Easy removing of phenol from wastewater using vegetable oil-based organic solvent in emulsion liquid membrane process

Phenol is considered as pollutant due to its toxicity and carcinogenic effect.Thus,variety of innovative methods for separation and recovery of phenolic compounds is developed in order to remove the unwanted phenol from wastewater and obtain valuable phenolic compound.One of potential method is extraction using green based liquid organic solvent.Therefore,the feasibility of using palm oil was investigated.In this research,palm oil based organic phase was used as diluents to treat a simulated wastewater containing 300×10~(-6) of phenol solution using emulsion liquid membrane process(ELM).The stability of water-in-oil(W/O) emulsion on diluent composition and the parameters affecting the phenol removal efficiency and stability of the emulsion;such as emulsification speed,emulsification time,agitation speed,surfactant concentration,pH of external phase,contact time,stripping agent concentration and treat ratio were carried out.The results of ELM study showed that at ratio7 to 3 of palm oil to kerosene,5 min and 1300 r·min~(-1) of emulsification process the stabile primary emulsion were formed.Also,no carrier is needed to facilitate the phenol extraction.In experimental conditions of500 r·min~(-1) of agitation speed,3%Span 80,pH 8 of external phase,5 min of contact time,0.1 mol·L~(-1) NaOH as stripping agent and 1:10 of treat ratio,the ELM process was very promising for removing the phenol from the wastewater.The extraction performance at about 83%of phenol was removed for simulated wastewater and an enrichment of phenol in recovery phase as phenolate compound was around 11 times.     

乳化液膜法提取废水中的阿司匹林

针对阿司匹林（ASA）结晶母液经处理后产生的废液,采用搅拌和超声结合的方法制备了乳化液膜体系来回收ASA。以环己烷为膜溶剂,Span80做表面活性剂,石蜡做膜稳定剂,氢氧化钠（NaOH）为内水相,研究了表面活性剂浓度、内水相NaOH浓度、内水相类型、外相pH、油内比、乳水比、搅拌速度、膜溶剂类型、盐浓度、ASA初始浓度等试验条件对ASA萃取效果的影响,并进行了破乳研究。结果表明：在最佳实验条件下[环己烷90%（质量分数）、Span80 6%（质量分数）、C（NaOH）=0.1mol/L、油内比1：1、水乳比1：4、搅拌速度200r/min、ASA初始浓度500mg/L],不对外相进行pH调节时,15min后ASA的萃取率可高达97.4%。对实验后的乳液进行离心破乳,20min后破乳率可达72.9%,破乳后的油相重复利用5次后,对ASA的提取率仍在76%左右。     

乳状液膜系统稳定性的显微研究及Cr(VI)离子分离效率分析

采用毛细显微摄像技术,对乳状液膜系统的稳定性进行了微观研究并分析了稳定性对液膜分离效率的影响. 实验中将含重金属离子Cr(VI)的工业废水作为外水相,采用TBP-Span80-煤油体系作为油膜相,NaOH溶液作为内水相,制备了单个W1/O/W2型双重乳液颗粒系统,通过显微镜直观、实时地观察不同组成的双重乳液系统的稳定性,同时采用此乳状液膜体系对废水中的Cr(VI)进行了去除实验,将实验与机理研究相结合,通过研究pH值、表面活性剂、载体及内水相组成等对乳状液膜稳定性和Cr(VI)提取率的影响,阐明了液膜稳定性与液膜法去除Cr(VI)的分离效率之间的内在联系. 实验结果表明,在选择条件下,经过一次性处理10 min后,Cr(VI)的提取率可达99.3%以上,残余质量浓度降至0.5 mg/L,达到国家排放标准.     

