Performance of zero cross correlation resultant weight spectral amplitude codes in lower Earth orbit‐based optical wireless channel system

A consolidated performance investigation and design of newly constructed zero cross correlation resultant weight (ZCCRW) code is presented without mapping over optical wireless channel (OWC) in lower Earth orbit (LEO). Multiple access interference (MAI) is suppressed by incorporating proposed 1‐D code at 10 Gbps with an algorithm. A further state of the art comparison of diverse optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) codes such as multi diagonal codes and diagonal double weight codes is accomplished with proposed code in terms of root mean square (RMS) jitter, extinction ratio, MAI, quality factor (QF), and bit error rate (BER) at different linewidths, chip sizes, link lengths, and active users. It is perceived that for ZCCRW code, QF obtained is 16.5 for chip size (0.1 ns), and at 4000 km, BER 10^‐9 is achieved using the forward error correction (FEC) technique. OWC system in LEO with lasers in spectral amplitude code (SAC) OCDMA is proposed for the first time as per the author's best knowledge.     

Comparison of novel coding techniques for a fixed wavelength hopping SAC-OCDMA

The optical code division multiple access (OCDMA), the most advanced multiple access technology in optical communication has become significant and gaining popularity because of its asynchronous access capability, faster speed, efficiency, security and unlimited bandwidth. Many codes are developed in spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) with zero or minimum cross-correlation properties to reduce the multiple access interference (MAI) and Phase Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN). This paper compares two novel SAC-OCDMA codes in terms of their performances such as bit error rate (BER), number of active users that is accommodated with minimum cross-correlation property, high data rate that is achievable and the minimum power that the OCDMA system supports to achieve a minimum BER value. One of the proposed novel codes referred in this work as modified random diagonal code (MRDC) possesses cross-correlation between zero to one and the second novel code referred in this work as modified new zero cross-correlation code (MNZCC) possesses cross-correlation zero to further minimize the multiple access interference, which are found to be more scalable compared to the other existing SAC-OCDMA codes. In this work, the proposed MRDC and MNZCC codes are implemented in an optical system using the optisystem version-12 software for the SAC-OCDMA scheme. Simulation results depict that the OCDMA system based on the proposed novel MNZCC code exhibits better performance compared to the MRDC code and former existing SAC-OCDMA codes. The proposed MNZCC code accommodates maximum number of simultaneous users with higher data rate transmission, lower BER and longer traveling distance without any signal quality degradation as compared to the former existing SAC-OCDMA codes.     

Construction and performance analysis of variable weight zero cross correlation Latin square code for spectral amplitude coding OCDMA systems

The selection of appropriate codes for an optical code division multiple access(OCDMA) network, which determines the maximum number of users and bit error rate(BER) supported by the system, is crucial. This study proposed a variable weight zero cross-correlation Latin square(VW-ZLS) code for spectral amplitude coding(SAC)-OCDMA systems, which offers high autocorrelation and zero cross-correlation, while providing differentiated quality of service(QoS) features. Using direct detection(DD) technol...     

Design and analysis of three-dimensional OCDMA code families

A new code design algorithm for application in three-dimensional (3D) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) for asynchronous optical fiber communication is proposed. 3D refers to space-wavelength-time codes. The performance analysis of the proposed algorithm in 3D multiple pulses per plane (MPP) codes is shown. This design ensures a maximum cross-correlation of ‘1’ between any two codes. The performance metrics that have been investigated are the bit error rate due to multiple access interference (MAI) for different values of the number of simultaneous users and, cardinality for different values of temporal length.     

