两相流离散相浓度测量新方法的研究

本文提出了一种基于流动成像技术测量两相流离散相浓度的新方法。该法以阵列式电容传感器为信息获取手段。针对离散相浓度测量的自身特性和要求建立了一种新的图像重建模型。为克服图像重建过程中的不适定性问题,提出了一种正则化广义逆图像重建算法并引入修正滤波。相应的浓度检测系统具有简单、非侵入性、实时性能佳等优点。实验结果表明,该方法是可行的,浓度测量最大误差小于５％。     

Analytical solutions using the thermodynamic efficiency method for absolute flow measurement

Manufacturers of large-scale hydraulic machines face high liquidated damages if they cannot meet performance guarantees. Accurate determination of efficiency, power and flow is therefore of great interest. For plants exceeding heads of 100 m, the thermodynamic method is the standard approach. We present a mathematical refinement that uses additional power measurements to achieve an analytical solution for the flow. Under excellent thermal conditions, the measurement uncertainty is lower than that associated with other methods of absolute flow measurement at medium heads. For higher heads an even lower uncertainty can be expected.     

Characterization of flow homogeneity downstream of a slotted orifice plate in a two-phase flow using electrical resistance tomography

Two-phase flows are complex and unpredictable in nature, commonly encountered in a majority of fluid transport systems. The accurate measurement of two-phase flow is critical for a wide range of applications from wet stream to multiphase flows. There are different methods to meter two-phase flow in various industries. One approach is to produce a flow meter that does not require the individual flow components to be separated and measured separately. This goal can be met if a homogenized mixture is produced which can be measured by a standard single phase flow meter. The slotted orifice plate was invented as a flow meter for single phase flows, it is independent upon upstream flow conditions. Slotted orifice plate flow meter's utilization in two-phase flow revealed that it is highly capable of working as a flow conditioner transforming most of the multiphase flow regimes into a fairly uniform mixture. This study measures how the relative homogeneity of an air/water mixture varies downstream of the slotted plate in a horizontal pipe for various upstream conditions including elongated bubble and slug flow regimes using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). According to this study, the optimal location with a maximum homogeneity was determined to be between 1.5 and 2.5 pipe diameters downstream of the slotted orifice plate. This indicates that placing a slotted orifice plate at the obtained distance upstream of another flow meter such as a venturi coupled with a density measuring device like a radiation based densitometer or an electrical impedance device will help in obtaining accurate multiphase flow rate measurement.     

Study on wet gas online flow rate measurement based on dual slotted orifice plate

According to the current technical problems existing in gas and liquid flow measurement for wet gas production, the slotted orifice-couple flow meter was developed and the basic measurement principles for gas and liquid flow was presented. A new wet gas flow meter was developed based on the dual slotted orifice transducer. The flow characteristics of liquid flow through dual slotted orifice plate, the relationship of differential pressure between the dual slotted orifice plate, pressure, temperature, and flow rate of gas/liquid of different aperture ratio were studied. A mathematical measurement model was established to be applied in the flow meter measurement system with dual slotted orifice plate. The model was tested and calibrated by on-site field experiments in the China National Center of Metrology at Daqing Oil field. The results showed that the maximum measurement error of the gas and liquid flow was less than 10% and 15% respectively, when the Gas Volume Fraction (GVF) was greater than 90 vol%. The measurement accuracy of this industrial prototype can meet the requirements of well fluids.     

Flow state monitoring of gas-water two-phase flow using multi-Gaussian mixture model based on canonical variate analysis

