Toepler's spark law in a GIS with compressed SF/sub 6/-N/sub 2/ mixture

This paper deals with the experimental measurements and analysis of the formative time lags to breakdown and an estimation of the Toepler's constant for gas gaps, under the application of 50 Hz AC voltage. The experiments were carried out in a 145 kV gas insulated system (GIS) bus duct with pure N/sub 2/, pure SF/sub 6/ and SF/sub 6/-N/sub 2/ mixture as insulating media. The formative time lags to breakdown in the gas gaps were measured using a fast response capacitive sensor. Toepler's spark law has been used to explain the breakdown phenomenon in the GIS and the values of Toepler's constant (k/sub t/), which gives an estimation of the formative time lags, were determined. Results show that the formative time lags vary inversely with gas pressure and the gas mixture concentrations for two gaps studied (0.46 mm and 0.61 mm). In the case of another gap (0.20 mm), the variation in the formative time lags with pressure as well as SE, concentration in the mixture has been found to be negligibly small between gas mixtures, although significant variation can be seen between pure SF/sub 6/ and pure N/sub 2/. Toepler's constant, k/sub t/, increases with gas pressure as well as SF/sub 6/ concentration in the mixture for the gaps studied. Hence, k/sub t/ is a function of the gas pressure and the concentrations of SF/sub 6/ in the gas mixture for the above-mentioned gaps.     

The influence of the dielectric strength of the N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/-insulation by conducting particle on the spacer surface

This paper investigates the dielectric properties of various N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures based upon a cylindrical spacer model with adhering particle on the surface tinder homogeneous field conditions. The investigation involves a comparison with pure SF/sub 6/. The flashover field strength for clean and particle contaminated spacer surface under AC and LI stress is determined. The results of the investigations show the sensitivity of N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures to conducting particles on spacer surfaces for gas pressures up to 800 kPa. Moreover, the correspondence between pure SF/sub 6/ at pressure range from 100 to 400 kPa and N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures for AC and lightning impulse (LI) flashover field strength range from 50 to 178 kV/cm is determined. Conclusions are drawn about the ability of SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures to serve as technically efficient media for GIS/GITL. The results shed light on the issue of the SF/sub 6/ reduction and particle detectability in GIS/GITL.     

Comparisons of direct-current breakdown characteristics in dry air and SF6 gaps using a parallel-plane arrangement with variable height protrusion

Breakdown voltages in uniform and quasi-uniform field gaps are sensitive to the presence of small protrusion on the electrode surface in SF₆ at high pressures. The aim of the present work is to study direct breakdown and corona stabilized breakdown for the transitive region from uniform to nonuniform gap in dry air and SF₆ at low pressures up to a critical pressure when direct breakdown takes place by a leader discharge crossing the gap in SF₆. In a parallel-plane gap with a variable-height protrusion subjected to the dc voltage, corona onset voltage is remarkably controlled by the protrusion height. The present electrode arrangement has the advantage of directly measuring the minimum critical guiding field strength for the propagation of a streamer discharge at corona onset. The experimental observations have been explained qualitatively on the basis of a streamer model and precise electric field calculations of gap.     

Impulse partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of rod-plane gaps in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures

Impulse partial discharge (PD) and breakdown (BD) characteristics of rod-plane gaps in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures were investigated for different gap geometry, gas pressure and SF/sub 6/ gas content. Experimental results revealed that the 50% probability breakdown voltage increased with gas pressure, which agreed with the theoretical values with consideration of discharge time lag for impulse voltage application. For the calculation of discharge inception voltage, the volume-time theory was successfully applied to the N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixture. Furthermore, impulse PD light emission image was observed together with PD current pulse and light intensity waveforms. The long discharge with stepwise propagation and double-peak PD pulses could be observed, which corresponded to the streamer/leader transition leading to breakdown.     

