4 and a throat length of 50 mm. According to the field experiment, the simulation pressure is 3 MPa gauge. Through a comparative study of the multiphase flow models and turbulence models, combined with the analysis of the Baker׳s flow regime and interparticle space under the field conditions, this paper eventually employed DPM model and Eulerian model for wet gas simulation, respectively, and RSM for turbulence model. An equivalent droplet diameter adjustment method was implemented to improve the precision of prediction. During post-processing, the liquid phase distributions and the wall pressure profiles were investigated. The numerical results indicate that the differential pressure in convergent section of long-throat Venturi by using DPM model is less than that by using Eulerian model, and the differential pressures in the divergent section by using the two models are analogous. Afterwards, the OR prediction correlations based on the differential pressure ratio method were proposed, and then compared and validated by the industrial field tests. The root mean square errors (RMSE) and the average relative errors predicted by Eulerian model were 4.24% and 3.78%, 5.69% and 5.01% by using DPM model, respectively. In conclusion, Eulerian model is more suitable for wet gas flow prediction. And some advice on the improvement of the multiphase flow simulation is provided to get a more preferable performance in wet gas flow prediction.     

火电厂煤粉浓度软测量研究

软测量技术是基于推断控制理论的一门新兴工业技术。本文在介绍软测量技术的基本原理及其设计步骤的基础上,详细介绍了火电厂采用热平衡法、动压法建立煤粉浓度的软测量模型,通过模型校正和在装置上实现软测量,保证煤粉浓度的在线测量。     

双筒式液力减振器开阀前内部流场的CFD仿真分析

研究开阀前减振器内部流场变化对减振器阻尼特性的影响.采用CFD仿真软件Fluent对减振器内部阀系的节流作用进行了数值模拟.将阀系的节流缝隙分为两部分进行数值仿真,确定了阀系结构中各部分对阀系节流压差的影响程度.通过试验测试对数值模拟结果进行验证.最终确定了通过数值模拟方法得到减振器的阻尼力是可行的.     

三级同心液压溢流阀噪声特性的CFD分析

为了改善广泛应用的三级同心溢流阀的噪声特性,按照实际阀的结构和参数,建立了锥形主阀内部流场的三维模型,应用计算流体动力学计算软件Fluent,对三级同心溢流阀模型的多种工况进行了仿真计算和可视化研究,给出了锥阀阀腔内的速度场、压力场分布图.在可视化分析的基础上对阀芯的结构做了改进,对比了3种结构不同阀的内部流场特性.结果表明,改进结构后流场中漩涡区的分布减小,最低压力得到提高,降低了气蚀和噪声发生的可能性.此研究工作为流道结构的优化设计提供了理论依据.     

Thermal performance of mechanical seals with textured side-wall

Experimental measurements and numerical simulations are presented to show the effectiveness of cooling of a mechanical seal's active surface by means of cylindrically shaped dimples engraved circumferentially on the outside diameter of the mating ring. The working fluid is propylene glycol solution (70% in water by volume) and the flush rate is 107 cm³/s. A commercially available CFD code (FLUENT) is employed to numerically confirm the experimental measurements, and the numerical and experimental results are in agreement. Results of this study demonstrate the heat augmentation effectiveness of surface texture techniques on the mechanical seals.     

Design and analysis of a new high frequency double-servo direct drive rotary valve

Researchers have investigated direct drive valve for many years to solve problems, such as fluid force imbalance and switching frequency. The structure of the rotary valve has received considerable research interest because of its favorable dynamic properties and simple structure. This paper studied the high frequency double-servo direct drive rotary valve (DDRV), and proposed a novel structure and drive method satisfying high reversing frequency and adequate quantity of flow. Servo motors are integrated into the valve by the innovative structure, which is designed to equilibrate the unbalanced radial fluid force with the symmetric distributed oil ports. Aside from the fast reversing function of the valve, the DDRV presented high performance in linearity of the flow quantity and valve opening as a result of the fan-shaped flow ports. In addition, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method based on Fluent was conducted to verify the flux regulation effect of the height change of the adjustable boss.     

Flow analysis of a switching valve with innovative poppet head geometry by means of CFD method

The article presents an analysis of flow through a differential switching valve installed inside a throttle-check valve block. The valve is mounted in a sandwich type arrangement together with a control valve according to ISO 4401 standard. This type of block arrangement is popular and commonly used in hydraulic drive systems. The development of a typical throttle-check valve using a differential switching valve makes it possible to add a secondary fluid stream and thus increase the inflow rate to an actuator, which is particularly important in fixed-delivery pump systems. Due to the limited range of valve dimensions and the need to adapt flow paths to connection ports, channels of complex geometry are made inside the valve block. Therefore, the main aim of the work was to properly profile geometry of the differential switching valve spool in order to obtain a smooth opening in the entire displacement range. A 3D model of flow paths was built and CFD analysis was carried out. The obtained results of numerical simulations have been confirmed experimentally on a test bench. The CFD analysis allowed values of velocity and pressure profiles as well as axial flow force acting on the spool to be determined. The proposed new shapes of the spool head geometry significantly increase the spool head operating range. Although flow rate in the initial phase of switching valve opening was reduced, the amplitude of fluid flow fluctuations also decreased.     

使用高浓度甲醇的微型直接甲醇燃料电池

以丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)共聚物材料作为流场基体,以不锈钢薄片作为集流板,设计制作了一种新型空气自呼吸式微型直接甲醇燃料电池.采用线切割、激光切割等微加工技术制作集流板,并在集流板表面溅射金作防电蚀处理以降低接触电阻.通过对电池阳极传质的建模仿真以及性能测试发现,与传统微型DMFC的阳极结构相比,该阳极结构有效...     

Fluid dynamics analysis and optimized throttling design of L-shaped multi-stage high pressure reducing valve

Traditional high-pressure pressure reducing valves are mostly linear, occupying a lot of space and costing a lot. In this study, a L-shaped multi-stage high pressure reducing valve (L-HPRV) is newly designed, it can be widely used in space constrained pipelines, reducing floor space and thus lower costs. Then, the steam flow in L-HPRV is investigated with an experimental validated numerical method. Next, a parametric sensitivity study is conducted to investigate the effects of typical throttling components on fluid dynamics of the newly designed L-HPRV. Finally, based on the parametric sensitivity study, the optimized throttling design of L-HPRV is achieved. The results show that the rhombus-shaped perforated plates is considered to be the first choice for better fluid dynamics. Larger perforated plate diameter (D₁/D₀) and perforated sleeve diameter (D₂/D₀) relates to better aerodynamic performance. Chamfer radius has limited effects on fluid dynamics. N-stage adjustable perforated plate effectively disperses the pressure drop and velocity rising gradient in the throttling components at all levels. The preferred level ranking with better fluid dynamics for L-HPRV is obtained.