The effect of maleic anhydride grafting efficiency on the flexural properties of polyethylene composites

Many authors have reported on the property enhancements possible by compounding high density polyethylene (HDPE) with fillers to produce composites. It is accepted that polyethylene combined with materials such as nanoclay or wood flour will not yield favorable properties unless a compatibilizing material is used to form a link. In this work, compatibilized HDPE was produced by grafting maleic anhydride (MA) to its backbone in a twin screw extruder using a peroxide initiated reactive process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the effects of varying peroxide and MA levels on the grafting percentage and it was found that a high percentage could be achieved. The gel content of each HDPE‐g‐MA batch was determined and twin bore rheometry analysis was carried out to examine the effects of crosslinking and MA grafting on the melt viscosity. These HDPE‐g‐MA compatibilizers were subsequently compounded with nanoclay and wood flour to produce composites. The composite materials were tested using a three point bending apparatus to determine the flexural modulus and strength and were shown to have favorable mechanical properties when compared with composites containing no compatibilizer. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the effects of grafted MA content on the intercalation and exfoliation levels of nanoclay composites. The results from XRD scans showed that increased intercalation in polymer nanoclay composites was achieved by increasing the grafted MA content. This was confirmed using a scanning electron microscope, where images produced showed increased levels of dispersion and reductions in nanoclay agglomerates. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Experimental and computational investigation of EVOH/clay nanocomposites

Ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared via a dynamic melt‐intercalation process. The effect of compatibilizers on the melt blending torque, intercalation level, and morphology of EVOH/organoclay systems was investigated. Maleic anhydride grafted ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA‐g‐ MA), or maleic anhydride grafted linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE‐g‐MA), were used to compatibilize EVOH with clay, at various concentrations (1, 5, and 10 wt %). Computer‐simulation techniques are used to predict structural properties and interactions of EVOH with compatibilizers in the presence and absence of clay. The simulation results strongly support the experimental findings and their interpretation. X‐ray diffraction shows enhanced intercalation within the galleries when the compatibilizers were added. Interestingly, results were obtained for the EVOH/clay/compatibilizer systems, owing to a high level of interaction developed in these systems. Thermal analysis shows that, upon increasing the compatibilizer content, lower crystallinity levels result, until at a certain compatibilizer content no crystallization is taking place. Significantly higher mixing viscosity levels were obtained for the EVOH/organoclay blends compared with the neat EVOH polymer. The storage modulus was higher compared with the uncompatibilized EVOH/organoclay blend in the presence of EVA‐g‐MA compatibilizer (at all concentrations), and only at low contents of LLDPE‐g‐MA. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2060–2066, 2005     

Morphology and properties of nylon 6 and high density polyethylene blends in presence of nanoclay and PE‐g‐MA

In this study, we report the synergistic effect of nanoclay and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐MA) on the morphology and properties of (80/20 w/w) nylon 6/high density polyethylene (HDPE) blend. Polymer blend nanocomposites containing nanoclay with and without compatibilizer (PE‐g‐MA) were prepared by melt mixing, and their morphologies and structures were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wide angle X‐ray diffractometer (WAXD) study. The size of phase‐separated domains decreased considerably with increasing content of nanoclay and PE‐g‐MA. WAXD study and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of exfoliated clay platelets in nylon 6 matrix, as well as, at the interface of the (80/20 w/w) nylon 6/HDPE blend–clay nanocomposites. Addition of PE‐g‐MA in the blend–clay nanocomposites enhanced the exfoliation of clays in nylon 6 matrix and especially at the interface. Thus, exfoliated clay platelets in nylon 6 matrix effectively restricted the coalescence of dispersed HDPE domains while PE‐g‐MA improved the adhesion between the phases at the interface. The use of compatibilizer and nanoclay in polymer blends may lead to a high performance material which combines the advantages of compatibilized polymer blends and the merits of polymer nanocomposites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

The effect of maleated compatibilizers on the structure and properties of EVOH/clay nanocomposites

