Synthesis and characterization of poly(butyl acrylate–methyl methacrylate)/polyaniline core–shell latexes

Poly(butyl acrylate–methyl methacrylate) [P(BA–MMA]/polyaniline (PANI) core–shell complex particles were synthesized with a two‐step emulsion polymerization method with P(BA–MMA) as the core and PANI as the shell. The first step was to prepare P(BA–MMA) latex particles as the core via soapless emulsion polymerization. The second step was to prepare P(BA–MMA)/PANI core–shell particles. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was fed into the P(BA–MMA) emulsion as a surfactant, and this was followed by the addition of the aniline monomer. A bilayer structure of the surfactant over the surfaces of the core particles was desired so that the aniline monomer could be attracted near the outer surface of the core particles. In some cases, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid was added after 2 h when the polymerization of aniline was started. The final product was the desired core–shell particles. The morphology of P(BA–MMA) and P(BA–MMA)/PANI particles was observed with transmission electron microscopy. The thermal properties were studied with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, conductive films made from the core–shell latexes were prepared, and the electrical conductivities of the films were studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 823–830, 2007     

Improvement of the physical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) by copolymerization with pentafluorophenyl methacrylate

Copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and pentafluorophenyl methacrylate (PFPMA) of various compositions were prepared with a free‐radical initiator. When PFPMA was included in the copolymers, the glass‐transition temperatures increased and showed a positive deviation from the Gordon–Taylor equation. A copolymer containing 20 wt % PFPMA exhibited almost zero orientational birefringence, and the photoelastic birefringence became zero when the copolymer contained 13 wt % PFPMA. When 20 wt % PFPMA was incorporated into the MMA copolymer, its water absorption decreased to 0.4 wt % versus 1.8 wt % for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) under the same condition. The flammability of the PFPMA/MMA copolymer was reduced in comparison with that of the MMA homopolymer. The refractive indices of the PFPMA/MMA copolymers were very close to that of PMMA, and the transmittances of the copolymers were slightly better than that of PMMA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Functional copolymers of p‐cumyl phenyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate: Synthesis,characterization, and reactivity ratios

Free‐radical polymerization of p‐cumyl phenyl methacrylate (CPMA) was performed in benzene using bezoyl peroxide as an initiator at 80°C. The effect of time on the molecular weight was studied. Functional copolymers of CPMA and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with different feed ratios were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization in methyl ethyl ketone at 70°C, and they were characterized by FTIR and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy. The molecular weights and polydispersity indexes of the polymers and copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The copolymer composition was determined by ¹H‐NMR. The glass‐transition temperature of the polymer and the copolymers was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The reactivity ratios of the monomers were determined by the Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tudos methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 336–347, 2005     

Synthesis and characterization of copolymers of bromoacrylated methyl oleate

In this study, methyl oleate was bromoacrylated in the presence of N‐bromosuccinimide and acrylic acid in one step. Homopolymers and copolymers of bromoacrylated methyl oleate (BAMO) were synthesized by free radical bulk polymerization and photopolymerization techniques. Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenyl‐acetophenone were used as initiators. The new monomer BAMO was characterized by FTIR, GC‐MS, ¹H, and ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. Styrene (STY), methylmethacrylate (MMA), and vinyl acetate (VA) were used for copolymerization. The polymers synthesized were characterized by FTIR, ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Molecular weight and polydispersities of the copolymers were determined by GPC analysis. Ten different feed ratios of the monomers STY and BAMO were used for the calculation of reactivity ratios. The reactivity ratios were determined by the Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tudos methods using ¹H‐NMR spectroscopic data. The reactivity ratios were found to be r_sty = 0.891 (Fineman–Ross method), 0.859 (Kelen–Tudos method); r_bamo = 0.671 (Fineman–Ross method), 0.524 (Kelen–Tudos method). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2475–2488, 2004     

Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic PMTFPS‐b‐PEO diblock copolymers