Matrix partitioning code family for spectral amplitude coding OCDMA

This paper presents a family of newly constructed codes to mitigate the multiple access interference (MAI) and phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) in spectral amplitude-coding optical code division multiple access systems. The family of newly constructed codes, named matrix portioning (MP) code, is derived from arithmetic sequence, and their cross-correlation is not larger than one. In addition, the weight code can be any number which makes an MP promising code for future optical communication systems. We have also described detailed examples on how to construct this code family. The results reveal that the MP code is effective in reducing the MAI and PIIN, while maintaining a good signal-to-noise ratio and low bit error probability. Simulation results taken from a commercial optical system simulator, Virtual Instrument Photonic \((\hbox {VPI}^{\mathrm{TM}})\) , are also demonstrated. The results obtained for MP code have shown significant improvement compared to other schemes that employ flexible cross-correlation, multi diagonal, dynamic cyclic shift, and random diagonal codes. It is shown that, when the effective power is large, the intensity noise specifies as the main factor that deteriorates the system performance. When the effective power is not sufficiently large, thermal and shot noise sources become the main limiting factors and the effect of thermal noise is more influential than that of shot noise.     

Design of zero cross correlation variable weight codes for multimedia services based on magic square in SAC-OCDMA systems

A variable weight address code based on spectrum amplitude coding (SAC) is proposed for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) networks to support different quality of service (QoS) requirements of different services. The zero cross-correlation magic square variable weight optical orthogonal code (ZMS-VWOOC) proposed in this paper has great flexibility in terms of code weight and number of users. Zero cross-correlation can eliminate the influence of multiple access interference (MAI) and reduce the system complexity. Numerical results show that ZMS-VWOOC can provide better quality of service than similar codes. Numerical results for a ZMS-VWOOC OCDMA network designed for triple-play services operating at 0.622 Gbit/s, 2 Gbit/s, 2.5 Gbit/s and 3 Gbit/s are considered.     

An OCDMA Scheme to Reduce Multiple Access Interference and Enhance Performance for Optical Subscriber Access Networks

We propose a new optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) scheme for reducing multiple access interference (MAI) and enhancing performance for optical subscriber access networks using modified pseudorandom noise (PN)‐coded fiber Bragg gratings with bipolar OCDMA decoders. Through the bipolar OCDMA decoder and the modified PN codes, MAI among users is effectively depressed. As the data are encoded either by a unipolar signature sequence of the modified PN code or its complement according to whether the data bit is 1 or 0, the bit error ratio (BER) can be more improved with the same signal to interference plus noise ratio over the conventional on‐off shift keying‐based OCDMA system. We prove by numerical analysis that the BER of the proposed bipolar OCDMA system is better than the conventional unipolar OCDMA system. We also analyze the spectral power distortion effects of the broadband light source.     

A generalized QS-CDMA system and the design of new spreading codes

A generalized quasi-synchronous code-division multiple-access (QS-CDMA) system for digital mobile radio communications is proposed. In a QS-CDMA system, the relative time delay between the signals of different users is random and restricted in a certain time range, that is, the signals are quasi-synchronous. The analysis shows that the multiple-access interference (MAI) of the QS-CDMA system is determined by the cross-correlation between spreading codes around the origin. To minimize the MAI of the QS-CDMA system, we design a new set of spreading codes. The performance is evaluated according to the criteria of the bit error rate (BER). Analytic results of the BER are obtained by using two methods: Gaussian approximation and characteristic function approaches, which are checked by modified Monte Carlo computer simulations known as “importance sampling.” The results indicate that the performance of the QS-CDMA system using the spreading codes we construct is much improved     

Construction and performance analysis of variable-weight optical orthogonal codes for asynchronous OCDMA systems

A construction scheme of variable-weight optical orthogonal codes （VW-OOCs） for asynchronous optical code division multiple access （OCDMA） system is proposed. According to the actual situation, the code family can be obtained by programming in Matlab with the given code weight and corresponding capacity. The formula of bit error rate （BER） is derived by taking account of the effects of shot noise, avalanche photodiode （APD） bulk, thermal noise and surface leakage currents. The OCDMA system with the VW-OOCs is designed and improved. The study shows that the VW-OOCs have excellent performance of BER. Despite of coming from the same code family or not, the codes with larger weight have lower BER compared with the other codes in the same conditions. By taking simulation, the conclusion is consistent with the analysis of BER in theory. And the ideal eye diagrams are obtained by the optical hard limiter.     