The effect of compatibilizers on the blending torque, crystallization behavior, intercalation level, thermal stability and morphology of EVOH/treated clay systems was investigated. Maleic anhydride‐grafted ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA‐g‐MA) or maleic anhydride‐grafted linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE‐g‐MA) were used as compatibilizers of EVOH with clay, in various concentrations (1, 5 and 10 wt%). The blends were processed using Brabender Plastograph and characterized by XRD, SEM, DSC, DMTA and TGA. X‐ray diffraction shows advanced intercalation within the galleries when the compatibilizers were added. Unique results were obtained for the EVOH/clay/compatibilizer systems, owing to a high level of interaction developed in these systems, which plays a major role. Thermal analysis showed that with increasing compatibilizer content, lower crystallinity levels result, until at a certain content no crystallization has taken place. Significantly higher viscosity levels were obtained for the EVOH/clay blends compared to the neat polymer, as seen by a dramatic torque increase when processed in the Brabender machine. The DMTA spectra showed lower T_g values for the compatibilized nanocomposites compared to the neat EVOH and the uncompatibilized composites. Storage modulus was higher compared to the uncompatibilized EVOH/clay blend when EVA‐g‐MA compatibilizer was added (at all concentrations), and only at low contents of LLDPE‐g‐MA. TGA results show significant improvement of the blends thermal stability compared to the neat EVOH, and to the uncompatibilized blend, indicating an advanced intercalation.     

Structural,thermal, and gas transport properties of HDPE/LLDPE blend‐based nanocomposites using a mixture of HDPE‐g‐MA and LLDPE‐g‐MA as compatibilizer

Nanocomposites based on high density polyethylene (HDPE)/linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) blend were prepared by melt compounding in a twin‐screw extruder using organoclay (montmorillonite) as nano‐filler and a 50/50 wt% mixture of maleic anhydride functionalized high density polyethylene (HDPE‐g‐MA) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE‐g‐MA) as the compatibilizing system. The addition of a maleated polyethylene‐based compatibilizing system was required to improve the organoclay dispersion in the HDPE/LLDPE blend‐based nanocomposite. In this work, the relationships between thermal properties, gas transport properties, and morphology were correlated. The compatibilized nanocomposite exhibited an intercalated morphology with a small number of individual platelets dispersed in the HDPE/LLDPE matrix, leading to an significant decrease in the oxygen permeation coefficient of the nanocomposites. A decrease in the carbon dioxide permeability and oxygen permeability with increase of nanoclay was observed for the compatibilized nanocomposites. The carbon dioxide permeability of the compatibilized nanocomposites was lower than the carbon dioxide permeability of the uncompatibilized nanocomposites even with the low intrinsic barrier properties of the compatibilizer. These effects were attributed to a good dispersion of the inorganic filler, good wettability of the filler by the polymer matrix, and strong interactions at the interface that increased the tortuous path for diffusion. Theoretical permeability models were used to estimate the final aspect ratio of nanoclay in the nanocomposite and showed good agreement with the aspect ratio obtained directly from TEM images. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:765–775, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Development of blown film linear low-density polyethylene–clay nanocomposites: Part A: Manufacturing process and morphology

In this study, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/clay nanocomposites with different clay contents were prepared by melt intercalation using two different compatibilizers: maleic anhydride grafted styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MA). Melt intercalation was achieved by twin extrusion and nanocomposite films were produced by blown film extrusion. Effects of clay and compatibilizer fractions and type of compatibilizer on the structure, permeability, and the barrier properties of the nanocomposite films were investigated. PE-g-MA was shown to notably improve the dispersion of clay layers in the polyethylene matrix, and this was examined by atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The latter tests have also highlighted the importance of the screw configuration: the presence of mixing elements favors the dispersion and distribution of nanoclay. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry results have shown no significant effect of the clay on the crystallinity of the composite while thermogravimetric analysis tests have demonstrated a decrease of onset and peak of decomposition temperatures. Finally, barrier properties toward water vapor transmission were measured. It was proven that not also clay, but the compatibilizer participated in decreasing the permeability of the film. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48589.     