A series of new amphiphilic poly[methyl(3,3,3‐trifluoropropyl) siloxane]‐b‐poly(ethyleneoxide) (PMTFPS‐b‐PEO) diblock copolymers with different ratio of hydrophobic segment to hydrophilic segment were prepared by coupling reactions of end‐functional PMTFPS and PEO homopolymers. PMTFPS‐b‐PEO diblock copolymers synthesized were shown to be well defined and narrow molecular weight distributed by characterizations such as NMR, GPC, and FTIR. Additionally, the solution properties of these diblock copolymers were investigated using tensiometry and transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, the critical micellization concentration increases with increasing length of hydrophobic chain. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed that PMTFPS‐b‐PEO diblock copolymers in water preferentially aggregated into vesicles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Synthesis and characterization of N‐acryloylcarbazole/methyl methacrylate copolymers

Copolymers of N‐acryloylcarbazole (A) and methyl methacrylate (M) were synthesized in different in‐feed ratios. The composition of the copolymer was determined by the help of ¹H NMR spectrum. The comonomer reactivity ratios determined by Kelen‐Tudos (KT) and nonlinear error‐in‐variables methods were r_A = 1.12 ± 0.16, r_M = 0.94 ± 0.14, and r_A = 1.05, r_M = 0.90, respectively. Complete spectral assignments of the ¹H and ¹³C ¹H NMR spectra of the copolymers were done by the help of distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and two‐dimensional NMR techniques, such as heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC). The methine, α‐methyl, and carbonyl carbon resonances were found to be sequence sensitive. The signals obtained were broad because of the restricted rotation of bulky carbazole group and the quadrupolar effect of nitrogen present in carbazole moiety. Glass transition temperatures (T_g) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and were found to be characteristic of copolymer composition. As the N‐acryloylcarbazole content increases, the T_g increases from 378.3 K for poly(methyl methacrylate) to 430.4 K for poly(N‐acryloylcarbazole). Variation in T_g with the copolymer composition were found to be in good agreement with theoretical values obtained from Johnston and Barton equations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2667–2676, 2006     

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of N‐vinylcarbazole/methyl methacrylate copolymers

Copolymers of N‐vinylcarbazole and methyl methacrylate of different compositions were prepared by solution polymerization with azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator, and their compositions were determined from quantitative ¹³C{¹H}‐NMR spectroscopy. The reactivity ratios for the comonomers were calculated with the Kelen–Tudos and nonlinear error‐in‐variable methods. The complete spectral assignment of the overlapping ¹H and ¹³C{¹H} spectra of the copolymers was made with the help of distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer, two‐dimensional heteronuclear single‐quantum correlation, and total correlation spectroscopy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3005–3012, 2003     

Synthesis,characterization, and blood compatibility of copolymers of polyamidoamines and n‐vinylpyrrolidone

Two new polyamidoamines derived from piperazine (Pip)/cyclohexylamine (CHA) and N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) were synthesized and subsequently copolymerized with N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) under suitable reaction conditions to yield the respective copolymers (Pip–MBA–NVP and CHA–MBA–NVP). The synthesized materials were characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The material surface characteristics were checked by contact angle measurement, and the data established the relative hydrophilic characteristics of the synthesized copolymers with respect to the control poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone). A thrombus‐formation study indicated less (<1.2 mg) clot formation on the heparinized material surfaces within a 30‐min contact time with the acid citrate dextrose human blood. The percentage of hemolysis of the blood by the materials was also less than 5%. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 4068–4074, 2003     

Synthesis and properties of some fluorescent 1,8‐naphthalimide derivatives and their copolymers with methyl methacrylate