SF_6/N_2混合气体电击穿特性仿真及实验

通过求解两项近似Boltzmann方程,得到SF_6/N_2的放电参数,并将该参数引入流体模型。结合有限元法和通量校正传输法对SF_6/N_2的流注放电过程进行循环迭代求解,计算其击穿电压。以均匀电场中压强0.1~0.6MPa、间隙5mm为例进行数值模拟,通过气体放电实验对计算结果进行验证。根据计算及实验结果得到不同混合比、压强下SF_6/N_2的协同效应系数,分析采用上述计算方法研究混合气体协同效应的准确性。为更全面地反映混合气体应用条件,进一步开展压强低于0.1MPa的SF_6/N_2击穿特性实验研究。研究表明:随着电子崩不断向前发展,放电间隙的空间电子数密度快速增长,SF_6放电过程中的空间电子数密度增长速度低于SF_6/N_2。0.1MPa下20%SF_6/80%N_2放电5ns时的电子数密度峰值达到4.6×1014m~(-3),而SF_6中该值仅为3.7×1012m~(-3)。当气压为0.1~0.6MPa时,SF_6/N_2击穿电压计算值与实测值的最大误差为9.23%,协同效应系数计算值随压强、混合比的变化趋势与实验结果相符,误差均值为5%。0.02~0.08MPa下SF_6/N2击穿电压、协同效应系数随压强、混合比的变化趋势与0.1~0.6MPa下的基本相同。     

C_4F_8/N_2混合气体局部放电特性实验研究

由于SF6气体的温室效应,减少或杜绝SF6气体的使用已成为共识。从局部放电(partial discharge,PD)性能的角度探讨了用C4F8/N2混合气体代替SF6气体用于气体绝缘设备的可行性。通过试验测量C4F8/N2混合气体在不同气压、不同混合比、不同电极距离情形下的局部放电起始电压,得到了这3种因素对混合气体局部放电性能的影响,并与纯SF6气体的局部放电起始电压做了对比。结果表明:纯C4F8气体的局部放电起始电压是纯SF6气体的1.3倍左右;C4F8气体与N2气体具有协同效应,协同系数在0.45左右;C4F8/N2混合气体的局部放电能力与同混合比的SF6/N2混合气体的相似。因此,综合考虑液化温度、环境影响、局部放电性能后,C4F8气体含量在10%～20%的C4F8/N2混合气体有可能替代SF6气体用于气体绝缘设备。     

0.1～0.25MPa气压下二元混合气体SF6-N2和SF6-CO2的击穿特性

柜式气体绝缘开关设备(cubicle gas insulatedswitchgear,C-GIS)由于其全可靠性能高、小型化等特点在电力系统中得到广泛的应用。但由于C-GIS开关柜的主要绝缘介质SF6气体具有较强的温室效应,且其成本较高,迫切需要减少或不用SF6气体。针对C-GIS开关柜较低的气压条件,探讨SF6混合气体替代SF6的可行性。采用圆形平板电极模拟均匀场,研究均匀场、较低气压(0.1~0.25 MPa)下SF6与N2、CO2两种气体的二元混合气体在不同配比、不同电压形式(工频和负极性雷电冲击)作用下的击穿特性。试验结果表明,气压在0.25 MPa以下时,适当增大SF6混合气体的压强可以使其达到纯SF6相同的绝缘强度,为新型C-GIS开关柜的设计制造提供了关键的试验依据。     

Impulse partial discharge characteristics and their mechanisms under non-uniform electric field in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures

We have investigated impulse partial discharge (PD) and breakdown (BD) characteristics of a needle-plane gap in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures under positive lightning impulse voltage application, and discussed their physical mechanisms. The 50% probability PD inception voltage (PDIV/sub 50/), leader discharge onset voltage (LOV) and BD voltage (BDV/sub 50/) were measured and analyzed as a function of gas pressure and SF/sub 6/ content. Experimental results revealed the stepwise propagation process of the impulse PD and enabled us to classify the impulse PD in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures into two types, the streamer discharge and the leader discharge. We also discussed the impulse PD propagation mechanisms in terms of PD parameters such as propagation length, time interval and current pulse magnitude, and suggested a sequential relationship in the PD propagation process under non-uniform electric field.     

冲击电压波形对GIS由固定导电粒引发的击穿电压的影响

作者研究比较了正极性冲击电压波形对SF_6、空气、SF_6/空气的GIS电极装置由固定导电微粒引发的击穿电压的影响,结果表明:SF_6间隙的击穿电压受冲击电压波前时间长短的影响较大,而与波长的关系不大,当采用SF_6/空气混合气体时,则这种影响随SF_6含量增大而愈明显,并与电场不均匀程度有关。     