Effect of functionalized polyethylenes on clay dispersion in high density polyethylene nanocomposites

The compatibilization effects provided by maleic anhydride (MA), itaconic acid (IAc), itaconic anhydride (IA), and 2-[2-(dimethylamine)-ethoxy]ethanol (DMAE) functionalized polyethylenes for forming high density polyethylene (HDPE)-based nanocomposites were studied and compared. IAc and IA were grafted into HDPE by melt mixing to obtain functionalized polyethylenes (HDPEgIAc and HDPEgIA) and amino alcohol functionalized polyethylene was prepared by reaction of commercial HDPEgMA with DMAE in the melt to form polyethylene-grafted dimethyl-amine-ethoxy-ethanol (PEgDMAE). Nanocomposites were prepared by melt processing using a twin screw extruder by blending polyethylene and these compatibilizers with a quaternary ammonium surfactant-modified montmorillonite clay (Nanomer I28E). FTIR characterization confirmed the formation of these compatibilizers and confirmed the reaction between HDPEgMA and the amino alcohol. All the compatibilized nanocomposites had better clay exfoliation compared to the uncompatibilized HDPE nanocomposites. Barrier properties, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results showed the following order of their performance as a compatibilizer: PEgDMAE > HDPEgAI > HDPEgAcI > HDPEgMA. This behavior was attributed to the specific interactions between the anionic surface of the clay and the functionality of the compatibilizer. Samples with higher clay content showed poorer clay dispersion or intercalation which was attributed to possible clay saturation when the van der Waals attractive interactions between the clay layers become dominant when the distance between them was small enough at a certain concentration of clay. A noticeable reduction in the degree of crystallinity with the incorporation of nanoclay was observed by thermal analysis whereas the melting temperature did not change noticeably.     

Preparation of dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites based on LLDPE/reclaimed rubber

Dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers nanocomposites (TPV nanocomposites) based on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/reclaimed rubber/organoclay were prepared via one‐step melt blending process. Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐MA) was used as a compatibilizing agent. The effects of reclaimed rubber content (10, 30, and 50 wt %), nanoclay content (3, 5, and 7 wt %), and PE‐g‐MA on the microstructure, thermal behavior, mechanical properties, and rheological behavior of the nanocomposites were studied. The TPV nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter, mechanical properties, and rheometry in small amplitude oscillatory shear. SEM photomicrographs of the etched samples showed that the elastomer particles were dispersed homogeneously throughout the polyethylene matrix and the size of rubber particles was reduced with introduction of the organoclay particles and compatibilizer. The effects of different nanoclay contents, different rubber contents, and compatibilizer on mechanical properties were investigated. Increasing the amount of nanoclay content and adding the compatibilizer result in an improvement of the tensile modulus of the TPV nanocomposite samples. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Effects of compatibilizers and testing speeds on the mechanical properties of organophilic montmorillonite filled polyamide 6/polypropylene nanocomposites

In the present study, the fracture properties of different types of organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) filled polyamide 6/polypropylene nanocomposites was investigated. Two types of compatibilizers, i.e., maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MA) and maleic anhydride grafted styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MA) were used to compatibilize these systems. The tensile properties were studied through tensile test at two different testing speeds; 50 and 500 mm/min whereas the fracture properties were determined using single‐edge‐notch‐3 point‐bending (SEN‐3PB) specimens at three different testing speeds; 1, 100, and 500 mm/min. The presence of both PP‐g‐MA and SEBS‐g‐MA compatibilizers improved the tensile and fracture properties of nanocomposites due to the compatibilizing effect of both compatibilizers. SEBS‐g‐MA compatibilizer seemed to be more effective in improving the fracture toughness of nanocomposites than PP‐g‐MA especially at high testing speed. This was due to the elastomeric nature of SEBS‐g‐MA, which can provide a better toughening effect than the relatively harder PP‐g‐MA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:1493–1504, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Rice straw fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composite: Effect of coupled compatibilizating and toughening treatment