Six new fluorescent derivatives of 1,8‐naphthalimide were synthesized. Three were dyes, and three were fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) containing a tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) stabilizer fragment. The FWAs were obtained under phase‐transfer catalysis conditions. Five of the compounds were copolymerized with methyl methacrylate, so copolymers with an intense color and/or fluorescence stable against solvents were obtained. The chemical bonding of the synthesized monomers in the polymers was confirmed spectrophotometrically. The participation of the monomer compounds did not significantly affect the process of copolymerization or the molecular masses of the obtained copolymers. The quantity of chemically bonded naphthalimide monomer in the copolymers was determined to be over 60%. The spectral properties of the compounds and their photostability in solution and in the copolymers were studied. The influence of the compounds on the photostability of the copolymers was determined. The compounds, especially those containing a stabilizer (TMP) fragment in their molecules, showed a positive stabilizing effect on the photodegradation of poly(methyl methacrylate). Polyamide fabrics with 2‐allyl‐6‐hydrazino‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione, 2‐allyl‐6‐(2‐amino‐ethylamino)‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione, and 2‐chloro‐N′‐(2‐methyl)‐1,3‐dioxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[de] isoquinoline‐6‐yl) acetohydrazide were dyed, and materials with an intense yellow color and fluorescence were obtained. Cotton fabrics were whitened with 2‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidin‐4‐yl)‐6‐methoxy‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione, 2‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidin‐4‐yl)‐6‐allyloxybenzo[de]isoquinoline‐1, 3‐dione, and 2‐[2‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidin‐4‐yl)‐1,3‐dioxo‐2,3‐dihidro‐1H benzo [de]isoquinoline‐6‐oxy]ethyl‐2‐methacrylate, and materials with bright whiteness and intense bluish fluorescence were obtained. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Synthesis,characterization, and rheological studies of methacrylic acid–ethyl acrylate–diallyl phthalate copolymers

Copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethyl acrylate (EA) was performed by the emulsion polymerization technique in the presence of a mixture of ionic and nonionic emulsifiers, at 85°C, using potassium persulfate as initiator (0.16 wt % of monomer). The molar ratio of MAA : EA varied between 44 : 56 and 54 : 46 in the monomer feed. Copolymers of MAA and EA were synthesized by incorporating diallyl phthalate (DAP) with varying concentrations (0–1.7 mol % of total monomer) in the feed. A copolymer latex of MAA, EA, and DAP was also prepared by the variable feed process. The intrinsic viscosity and gel content were determined. Copolymers were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The composition of copolymers was determined by ¹H‐NMR spectra and sequential distribution from ¹³C{¹H}‐NMR spectra. The pH of the copolymer emulsion varied between 3 and 10 by addition of aqueous ammonia (23% w/w) and its effect on Brookfield viscosity was studied. The effects of copolymer composition, crosslinking agent concentration in the feed, monomer feed process, polymer solid contents, and shear rate on Brookfield viscosity were studied at pH ～ 8. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1430–1441, 2003     

Synthesis and characterization of styrene–acrylic ester copolymers

Homopolymers and copolymers of styrene and different acrylic esters (i.e., acrylates) were synthesized by the free‐radical solution polymerization technique. Feed ratios of the monomers styrene and cyclohexyl acrylate/benzyl acrylate were 90 : 10, 75 : 25, 60 : 40, 50 : 50, 40 : 60 and 20 : 80 (v/v) in the synthesis of copolymers. All 6 homopolymerizations of acrylic ester synthesis were carried out in N,N(dimethyl formamide) except for the synthesis of poly(cyclohexyl acrylate) (PCA), where the medium was 1,4‐dioxane. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were used as initiators. The polymers synthesized were characterized by FTIR, ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and viscosity measurements. The reactivity ratios were determined by the Fineman–Ross method using ¹H‐NMR spectroscopic data. The reactivity ratios (r) for the copolymerization of styrene (r_S) with cyclohexyl acrylate (r_CA) were found to be r_S = 0.930 and r_CA = 0.771, while for the copolymerization of styrene with benzyl acrylate, the ratios were found to be r_S = 0.755 and r_BA = 0.104, respectively. The activation energies of decomposition (E_a) and glass‐transition temperature (T_g) for various homo‐ and copolymers were evaluated using TGA and DSC analysis. The activation parameters of the viscous flow, voluminosity (V_E) and shape factor (ν) were also computed for all systems using viscosity data. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1513–1524, 2001     

Synthesis and characterization of silicone-modified vinyl acetate–acrylic emulsion copolymers

The triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS) containing vinyl acetate (VAc)/2-ethylhexylacrylate (2-EHA) copolymers were prepared by emulsion copolymerization. The polymerization was performed with methacrylic acid (MAA) and auxiliary agents at 80 °C in the presence of ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) as the initiator. Alkyl phenol ether sulfate and Arkupal N-300 were used as anionic and nonionic emulsifiers, respectively. The resulting copolymers were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The morphology of copolymers was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and then the effects of temperature, agitation speed, initiator and silicone concentrations on the properties of the silicone-modified VAc–acrylic emulsion copolymers were discussed. The obtained copolymers have high solid content (53%) and can be used in emulsion paints as a binder. The calculations of monomer conversion versus time histories and monomer conversion indicate that by increasing the TEVS concentration, the polymerization rate and the number of polymer particles decrease, respectively.     