Polyphase codes for uplink OFDM-CDMA systems

We propose a OFDM-CDMA system that employs polyphase codes to support variable spreading factors. A systematic approach for constructing the polyphase code sequences of variable spreading factors is developed. Polyphase codes exhibit better auto- and cross-correlation properties than Hadamard codes. When employed in OFDM-CDMA systems, polyphase codes result in certain structured multiple-access interference (MAI) caused by multipath. Analytical and numerical results show that OFDM-CDMA systems employing polyphase codes have better PAPR performance than those using Hadamard codes. The BER performance of the OFDM-CDMA system using polyphase codes is evaluated by numerical results and compared to that of the OFDM-CDMA system using Hadamard codes with and without clipping.     

异步相干扩时光码分多址系统的干扰性能分析

从码字的非周期互相关函数出发,分析异步相干扩时光码分多址(OCDMA)系统的多址干扰(MAI)和差拍噪声(BN).干扰用户不同的传输时延,非周期互相关强度均值随之变化,差拍噪声和多址干扰也随之变化.给出了差拍噪声和多址干扰与非周期互相关强度均值的关系,讨论了异步相干扩时OCDMA系统的误码率(BER)与非周期互相关强度均值的关系.最后,以码长511的Gold码为例,针对干扰用户之间不同的传输时延,得到了异步相干扩时OCDMA系统的误码率上界与平均误码率性能.在平均误码率情况下,OCDMA系统能支持12个干扰用户,而在最差情况下(误码率上界),系统容纳的干扰用户数不超过4个.     

二维光码分多址的地址码及干扰估计接收机

阐述了自相关旁瓣为0，互相关值小于等于1的二维光正交码(2D-OOC)的新构造方法及非同步频域跳频时域扩频二维光码分多址(2D-OCDMA)系统中的干扰估计接收机模型。二维光正交码的新构造方法以两个单极性码分别作为频域跳频模式和时域扩频模式。用作频域跳频模式的地址码是自相关旁瓣及互相关值小于等于1的一维光正交码(1D-OOC)，用作时域扩频模式的地址码其码长为素数或码长与码中任意两个非零码元的位置差值互质。将一个没有分配给任何用户并且和接收用户地址码正交的地址码用作干扰估计码来得到多用户干扰(MUI)估计值，从而得到最佳的判决门限。系统误码率(BER)的分析显示干扰估计接收机系统的性能要优于传统的接收机系统。     

Construction and performance research on variable-length codes for multirate OCDMA multimedia networks

A new kind of variable-length codes with good correlation properties for the multirate asynchronous optical code divi- sion multiple access （OCDMA） multimedia networks is proposed, called non-repetition interval （NRI） codes. The NRI codes can be constructed by structuring the interval-sets with no repetition, and the code length depends on the number of users and the code weight. According to the structural characteristics of NRI codes, the formula of bit error rate （BER） is derived. Compared with other variable-length codes, the NRI codes have lower BER. A multirate OCDMA multimedia simulation system is designed and built, the longer codes are assigned to the users who need slow speed, while the shorter codes are assigned to the users who need high speed. It can be obtained by analyzing the eye diagram that the user with slower speed has lower BER, and the conclusion is the same as the actual demand in multimedia data transport.     

一种新的二维光正交码及其性能分析

以光正交码(OOC)作为时间扩频序列,以单重合序列(OCS)作为波长跳频序列,构造了一种新的二维光正交码,即光正交码/单重合序列。与其他二维光正交码相比,光正交码/单重合序列的波长数并不局限于素数或素数幂,可以是任意整数,不仅构造灵活,而且可充分利用多波长光码分多址(MW OCDMA)系统的有效波长数。分析了光正交码/单重合序列码字的自相关和互相关性能,并得到了其互相关均值的具体表达式。最后,针对多波长光码分多址不同的系统参数,对不同参数的光正交码/单重合序列码字性能进行了分析和讨论:1)给定单重合序列参数和光正交码的码重,增加码长将降低光码分多址系统误码率;2)给定光正交码的参数和单重合序列的码长,增加波长数将降低光码分多址系统误码率。     