In this study, rice‐straw (RS) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were manufactured by extrusion and injection molding. Three compatibilizers, which are unfunctionalized ethylene/propylene copolymer (uEPR), maleic anhydride grafted EPR (EPR‐g‐MA) and PE‐g‐MA, and their combinations were introduced to strengthen fiber‐matrix interphase. The mechanical and morphological properties of composites were investigated. For single‐compatibilizer system, PE‐g‐MA or EPR‐g‐MA alone enhanced tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of resultant composites compared with HDPE/RS system without compatibilizers. Different toughening origins of individual compatibilizer were discussed based on composites' interphase morphologies and mechanical properties. For combined‐compatibilizers system, the PE‐g‐MA/EPR weight ratio is important for several properties of composites. The optimum ratio was considered as 2 : 1 and 1 : 1 for PE‐g‐MA/uEPR and PE‐g‐MA/EPR‐g‐MA modified composites, respectively. Also, composites modified by combined PE‐g‐MA/EPR‐g‐MA showed better impact strength than that modified by PE‐g‐MA alone. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Mechanical and thermal properties of toughened PA6/HDPE/SEBS‐g‐MA/Clay nanocomposite

Preparation and morphology of Polyamide 6 (PA6)/high density polyethylene (HDPE)/Styrene/Ethylene–Butylene/Styrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS‐g‐MA)/Modified clay nanocomposites were studied. Mixing was performed using melting process in an extruder co‐rotating twin screw. After etching the materials with boiling toluene and THF at room temperature, the morphology of sample checked by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) used for evaluation of the effects of organo‐clay addition in the structure of nanocomposites. XRD traces showed that the characteristic (001) peak of the nanocomposites shifted to the lower degree region. XRD and SEM results showed more uniformly distribution and dispersion of HDPE in the PA6 matrix. Better sample morphology obtained, regarding less distance, and more uniformity between nanoparticles. The mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength, hardness and thermal properties of these toughened nanocomposites are discussed in terms of the nanoclay, SEBS‐g‐MA contents and morphology. Adding nanoclay improved hardness of nanocomposites product but reduced toughness and thermal properties. Meanwhile the presence of SEBS‐g‐MA as a compatibilizer improved toughness, thermal properties, hardness property, and the balance properties are achieved. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:29–33, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Nanocomposites from fluoro‐oxygenated polyethylene: A novel route to organoclay exfoliation

We present a novel approach to improving organoclay exfoliation in a nonpolar matrix, polyethylene. High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) particles were modified by exposure to a reactive gas atmosphere containing F₂ and O₂. This treatment was aimed at increasing the polarity of the polymer with the formation of carboxyl, hydroxy, and ketone functionalities on the particle surface. The surface‐treated high‐density polyethylene (ST‐HDPE) particles were then melt‐mixed with an appropriate organoclay to form nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, stress–strain analysis, and Izod impact measurements were used to evaluate the nanocomposite morphology and physical properties. These data were compared to those of equivalent nanocomposites prepared from unmodified HDPE and high‐density polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (HDPE‐g‐MA). The nanocomposites prepared from the ST‐HDPE particles exhibited much better properties and organoclay dispersion than those prepared from unmodified HDPE. The level of reinforcement observed in ST‐HDPE‐based nanocomposites was comparable to, if not better than, that seen in HDPE‐g‐MA‐based nanocomposites. However, a comparison of the TEM micrographs suggested better organoclay exfoliation in HDPE‐g‐MA than the current version of ST‐HDPE. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2980–2989, 2006     

Effect of Ionomeric Compatibilizer on Clay Dispersion in Polyethylene/Clay Nanocomposites

Summary: Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)/clay nanocomposites are obtained and studied by using a zinc‐neutralized carboxylate ionomer as a compatibilizer. LLDPE‐g‐MA is used as a reference compatibilizer. Two different clays, natural montmorillonite (Closite Na⁺) and a chemically modified clay Closite 20A have been used. Nanocomposites are prepared by melt blending in a twin‐screw extruder using two mixing methods: two‐step mixing and one‐step mixing. The relative influence of each compatibilizer is determined by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction structural analysis and mechanical properties. The results are analyzed in terms of the effect of the compatibilizing agent and incorporation method in the clay dispersion, and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Experimental results confirm that the film samples with ionomer show a good mechanical performance only slightly below that of the samples with maleic anhydride (MA). The two‐step mixing conditions result in better dispersion and intercalation for the nanofillers than one‐step mixing. The exfoliation of clay platelets leads to an improved thermal stability of the composite. The oxygen permeability of the clay nanocomposites, using ionomer as a compatibilizer, is decreased by the addition of the clay.