As a highly complex and time-varying process, gas-water two-phase flow is commonly encountered in industries. It has a variety of typical flow states and transition flow states. Accurate identification and monitoring of flow states is not only beneficial to further study of two-phase flow but also helpful for stable operation and economic efficiency of process industry. Combining canonical variate analysis (CVA) and Gaussian mixture model (GMM), a strategy called multi-CVA-GMM is proposed for flow state monitoring in gas-water two-phase flow. CVA is used to extract flow state features from the perspective of correlation between historical data and future data, which solves the cross correlation and temporal correlation of multi-sensor measurement data. GMM calculates the possibility that the current flow state belongs to each typical flow pattern and judges the current flow state by probability indicators. It is conducive to follow-up use of Bayesian inference probability and Mahalanobis distance-based (BID) indicator for flow state monitoring, which avoids repeated traversal of multiple CVA-GMM models and improves the efficiency of the monitoring process. The probability indicators can also be used to analyze transition flow states. The method combining the probabilistic idea of GMM with the deterministic idea of multimodal modeling can accurately identify the current flow state and effectively monitor the evolution of flow state. The multi-CVA-GMM method is validated by using the measured data of the horizontal flow loop of gas-water two-phase flow experimental facility, and its effectiveness is proved.     

电容层析成像两相流流型可视化系统

本文基于电容层析成像技术研制了一套两相流型可视化系统,建立了一种新型的具有高速采集和高分辨率测量的电容数据采集系统,采用加权反投影算法进行图像重建以保证流型可视化的实时性和有效性,整套流型可视化系统经气液两相流现场应用测试和气固流化床实验室动态实验证明是有效的,成像速度达20幅／秒以上,满足工业应用要求。     

Influence of flow disturbances on the performance of industry-standard LNG flow meters

In the last decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of measurement traceability for LNG inline metering technologies such as Coriolis and ultrasonic flow meters. In 2019, the world's first LNG research and calibration facility has been realised thus enabling calibration and performance testing of small and mid-scale LNG flow meters under realistic cryogenic conditions at a maximum flow rate of 200 m³/h and provisional mass flow measurement uncertainty of 0.30% (k = 2) using liquid nitrogen as the calibration fluid. This facility enabled, for the first time, an extensive test programme of LNG flow meters under cryogenic conditions to be carried out to achieve three main objectives; the first is to reduce the onsite flow measurement uncertainty for small and mid-scale LNG applications to meet a target measurement uncertainty of 0.50% (k = 2), the second is to systematically assess the impact of upstream flow disturbances and meter insulation on meter performance and the third is to assess transferability of meter calibrations with water at ambient conditions to cryogenic conditions. SI-traceable flow calibration results from testing six LNG flow meters (four Coriolis and two ultrasonic, see acknowledgment section) with water in a water calibration facility and liquid nitrogen (LIN) in the LNG research and calibration facility under various test conditions are fully described in this paper. Water and LIN calibration data were compared and it was observed that the influence of removing the meter insulation on mass flow rate measurement accuracy can be more significant (meter error > ±0.50%) than the influence of many typical upstream disturbances when the meter is preceded by a straight piping length equal to twenty pipe diameters (20D) with no additional flow conditioning devices, in particular for ultrasonic meters. The results indicate that the correction models used to transfer the water calibration to cryogenic conditions (using LIN) can potentially result in mass flow rate measurement errors below ±0.5%, however, the correction models are specific to the meter type and manufacturer. This work shows that the target measurement uncertainty of 0.50% can be achieved if the expanded standard error of the mean value measured by the meter is smaller than 0.40% (k = 2). It is planned to repeat these tests with LNG in order to compare the results with the LIN tests presented in this paper. This may reveal that testing with an explosion safe and environmentally friendly fluid such as LIN produces representative results for testing LNG flow meters.     

基于线性神经网络测量固体速度的方法

本文提出一种以线性神经网络为基础测量气,固两相流速度的新方法。首先通过对两个传感器之间的流动噪声输送过程进行分析,建立两个传感器信号之间的数学模型。并以此为基础通过线性神经网络测量流动噪声的渡越时间,进而测出流速。实验结果表明,此方法可以克服常用的相关估计方法中存在的随机误差较大,分辨率较低的缺点,为两相流流速的测量测量了一种有效的手段。     

散装固体物料质量流量测量系统研究

本文一种独特的全软件实时相关流速测量技术，以及一种新的有源栅极式截面相浓度测量方法，它可以有效地解决散装固体物料质量流量测量中的几个关键问题。     

XH718加工中心的热误差补偿研究

在分析某XH718加工中心主轴及主轴箱结构和热源的基础上,在主轴箱上初步选择多个测温点,根据测温点温度和主轴热误差的数据,应用模糊聚类分析和相关性分析对测温点进行了优化,确定最小数量的关键测温点。然后应用多元线性回归理论建立了关键测温点的温升和热误差的数学模型。数学模型在加工中心上补偿后的数据表明,可以在很大程度上改进加工中心的精度,达到了客户需要的精度要求。     