Study and Optimization of Amino Acid Extraction by Emulsion Liquid Membrane

Abstract

A batch extraction of an essential amino acid, phenylalanine, from an aqueous solution of different concentrations by an Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) was developed using D2EHPA as a cationic carrier, Span 80 as the surfactant, paraffin, and kerosene as the diluents, and HCl as the internal electrolyte. All effective parameters such as the initial pH of the aqueous external phase, the electrolyte concentration in the aqueous internal phase, carrier, and surfactant concentration in the emulsion, the volume ratio of the organic to aqueous internal phase (Roi), the volume ratio of the W/O emulsion to the aqueous external phase (Rew) and time were examined and optimized using the Taguchi method. Applying the Taguchi method to analyze the experimental results, the effects and contribution of each of the factors on the extraction efficiency were obtained. The results obtained from the experiments illustrated that with a stable emulsion, by optimizing all the effective parameters, a considerable amount of phenylalanine can be extracted in a short time with an acceptable ratio of swelling and breakage.     

Zinc and Copper Separation through an Emulsion Liquid Membrane Containing Di‐(2‐Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid as a Carrier

The separation of zinc and copper ions from sulfuric acid solutions by an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM), using di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as a carrier, has been investigated. The batch extraction of zinc and copper was carried out while varying a selection of experimental conditions, i.e., stirring speed, treatment ratio, concentrations of metal ions in the feed phase, carrier and Span 80 concentration in the membrane, and internal phase concentration. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of D2EHPA as a carrier for the separation of zinc and copper from sulfuric acid media using an ELM. An increase of the D2EHPA concentration beyond 2 vol.‐% does not result in the improved extraction of zinc because the viscosities of the membrane and emulsion have a trend to increase for higher carrier concentrations. It was found that the extraction rate of copper was affected by the carrier concentration in the liquid membrane and by the pH and metal content in the external phase. A 3 vol.‐% concentration of surfactant in the organic phase was required to stabilize the emulsion. The number of stages required for the extraction of zinc and copper by an ELM was determined from McCabe‐Thiele plots.     

Removal of hydrogen sulphide from high salinity wastewater by emulsion liquid membrane

This article presents a experimental study on the removal of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) from high salinity wastewater by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). The ELM contains diethanolamine (DEA) as carrier, kerosene as solvent and span 80 as surfactant. The fundamental parameters (viz. surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, strip phase concentration, phase ratio, agitation speed and time) affecting the removal of H₂S were investigated to select the optimum combination of process parameters. The results showed the optimal governing parameters were: inner phase NaOH aqueous solution 2.0 wt%, Surfactant (span 80) 5.0 vol%, carrier (DEA) 6.0 vol%, treat ratio 1:5, agitation speed 250 rpm, agitation time 15 min, respectively, and removal efficiency of 97.3% was achieved. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Amoxicillin Extraction from Aqueous Solution by Emulsion Liquid Membranes Using Response Surface Methodology

The extraction of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs) was investigated for the first time. The liquid membrane phase of the ELM consisted of Aliquat 336 as carrier, Span 80 as surfactant, n‐hexane as diluent, and sodium chloride solution as internal phase. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was applied to evaluate and optimize the effects of several parameters such as carrier concentration, feed concentration, internal phase concentration, and treat ratio (volume ratio of the external phase to the emulsion phase). A polynomial model was fitted to predict the extraction yield of AMX. Under optimized conditions, the highest extraction yield of AMX was 99.8 %.     

乳状液膜法处理含酚水溶液的研究

采用Span80、石蜡、NaOH所组成的乳状液膜体系进行含酚废水处理。讨论了NaOH含量、水乳比对提取率的影响并得出较优条件。     

Rapid Salt‐Assisted Microwave Demulsification of Oil‐Rich Emulsion Obtained by Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Peanut Seeds

Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) is an environmentally friendly edible‐oil‐extraction process that can also provide edible protein. However, the AEE process may form a stable emulsion in most cases, which seriously limits the large‐scale industry applications for producing vegetable oils. In this study, the salt‐assisted microwave radiation demulsification of the oil‐rich emulsion prepared with AEE from peanuts is investigated. The microwave demulsification method is compared with other conventional demulsification methods, including heating, and freezing–thawing. The salt‐assisted microwave demulsification of the emulsions shows a greater free oil yield than conventional heating demulsification. Moreover, the microwave demulsification shows a similar free oil yield in less time than freezing–thawing method. Under the optimal operating conditions of demulsification, the free oil yield can reach 92.3% with CaCl₂‐assisted microwave demulsification for only 2 min. In addition, the oxidative properties and the fatty acid compositions of the demulsified peanut oil are investigated. No significant difference in the fatty acid composition is observed among salt‐assisted microwave, freezing–thawing, and heating demulsified oil. The oxidative properties of the salt‐assisted microwave demulsified peanut oil is better than the conventional heating demulsified oil. Thus, salt‐assisted microwave demulsification provides a quick and effective demulsification method to obtain vegetable oils with high quality. Practical Applications: Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) is an environmentally friendly edible‐oil‐extraction process. To solve the problem of stable emulsion formed during AEE process, the salt‐assisted microwave demulsification of the oil‐rich emulsion prepared with AEE is developed with high efficiency (demulsification for 2 min). In addition, the oxidative properties of the microwave demulsified oil is better than the conventional heating demulsified oil.     

皂化P204微乳液膜处理含锌废水的研究

研究以皂化P204为载体的微乳液膜配方及其稳定性.采用P204/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳体系萃取废水中Zn^2＋,考察了P204与煤油和Span80的质量比、NaOH的浓度、乳水比、外水相pH值、油相重复使用次数等因素对Zn^2＋萃取率的影响.结果表明,当P204与煤油的质量比为1：2.5,P204与Span80的质量比为1：1,NaOH浓度为1.5mol/L,乳水比为1：4（体积比）,废水pH值为5.5时,萃取10min,P204/煤油/NaOH微乳液膜对Zn^2＋萃取率可达99.72%,P204/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳液膜对Zn^2＋萃取率可达99.98%,微乳液膜不仅稳定性好、萃取效率高,而且工艺简单、膜相可自动破乳、油相可重复使用.     

乳化萃取中乳状液的重力沉降和搅拌破乳研究

乳化萃取是强化溶剂萃取的有效方法,可大大缩短反应时间、减小设备占地面积、提高萃取效率,但技术瓶颈是形成的乳状液破乳困难。采用了重力沉降和搅拌剪切法对乳化过程形成的油包水乳状液破乳,研究了2种方法的破乳机理、破乳率及破乳前后乳液微观粒径、显微镜图像的演变过程。结果表明：2种破乳方法结合可取得良好的破乳效果,破乳后两相间有明显的相界面,连续相内悬浮液滴数量急剧减少且液滴粒径显著变大,分布变窄。实验确定适宜的操作条件：搅拌速度为180 r/min、搅拌时间为5 min、静置时间为8 min,在此条件下破乳率可达到96%,临界液滴粒径为15 μm。     

煤油-司班80-氢氧化钠液膜分离氨基苯酚的研究

对煤油-司班80-氢氧化钠乳化液膜处理氨基苯酚(邻、间、对氨基苯酚)水溶液的过程作了系统研究,当液膜质量百分比组成为煤油95%,Span 80 5%,内水相的质量百分比浓度为2.5%,油内比1∶1,乳水比1∶5(均为体积比),乳水混合搅拌速率为200 r/min,萃取时间为20 min时,对氨基苯酚脱除率可达75%以上。     

Penicillin G extraction from model media using an emulsion liquid membrane: Determination of optimum extraction conditions

Penicillin G extraction by an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was investigated. The effects of surfactants, diluents, and carrier mixtures, together with their combined effects on the initial extraction rate and the emulsion stability were examined. Surfactants, diluents, and carriers used were Span80 (sorbitan monooleate)/ECA4360J (nonionic polyamine), n-butyl acetate/kerosene, and DOA (dioctylamine)/Amberlite LA-2 (secondary amine), respectively. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 20% (v/v) of Span80 in ECA4360J as a surfactant, kerosene as a diluent and Amberlite LA-2 as a carrier.     