TEM image of a PE/4 wt.‐% Closite 20A nanocomposite formed using ionomer.     

Effect of Al2O3 fibers on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene with the absence and presence of compatibilizer

Alumina (Al₂O₃) fiber/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared by molding injection with or without compatibilizer, in which, maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐MA) and acrylic acid‐grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐AA) were used as the compatibilizers. The thermal conductivities of the composites were anisotropic and the conductivities in the injection direction of the samples were higher than those in perpendicular direction of the injection. The anisotropic thermal conductivity for Al₂O₃/PE‐g‐AA/HDPE was the most obvious and this composite also gave the best mechanical performance. The SEM and DMA test revealed that PE‐g‐AA was more effective than PE‐g‐MA in improving the matrix–filler interaction. The high interfacial interaction was more favorable for the viscous flow‐induced fiber orientation, which resulted in the largest anisotropic degree of thermal conductivity of the Al₂O₃/PE‐g‐AA/HDPE among the studied composite. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Influences of compatibilizers on rheology and mechanical properties of propylene random copolymer/styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene block copolymer/organic‐montmorillonite nanocomposites

Propylene random copolymer (PPR)/styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene block copolymer (SEBS)/compatibilizer/organic‐montmorillonite (OMMT) quaternary nanocomposites and PPR/compatibilizer/OMMT ternary nanocomposites were prepared via two‐stage melt blending and influences of compatibilizers, maleic anhydride (MA) grafted styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene copolymer (SEBS‐g‐MA), poly(octene‐co‐ethylene) (POE‐g‐MA), or propylene block copolymers (PPB‐g‐MA), on rheology and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The results of X‐ray diffraction measurement and transmission electron microscopy observation showed that OMMT layers were mainly intercalated in the nanocomposites except for the mainly exfoliated structure in the quaternary nanocomposites using POE‐g‐MA as compatibilizer. The nanocomposites exhibited pseudo‐solid like viscoelasticity in low frequencies and shear‐thinning in high shear rates. As far as OMMT dispersion was concerned, POE‐g‐MA was superior to SEBS‐g‐MA and PPB‐g‐MA, which gives rise to the highest viscosities in both the ternary and quaternary nanocomposites. The quaternary nanocomposites containing POE‐g‐MA were endowed with balanced toughness and rigidity. It was suggested that a suitable combination of compatibilizer and SEBS was an essentially important factor for adjusting the OMMT dispersion and distribution, the rheological and mechanical performances of the nanocomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Rheology,morphology, and thermal behavior of HDPE/clay nanocomposites

HDPE/Clay nanocomposites were prepared using laboratory made HDPE grafted maleic anhydride (HDPE‐g‐MA) as a compatibilizer. Rheology, morphology, and thermal behavior of nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that increasing the degree of grafted MA increased the intercalation of clay platelets leading to their exfoliation. The presence of free MA enhanced the clay dispersion via regrafting onto PE matrix. Although the presence of antioxidant improved the thermal stability of PE, it decreased the clay dispersion because of inhibition of regrafting of free MAs. The exfoliated nanocomposites exhibited higher viscosity and elasticity than those of intercalated nanocomposites. They displayed viscosity upturn and nonterminal behavior of elasticity at low frequency ranges, representative of the creation of three‐dimensional networks via the individual clay platelets and/or chain bridging between the platelets. The presence of such a network was evidenced by tan δ studies. Incorporation of clay remarkably increased the thermal stability of the PE. It was found that the effect of Hofmann elimination reaction can effectively be eliminated using the antioxidant. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Nanocomposites‐based polyolefins as alternative to improve barrier properties