New soybean oil–styrene–divinylbenzene thermosetting copolymers. I. Synthesis and characterization

The cationic copolymerization of regular soybean oil, low‐saturation soybean oil (LoSatSoy oil), or conjugated LoSatSoy oil with styrene and divinylbenzene initiated by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF₃·OEt₂) or related modified initiators provides viable polymers ranging from soft rubbers to hard, tough, or brittle plastics. The gelation time of the reaction varies from 1 × 10² to 2 × 10⁵ s at room temperature. The yields of bulk polymers are essentially quantitative. The amount of crosslinked polymer remaining after Soxhlet extraction ranges from 80 to 92%, depending on the stoichiometry and the type of oil used. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Soxhlet extraction data indicate that the structure of the resulting bulk polymer is a crosslinked polymer network interpenetrated with some linear or less‐crosslinked triglyceride oil–styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers, a small amount of low molecular weight free oil, and minor amounts of initiator fragments. The bulk polymers possess glass‐transition temperatures ranging from approximately 0 to 105°C, which are comparable to those of commercially available rubbery materials and conventional plastics. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates that these copolymers are thermally stable under 200°C, with temperatures at 10% weight loss in air (T₁₀) ranging from 312 to 434°C, and temperatures at 50% weight loss in air (T₅₀) ranging from 445 to 480°C. Of the various polymeric materials, the conjugated LoSatSoy oil polymers have the highest glass‐transition temperatures (T_g) and thermal stabilities (T₁₀). The preceding properties that suggest that these soybean oil polymers may prove useful where petroleum‐based polymeric materials have found widespread utility. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 658–670, 2001     

Synthesis and characterization of starch‐poly(methyl methacrylate) graft copolymers

The graft copolymerization was carried out by methyl methacrylate with starch in which azobisisobutyronitrile was used as an initiator. The grafting reactions were carried out within a 65–95°C temperature range, and the effect of the monomer, initiator concentrations, and the amount of starch on the graft yield were also investigated. The maximum graft yield was obtained at a azobisisobutyronitrile concentration of 2.0 × 10^?3 mol/L. The overall rate activation energy of the reaction was found to be 89.42 kJ/mol. The grafted starches were characterized with infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 53–57, 2002     

Synthesis and characterization of hydroxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane‐polyurethane copolymers

Polyurethane (PU) block copolymers were synthesized using prepared hydroxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS MW 990) and polyether diols (N‐210) as soft segment with 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4‐butanediol. This low molecular weight polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) containing hydroxypropyl end‐groups displayed better compatibility with PU than common PDMS. In this article, we illustrate its synthesis routes and confirmed the proposed molecular structures using NMR and infrared radiation (IR). We varied the contents of HTPDMS and N‐210 in soft segments (HTPDMS—N‐210: 0 : 100, 20 : 80, 40 : 60, 60 : 40, 80 : 20, and 100 : 0) to synthesize a series of PDMS‐PU copolymer. IR spectroscopy showed the assignment characteristic groups of each peak in copolymers and confirmed that the desired HTPDMS‐PU copolymers have been prepared. The different thermal, dynamic mechanical and surface properties of the copolymers were compared by thermogravimetry, DMA, contact angle and solvent resistance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Modification of solute dissolution rate by coprecipitation with certain acrylate–methacrylate copolymers

Coprecipitates containing certain cationic acrylate-methacrylate copolymers and paracetamol (polar solute) have been prepared by evaporating to dryness an ethanolic solution of both components; their friability (i.e., degree of crumbling to dust under impact stress) and dissolution characteristics were evaluated. Friability decreased with increase in the polymer content of the coprecipitates; this effect was more marked in the polymer system containing the higher cation content. Dissolution rates also decreased with increase in polymer content, but this time the effect was slightly more pronounced in the polymer system with the lower cation content. It is thought that the polymer cationic groups interacted with polar groups of the solute to increase coherence of the particle; on the other hand, the cationic groups confer hydrophilic character and at certain concentrations, > 5% they may promote swelling in aqueous fluids and hence weaken bonding forces in the solute-polymer particle with a tendency to reduce the polymer effect on dissolution rate.     