一种基于分类搜索的Gold误码修正算法

扩频系统侦察对抗时,在低信噪比下估计得到的扩频码存在严重误码,会影响信号解扩解调质量.通过Gold码与其对应m序列优选对的基本特性结合互相关函数特征,提出了一种严格的Gold码分类,并得出一种基于分类搜索的误码修正算法,通过比较待测Gold码与各类样本Gold码互相关函数的三值分布特性,可以快速搜索准确定位到正确的Gold码,实现误码完全修正.当Gold码的误码率不高于11%时,算法可实现对误码的完全修正,能有效降低扩频信号盲处理的信噪比门限.     

基于MQC的谱幅编码OCDMA系统研究

提出将相关性好的调整二次同余码(MQC)用于谱幅编码光码分多址(SAC-OCDMA)系统,分析了采用光纤布拉格光栅(FBGs)作编解码器的工作过程,研究了光谱带宽分布为高斯分布、考虑多址干扰(MAI)下系统的信扰比(SIR)和误码率(BER)。在并发用户数相同的条件下,采用以素数p=5、p=7构造的MQC的系统较采用码长相近的M序列的系统性能提高分别约13db和20db。在满足一定BER的条件下(如BER=10^-9),采用MQC的系统容量远大于采用码长相近的M序列的系统容量。研究结果表明,采用相关性良好的MQC的SAC—OCDMA系统性能明显优于现有的其它方案。     

光码分多址中地址码性能研究

介绍了光正交码的容量、谱效率、误码率、系统吞吐效率等方面的性能,并进行了仿真计算.分析了码长、最大互相关值对地址码性能的影响.指出在光码分多址地址码的研究中,应当放宽最大互相关值的限制.     

OCDMA系统中多码长地址码的设计及性能研究

为了满足光码分多址系统中不同用户能够获得不同发送速率的需求,根据所需地址码的容量和码重,通过MATLAB编程,设计出没有重复数字的间隔集,得到具有理想相关性的多码长地址码。根据该地址码的构造特点推导计算出该地址码的误比特率,并绘制出误比特率随同步用户数变化图。设计并仿真了多速率光码分多址系统,分析了误比特率和系统性能。结果表明,该多码长地址码具有良好的相关性和误比特率性能,能够满足各种速率需求的用户。通过系统编解码后能够理想地恢复出原始信号,得到优良的眼图。此研究对光码分多址多速率系统的进一步发展是有帮助的。     

2n modified prime codes for use in fibre optic CDMAnetworks

2ⁿ modified prime codes are designed for all-optical code-division multiple access (CDMA) networks using very simple encoders and decoders. The proposed code is obtained from an original 2ⁿ prime code of prime number P. By padding P-1 zeros in each `subsequence' of codewords in the corresponding 2ⁿ prime code. The cross-correlation constraint of the resulting 2ⁿ modified prime code is equal to one, as opposed to two for a 2ⁿ prime code. For a given bit error rate (BER), the proposed code can thus be used to support a larger number of active users in the fibre optic CDMA network than a 2ⁿ prime code. Moreover, using the former can also reduce code length and weight compared with employing the latter to achieve the same BER     

A newly combined code-designing method of two-dimensional signature codes for OCDMA system

A new kind of two-dimensional optical orthogonal code named ESPC/OCS is constructed, which uses the extend square prime code （ESPC） for time spreading and the one-coincidence sequence（OCS） for wavelength hopping. The performance of ESPC/OCS is analyzed and the mean value of cross-correlation is deduced. Meanwhile the bit error ratio （BER） for codes is simulated and compared. The simulation results show that given p and q, the BER of ESPC/OCS is reduced, and the capacity is enlarged, when the number of hopping codes p is increased. Given OCS （given q and d）, when p is changed, only the capacity is changed, but the BER is almost the same. The performance of ESPC/OCS is better than that of PC/ OCS.