This work investigates the influence of some ammonium quaternary compounds as coupling agent in polyethylene/clay nanocomposites to improve the performance of polyethylene used as packaging barrier material. The 3 wt % of vermiculite used as a nanofiller was added to linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and to linear low‐density polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (LLDPE‐g‐MA). The analysis results revealed that the influence of both the clay exfoliation in a polymer matrix and the coupling agents on the barrier properties were significant. Among the coupling agents used, cetylpropyldimethylammonium chloride yielded the best result for vermiculite exfoliation. A reduction of up to 18% in the oxygen‐permeability coefficient was observed in the nanocompounds with exfoliated vermiculite. The nanocomposite produced with vermiculite did not prove to be efficient as a moisture barrier against according to the analysis performed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Mechanical properties and morphology of polylactide,linear low‐density polyethylene,and their blends

Melt blending of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and polylactide (PLA) was performed in an extrusion mixer with post extrusion blown film attachment with and without compatibilizer‐grafted low density polyethylene maleic anhydride. The blend compositions were optimized for tensile properties as per ASTM D 882‐91. On the basis of this, LLDPE 80 [80 wt % LLDPE and 20 wt % poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA)] and MA‐g‐low‐density polyethylene 80/4 (80 wt % LLDPE, 20 wt % PLLA, and 4 phr compatibilizer) were found to be an optimum composition. The blends were characterized according to their mechanical, thermal, and morphological behavior. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the presence of compatibilizer enhanced the blend compatibility to some extent. The morphological characteristics of the blends with and without compatibilizer were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The dispersion of PLLA in the LLDPE matrix increased with the addition of compatibilizer. This blend may be used for packaging applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Thermoplastic elastomers based on epoxidized natural rubber and high‐density polyethylene blends: Effect of blend compatibilizers on the mechanical and morphological properties

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with a level of epoxide groups of 20 mol % was prepared via the performic epoxidation method. It was then used to blend with high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) at various blend ratios. Three types of blend compatibilizers were prepared. These included a graft copolymer of HDPE and maleic anhydride (MA; i.e., HDPE‐g‐MA) and two types of phenolic modified HDPEs using phenolic resins SP‐1045 and HRJ‐10518 (i.e., PhSP‐PE and PhHRJ‐PE), respectively. We found that the blend with compatibilizer exhibited superior tensile strength, hardness, and set properties to that of the blend without compatibilizer. The ENR and HDPE interaction via the link of compatibilizer molecules was the polar functional groups of the compatibilizer with the oxirane groups in the ENR molecules. Also, another end of the compatibilizer molecules (i.e., HDPE segments) was compatibilizing with the HDPE molecules in the blend components. The blend with compatibilizer also showed smaller phase morphology than the blend without compatibilizer. Among the three types of the blend compatibilizer, HDPE‐g‐MA provided the blend with the greatest strength and hardness properties but the lowest set properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Development and characterization of green composites from bio‐based polyethylene and peanut shell

In the present work, different compatibilizers, namely polyethylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MA), polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MA), and polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐ran‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (SEBS‐g‐MA) were used on green composites derived from biobased polyethylene and peanut shell (PNS) flour to improve particle–polymer interaction. Composites of high‐density polyethylene/peanut shell powder (HDPE/PNS) with 10 wt % PNS flour were compatibilized with 3 wt % of the abovementioned compatibilizers. As per the results, PP‐g‐MA copolymer lead to best optimized properties as evidenced by mechanical characterization. In addition, best particle–matrix interface interactions with PP‐g‐MA were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently HDPE/PNS composites with varying PNS flour content in the 5–30 wt % range with PP‐g‐MA compatibilizer were obtained by melt extrusion and compounding followed by injection molding and were characterized by mechanical, thermal, and morphological techniques. The results showed that PNS powder, leads to an increase in mechanical resistant properties (mainly, flexural modulus, and strength) while a decrease in mechanical ductile properties, that is, elongation at break and impact absorbed energy is observed with increasing PNS flour content. Furthermore, PNS flour provides an increase in thermal stability due to the natural antioxidant properties of PNS. In particular, composites containing 30 wt % PNS powder present a flexural strength 24% and a flexural modulus 72% higher than the unfilled polyethylene and the thermo‐oxidative onset degradation temperature is increased from 232 °C up to 254 °C thus indicating a marked thermal stabilization effect. Resultant composites can show a great deal of potential as base materials for wood plastic composites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43940.