SF_6/N_2混合气体灭弧室中气流特性的计算分析

以能量平衡方程为基础,建立了分析压气式SF_6断路器灭弧室喷口气流场的数学模型,在不同比例的SF_6/N_2混合气体条件下,对上游区(压气缸)气体压力和温度以及喷口喉道内的气流量进行了数值计算,通过改变混合比、基压、喷口直径和下游扩张角等参数进行大量计算,最终达到了混合气体条件下产生及维持与纯SF_6气体接近或相同的SF_6质量流量的目的,以确保所需的灭弧能力,     

局部电场畸变对SF_6/N_2和SF_6/CO_2混合气体耐电强度的影响

本文用半椭球凸出物模型计算了在SF_6/N_2和SF_6/CO_2中电极表面粗糙度对耐电强度的影响。计算表明:在电场畸变严重时,两种混合气体的击穿强度均高于纯SF_6,且SF_6/CO_2优于SF_6/N_2。这一结论并为实验结果所证实。     

低SF6含量混合气体电晕放电特性仿真研究

低SF6含量混合气体绝缘介质最有可能替代SF6气体应用于气体绝缘设备中。本研究采用有限元-通量校正传输(FEM-FCT)法求解低SF6含量的SF6/N2混合气体二维流注电晕放电的数学模型,考虑了空间电荷对场域的畸变作用,研究了SF6/N2混合气体二维流注电晕的放电特性,展示了流注电晕放电发展过程中间隙内部各种带电粒子浓度和空间电场的分布。仿真表明:棒-板间隙中空间光电离对流注电晕发展的影响强于阴极光发射;外施电压幅值小时,流注形成和发展速度较慢,流注电晕相对稳定。     

SF_6/N_2混合气体灭弧室中电弧阻塞效应的分析研究

分析研究了SF_6/N_2混合气体电弧阻塞现象。结果显示,相同电弧电流下,SF_6/N_2混合气体弧柱和热边界区直径分别大于SF_6气体,在电流半波中阻塞时间延长。此外,混合气体电弧能量密度高于SF_6,而弧柱焓流率则低于SF_6的相应值,因而在电流峰值附近更易造成能量在上游的聚积,使电弧对喷口的阻塞作用加强,影响灭弧与介质恢复过程。为了提高混合气体灭弧室的气吹灭弧能力,应对灭弧室结构参数和其他工作条件重新予以调整和确定。     

Effect of gas type on high repetition rate performance of a triggered, corona stabilised switch

This paper reports on the work undertaken to determine the effect of the gas type on the high repetition rate performance of a triggered corona stabilised (TCS) closing switch at a charging voltage of 23 kV. The voltage/pressure (V/p) characteristics as well as the ability of the switch to operate at high repetition rates were measured with SF/sub 6/, air and six different SF/sub 6//air mixtures having an SF/sub 6/ concentration ranging from 75 to 2% by pressure. The high repetition rate tests were conducted with a high-power facility at a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) ranging from 500 Hz up to a maximum of 3 kHz. During the investigation, it was found that for the given nonuniform switch geometry the high repetition rate performance of the device was closely associated with the efficiency of corona stabilisation, as measured from the V/p characteristics. This was clearly manifested by the superior performance of most of the SF/sub 6//air mixtures tested, which displayed a more efficient corona stabilisation compared to pure SF/sub 6/. In contrast, air displayed the worst performance of all the gases tested, due to the weak V/p characteristic and inefficient corona stabilisation.     

c-C4F8及其与N2混合绝缘气体在典型故障时分解生成物的试验分析

氟碳气体由于其温室效益小,同时具有很高的耐电强度,是较好的替代SF6的气体。使用氟碳混合气体作为绝缘介质的气体绝缘开关和变压器,将成为一类新型的环境友好的输变电设备。因此用试验方法研究氟碳气体及其与N2的混合气体在局部过热、局部放电、火花放电及电弧放电等故障下的分解生成物,并对故障生成物的危害性进行了探讨。试验在自建的模型上进行,故障后的生成物使用气相色谱与质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)的方法来检测。试验结果表明:可稳定存在的过热故障下主要生成物为C2F4、C3F6;纯气体放电性故障的主要生成物为CF4、C2F6、C2F4、C3F8、C3F6;混合气体放电性故障另外产生C3F6N2;故障分解生成物毒性很小。根据故障生成物的特点,提出可根据故障生成物组分来区分氟碳气体绝缘电气设备中的过热性故障与放电性故障。     