基于误差传播理论的PnP问题姿态精度分析

提出了一种在辨识一组典型特征点误差关系的基础上,建立间接测量值与直接测量值之间的最有利函数关系,并根据误差传播理论综合其他特征点的误差影响,最终获得完整的方位、俯仰和倾斜角误差数学模型的PnP问题误差分步分析新方法。以P4P问题研究为例,推导得到了单目视觉测量中相关参数和变量的误差函数解析式,揭示了影响姿态测量精度的误差规律。经P4P姿态解算仿真,验证了误差数学模型的正确性,以及基于误差传播理论的误差分步方法的有效性。分析误差数学模型可以看出:在单目视觉测量参数确定的条件下,方位角测量误差与方位角值无关,与相机高度和合作标志尺寸的比值成正比,在较大范围内俯仰和倾斜角变化对方位角测量误差影响小;俯仰/倾斜角的测量误差与俯仰/倾斜角值有关,与相机高度和合作标志尺寸比值的平方成正比;方位角测量误差小于俯仰/倾斜角测量误差。给出的分析方法和误差解析数学模型对单目视觉测量系统设计有指导作用。     

A new structured-laser-based system for measuring the 3D inner-contour of pipe figure components

In order to measure the 3D inner-contour parameter of pipe figure components, a new measuring system is designed and, correspondingly, a real-time mathematical model is developed. The measuring system consists of (i) a visual part based on a new structured laser and (ii) a machine-driving part. The real-time mathematical model is developed with consideration for the optical structure of the visual part and for the moving parameter of the machine-driving part. The measuring system and mathematical model are able to complete the measurement of 3D inner-contour parameters of pipe figure components rapidly and efficiently during experiments. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

环式静电传感器的模型改进与验证（英文）

在气固两相流中,流动参数的精确测量是非常重要的,且这种流动必须在散装固体颗粒运输的过程中得到有效的解决。环式静电传感器是用于气固两相流流量测量的传感器之一。本文首先采用有限元法建立了该传感器的数学模型,对传感器的空间灵敏度特性进行了研究,并采用非线性最小二乘法及迭代法对解析模型进行了改进处理。最后通过实验结果与改进处理之后结果之间的相关系数进行对比分析,并完善了该模型的数学表达式,验证了该改进模型的可行性和实用性。     

蒸汽热量计的二次仪表的研究与设计

本文论述的是蒸汽热量计量的二次仪表的设计，它包括测量时数学模型的建立，全参数补偿的方法及这一方法实现后的结果评估。同时还讨论了单片机及外围电路的选择和软、硬件设计时所涉及的基本问题。     

DPIV技术及其在流场测量中的应用

本文对流动显示技术和全流场测量技术作了简单介绍,重点介绍了数字 粒子图像测试技术DPIV（Digial Particle Image Velocimetry）及其在流场测量中的应用,并给出矩形腔内流场的测试结果,指出DPIV技术是流场可视化测试中的重要发展趋势之一。     

Generation,validation and application of dynamic load profiles in flow measurement using cavitating Herschel–Venturi nozzles

Today, utility meters for water are tested for measurement behavior at stable operating conditions at specified flow rates as part of the approval process. The measurement error that occurs during start and stop or when changing between flow rates may not be taken into account. In addition, there are new technologies whose measuring behavior under real-world conditions is only known to a limited extend. To take these facts into account, a new method has been developed and tested to determine the measurement behavior of water meters under dynamic load profiles as they occur in the real application. For this purpose, a test rig for flow rate measurement was extended by a cavitation nozzle apparatus and the generation of dynamic load profiles was validated. For the cavitation nozzles used, possible factors influencing the flow rate, such as temperature and purity of the water as well as the upstream pressure were investigated. Using different types of domestic water meters, the applicability of the dynamic test procedure was demonstrated and the measurement behavior of the meters was characterised.     