煤油-石蜡-司班80-氢氧化钠乳化液膜处理水中的苯二酚

对煤油-石蜡-Span80-NaOH乳化液膜处理苯二酚(对、邻、间苯二酚)水溶液的过程作了系统研究,当液膜组成为煤油85%、Span80 5%、石蜡10%、NaOH浓度为5%(均为质量百分比),油内比1∶1,乳水比1∶5(均为体积比),制乳速度为2500 r/min,乳水混合搅拌速率为250 r/min,萃取时间为20 min的条件下,苯二酚脱除率可达94%以上。     

撞击流-旋转填料床乳状液膜法处理含酚废水的研究

采用了煤油 Span80 石蜡 氢氧化钠组成的液膜体系,研究了利用撞击流旋转填料床制备乳化液膜并用旋转填料床进行含酚废水处理的最适宜工艺条件,讨论了制乳转速、水乳比、Span80用量、NaOH溶液浓度、提取流量对提取率的影响。实验得出在最优工艺条件下对废水中酚的提取率可达到99%左右,且操作简单快速。本实验为乳化液膜处理废水的操作提供了一条新的思路。     

P_(204)/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳体系萃取分离Ni~(2+)的研究

研究了以皂化P204和Span80为混合表面活性剂的微乳液配方及其稳定性,通过P204/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳体系萃取分离N i2+的研究,考察了P204与煤油和Span80的质量比、NaOH的浓度、乳水比、外水相pH值、油相重复使用次数等因素对N i2+萃取率的影响。结果表明,当P204与煤油的质量比为1∶2.5,P204与Span80的质量比为1∶1,NaOH浓度为1.5 mol/L,乳水比为1∶5(体积比),废水pH值为5.5时,萃取10 m in,该微乳体系对N i2+萃取率可达99.9%。该微乳体系具有稳定性好、工艺简单、成本低、萃取效率高等优点。     

萃取置换法回收处理氟苯生产废水中的苯酚

以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂、NaOH水溶液为反萃剂,采用萃取置换法回收处理氟苯生产废水中的苯酚.研究了萃取剂浓度、萃取时间、pH值及相比对萃取率的影响和相比、反萃时间及NaOH溶液浓度对反萃率的影响.经3级萃取和2级反萃取,苯酚的回收率达98%,废水中苯酚含量可降至19.7 mg/L.萃取置换法操作简单,费用低廉,易于工业化.     

The extraction of lactic acid by emulsion type of liquid membranes using alamine 336 in escaid 100

The extraction of lactic acid from aqueous solutions through an emulsion liquid membrane containing Alamine 336 as carrier was investigated. The influence of mixing speed, diluent type, surfactant concentration, extractant concentration, feed solution pH, stripping concentration, phase ratio, and feed concentration were examined. Liquid membrane consists of a diluent (n‐heptane, toluene, kerosene, Escaid 100, and Escaid 200), a surfactant (Span 80) and an extractant (Alamine 336), and Na₂CO₃ were used as a stripping solution. It is possible to extract 91% of lactic acid from aqueous solutions using Alamine 336 in Escaid 100, as an extractant and a diluent respectively.     

萃取置换法预处理氟苯生产废水的实验研究

以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂、NaOH水溶液为反萃剂,采用萃取置换法回收处理氟苯生产废水中的苯酚。研究了萃取剂浓度、萃取时间、pH值及相比对萃取率的影响和相比、反萃时间及NaOH溶液浓度对反萃率的影响。经3级萃取和2级反萃,苯酚的回收率达98%,废水中苯酚含量可降至19.7 mg/L。萃取置换法操作简单,费用低廉,易于工业化。     

Separation of cadmium(II) from spent nickel/cadmium battery by emulsion liquid membrane

Experiments were conducted to investigate the separation of cadmium(II) from spent nickel/cadmium battery by emulsion liquid membrane. Liquid membrane mainly consisted of a diluent (kerosene), a surfactant (Span 80), a carrier (di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid, D2EHPA) and an internal phase (sulfuric acid). Main research effort was focused on the identification of optimal parameters affecting the separation process, such as D2EHPA (4.4 vol%), Span 80 (6.6 vol%), pH in the external phase (3.0), treat ratio (0.4), agitation time (10 min), and sulfuric acid concentration (1500 mol / m³). With the selected emulsion liquid membrane to separate cadmium(II) from the leaching solution of spent nickel/cadmium battery, the fraction extracted of cadmium(II) ions (0.963) was much more than that of nickel(II) ions (0.026). The organic membrane phase after demulsification was re‐mulsification and recycled up to eight times.