交流电压下C4F7N/CO2混合气体中线性金属微粒放电特性研究

为了研究环保型气体C4F7N的绝缘性能,本文开展了绝缘子表面线性金属微粒在C4F7N/CO2混合气体下的放电特性实验并结合仿真和理论对实验结果进行了分析。研究结果表明,在0.1MPa气压条件下,C4F7N/CO2混合气体中,绝缘子表面附有金属微粒时,闪络电压会随金属微粒和接地电极之间距离的增加而先增大后减小。分析上述原因,线性金属微粒端部电晕放电产生的空间电荷削弱了空间电场的畸变程度;同时,C4F7N/CO2混合气体分解产生的CF3CN分子是一种高电气强度的物质,也会促使闪络电压升高。绝缘子倾角的变化对C4F7N/CO2混合气体闪络电压的影响要大于对SF6气体闪络电压的影响。绝缘子倾角为90度条件下,C4F7N/CO2混合气体下的闪络为SF6气体下闪络电压的0.96倍,两种气体绝缘性能相当。但C4F7N/CO2混合气体对不均匀电场的敏感性要高于SF6气体,电场不均匀系数由1变化到1.84时,C4F7N/CO2混合气体条件下闪络电压降低约26%。     

SF_6气体间隙低概率冲击击穿电压的计算

根据对SF_6气体极不均匀场间隙异常放电的分析,提出了由三条界限线,即流注击穿线、低概率冲击击穿线和电晕起始线组成的估算间隙低概率冲击击穿电压的方法;击穿电压的计算值和实验测量值的比较表明,计算给出的是稍偏严的结果.     

特高压输变电系统中GIS气体放电特性

为掌握特高压输变电系统中GIS气体的放电特性,初步分析了SF6及SF6/N2混合气体在特高压GIS系统中的放电特性,特别是放电特性的非线性程度,以及放电特性和电场强度之间的关系。分析结果表明,间隙放电电压>1800kV时,雷电冲击过电压和操作过电压会出现非线性,特别是操作过电压,当电压>2000kV时非线性更加明显,GIS电气强度不再随气体压力增加而线性增加,电气强度增加趋于饱和。SF6/N2混合气体中SF6含量较低时,混合气体的液化温度降低,使GIS在较高气体压力下适用于高寒地区。SF6/N2混合气体还能降低纯SF6气体放电电压对电场不均匀、金属颗粒及电极表面粗糙度等的敏感性,具有良好的应用前景。     

不均匀电场下CF_3I/N_2混合气体工频击穿特性试验

从工频击穿性能的角度探讨CF_3I/N_2混合气体替代SF6气体用于气体绝缘设备的可能性。通过工频击穿试验探究气压、混合比和电极间距三种因素对CF_3I/N_2混合气体工频击穿电压的影响,并与相同条件下的SF6/N2混合气体进行对比分析,提出使用协同效应指数C值判定混合气体协同效应类型及协同效应强弱的定量分析方法。结果表明,随着混合比、气压的升高,CF_3I/N_2混合气体工频击穿性能逐渐接近SF6气体,较高气压下的CF_3I/N_2混合气体更具有应用潜力。CF_3I/N_2混合气体工频击穿电压呈正协同效应,而且CF3I气体具有优良的自恢复绝缘性能。综合考虑工频击穿性能、液化温度和环境影响三种因素,在特定的场合下,CF3I含量为20%~50%的CF_3I/N_2混合气体有可能替代SF6气体用于气体绝缘设备。     

纳秒脉冲下SF6气体放电特性

随着电力系统电压等级的提高,特快速暂态过电压(very fast transient overvoltage,VFTO)对气体绝缘变电站(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)的安全稳定运行产生了越来越严重的威胁,为了提高设备运行的安全稳定性,促进设备小型化,需要深入分析VFTO下SF6气体的绝缘特性。因而该文利用基于半导体断路开关(SOS)的ns脉冲源SPG 200N的输出电压模拟VFTO波形的快速上升过程,黄铜板-板电极模拟GIS内的均匀场,研究了ns脉冲下SF6气体的放电特性,得到了重频耐受时间、施加脉冲个数等与重复频率的关系。实验结果表明,重频耐受时间随着脉冲重复频率的提高而降低,但击穿前所施加的ns脉冲个数与重复频率的关系比较复杂。随着气压的升高,临界击穿场强与气压的比值E/p有所下降,但在该文研究范围内其值仍高于理想状态下稳态电压对应的单位气压下临界值88.5kV/(mm.MPa)。获得的SF6放电特性为进一步明确VFTO下SF6气体的放电机理提供了实验依据。