Air torque position damper hysteresis

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of the air torque position (ATP) damper hysteresis on the accuracy of air velocity measurements and the adequacy of the ATP damper mathematical model tested in the present study. A total of three dampers with non-cascading blades were examined: a damper with a single flat blade, a damper with two opposed flat blades, and a damper with two flat blades - one of which is a measuring blade and the other is fixed in the horizontal direction. Furthermore, a total of two damper installation locations in a duct system were examined as well: at the duct exit with a straight duct section preceding the damper and within the duct itself with straight duct sections both preceding and following the damper. The ATP damper hysteresis was found to exert a significant effect on the accuracy of air velocity measurements and the adequacy of the ATP damper mathematical model tested if the ATP damper is more open, i.e. with lower blade angles of attack. Moreover, the ATP damper installed at the duct exit was found to be more susceptible to hysteresis effects than the damper located within the duct.     

Acoustic emissions diagnosis of rotor-stator rubs using the KS statistic

Acoustic emission (AE) measurement at the bearings of rotating machinery has become a useful tool for diagnosing incipient fault conditions. In particular, AE can be used to detect unwanted intermittent or partial rubbing between a rotating central shaft and surrounding stationary components. This is a particular problem encountered in turbines used for power generation. For successful fault diagnosis, it is important to adopt AE signal analysis techniques capable of distinguishing between various types of rub mechanisms. It is also useful to develop techniques for inferring information such as the severity of rubbing or the type of seal material making contact on the shaft.It is proposed that modelling the cumulative distribution function of rub-induced AE signals with respect to appropriate theoretical distributions, and quantifying the goodness of fit with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic, offers a suitable signal feature for diagnosis. This paper demonstrates the successful use of the KS feature for discriminating different classes of shaft-seal rubbing.     

Model analysis for differential pressure two-phase flow rate meter in intermittent flow

Multiphase flow rate metering is a challenging problem, specially for flow patterns other than wet-gas. This paper brings forward a new comparative analysis of three differential pressure calibration models suited for liquid dominated two-phase flows, in a total of seven model configurations. First, the models are compared theoretically and classified in terms of the type of input data required. Then, experimental data of over 300 horizontal air–water experiments, for $1$” and $2$” pipe diameters, supports quantitative analyses of the prediction accuracies and sensitivity of the superficial velocities of gas and liquid to measurement errors in the model input variables. Finally, a method for assessing the decoupled measurement errors for the void fraction and gas velocity is shown, as these variables are typically subject to higher uncertainties. It results that, though the void fraction is shown to be systematically under evaluated in more than 10%, the total mass flow rate is estimated through the Paz et al. (2010) model with an overall root mean squared deviation (RMSD) of 5.75% for the $2$” data. Also, the use of gas velocity measurements, even if subject to considerable errors, decreased the RMSD for the gas superficial velocity by more than half for the $1$” data.     

The Use Of The Texture Analyser To Study Sinter Structure: Application To The Morphology Of Calcium Ferrites Encountered In Basic Sinters Of Rich Iron Ores

Quantitative image analysis applied to iron ore sinters gives complementary information to chemical analysis such as quantitative mineralogical analysis, and also quantitative geometric properties of crystals and of porous networks (size distribution, repartition). Spatial disposition of sinter components produced during crystallization builds different textures which are well known to mineralogists. The types of textures encountered can be related to initial composition, cooling conditions and to physical properties of the sinter (mechanical strength, reducibility). In order to estimate the relative importance of each texture in a sinter, measurements made using a pattern recognition procedure are required. Algorithms for automatic pattern recognition were established for calcium ferrites texture encountered in rich iron ore basic sinters. They depend on a specific treatment of morphological parameters estimated inside fields of measurement of the texture analyser. Furthermore, mathematical models of multicomponent structures based on mathematical morphology, are used for different calcium ferrites textures. The parameters of these models are estimated from experimental measurements made with a texture analyser. The present study is a part of a research programme made by IRSID (Institute of Research of French Steel Industry) on the structure of iron ore sinters in order to explain variations of their physical properties related to their behaviour in the blast furnace.