Synthesis,characterization, and antimicrobial properties of novel quaternary amine methacrylate copolymers

A novel amine methacrylate monomer trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate–piperazine–ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TMPTMA‐PPZ‐EGDMA) was synthesized by amination of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) with excess of piperazine (PPZ) followed by reaction with ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Copolymerization of TMPTMA‐PPZ‐EGDMA with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was carried out by free radical polymerization using ammonium persulfate (APS) and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl ethylenediamine (TEMED) as a redox initiator. The copolymers obtained were then quaternized with 1‐iodooctane. The monomers were characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR spectral studies. The molecular weights and polydispersity values of the monomers were determined with gel permeation chromatography. Quaternized copolymers containing more than 20% amine methacrylate monomer showed microporosity in the range of 9.9–10.4 μm. The antibacterial activity of the quaternized copolymers against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was studied using UV–vis spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscopy. Quaternized copolymers showed broad‐spectrum contact‐killing antibacterial properties without releasing any active agent as checked by iodide selective ion meter. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Synthesis and analysis of phase segregation of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer obtained by Steglich esterification from semitelechelic blocks of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate)

Here, an alternative route to successfully synthesize polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) is reported. Steglich esterification was used as an effective, metal free approach for coupling carboxylic terminated PS and the hydroxyl end-functionalized PMMA chains obtained by nitroxide-mediated polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization, respectively. α-Functionalization was obtained using 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) and 2,2,2-tribromoethanol as initiators. The synthesis of PS-b-PMMA was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), while the dependence of the diffusion coefficients of the polymers (PS, PMMA, PS/PMMA blend, and PS-b-PMMA) with their corresponding molecular weights was discussed based on the results of atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and spectra of diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. Differently from PS-b-PMMA, a partial segregation was observed for the PS/PMMA blend, affecting its thermal behavior and diffusion coefficient. The study here presented provides an easier and efficient strategy for the synthesis of PS-b-PMMA and new insights into the diffusion of polymers.     

Microstructure analysis of methyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymers by two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy

Methyl acrylate (A)/methyl methacrylate (B) copolymers of different compositions were synthesized in bulk at 50°C and the compositions were determined from ¹H NMR spectra. Reactivity ratios were optimized using the least square methodology. Compositional and configurational assignments were done using two‐dimensional (2D) Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation (HSQC) and Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) experiments. Methylene proton and carbon resonances were assigned for compositional and configurational sensitivity at tetrad level. Carbon resonances of methine group of methyl acrylate were assigned for compositional sensitivity up to triad level with the help of 2D HSQC spectra. α‐Methyl group of methyl methacrylate was assigned up to triad level of compositional and configurational placements for carbon and proton resonances by 2D HSQC spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1437–1445, 2006     

Influence of compositions and polymerization processes on morphologies,molar mass distributions,and phase structures of n‐Butyl acrylate–methyl methacrylate copolymers

The target of the research is to examine influence of a polymerization process and monomer ratio on structures and compositions of phases in an emulsion copolymerization of n‐butyl acrylate (BA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Emulsion copolymerizations are performed using three different BA/MMA weight ratios (60%/40%, 50%/50%, and 40%/60%) and two different processes, statistical batch and seeded emulsion polymerizations. Phase structures, monomer compositions, and morphological stabilities of copolymers are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, ¹H‐NMR, and scanning electron microscopy. Gel permeation chromatography is used to follow the changes in the molar mass distribution during syntheses. The gel content and backbiting level of end products are measured by extraction and ¹³C‐NMR, respectively. Copolymerizations give products with a bimodal molar mass distribution and three or two separate phases having different BA/MMA compositions. The morphological stability of particles decreases with the increasing BA fraction in the feed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41467.