Influence of water and magnesium ion on the optical properties in various plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) sheets

The study is focused on influences of optical properties change of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) sheets determined for safety glass preparing. Optic measurements were evaluated itself and after, the laminated glass was observed. The study deals with a cognizance of causation of the optical properties change in different PVB sheets in dependence on adsorbed water content into the polymer matrix. Results of this work describe the influence of ? OH group content on PVB chain and type and amount of additives adjusting adhesion of PVB towards glass. However, the most important discovery of this work is evaluation of critical water content that leads to haze generation. The evaluation of various types of sheets was performed. At the same time the artificial addition of Mg²⁺ salts of organic acids (with various polarity of the molecule) was evaluated to assess their influence on haze generation. It was found that haze caused by Mg²⁺ salt is possible to eliminate when there is certain water content in PVB. Obtained values and comparisons are very important for PVB sheets industry and for industry dealing with lamination of PVB between glasses. Influence of these factors and comparison of haze generation for various PVB sheets has not been published yet. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Windshield recycling focused on effective separation of PVB sheet

The study is focused on windshield recycling process resulting in poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) sheets with very low amout of remain glass particles. PVB sheets were obtained from worldwide manufacturer DuPont and then they were laminated by standard autoclaving process. One sample of PVB sheet was modified by multi‐functional organic acid in order to compare various levels of adhesion. Three‐stage technology was proposed for recycling PVB sheets. In the first‐stage laminated safety glass was mechanically cracked. In the second‐stage the adhesion reduction to minimal degree was followed by chemical‐physical assisted separation. It causes self‐release of the glass out of the PVB sheet. The third‐stage was mechanical peeling of the remaining glass from the PVB sheet which completed the recycling process. The optimal process conditions for the most effective delamination process were found. Delamination technology produces PVB sheet with minimal residual glass content (up to 300 ppm) and minimal change in PVB sheet properties. Described recycling technology is ecologically friendly (the effluent is fully recyclable as well) and could reduce the worldwide problem with windshield waste disposal. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39879.     

Structure and properties of plasticized polyvinyl butyral‐silica nanocomposite films and test production of laminated glass using films

Plasticized polyvinyl butyral (PVB)‐silica nanocomposite films were formed by mixing PVB ethanol solution and silica sol, which was prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate. The nanocomposite films were colorless and transparent even though the content of silica was 70 wt%. The glass transition temperature of PVB in the silica 2.5 wt% nanocomposites was higher by about 10°C than that of plasticized PVB. The PVB‐silica nanocomposite films were applied as an interlayer for laminated glass. The laminated glass made with the nanocomposite films containing less than 10 wt% silica showed good penetration resistance, not only at room temperature but also at 70°C. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:E59–E63, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers     

PVB胶片对夹层玻璃产品质量的影响

在夹层玻璃生产中PVB胶片的质量直接影响制成品的质量和使用寿命.本文从胶片的来源种类来分析PVB胶片对夹层玻璃质量的影响,希望有助于中国玻璃深加工行业健康的发展.     

安全玻璃夹层用PVB膜片生产工艺配方的设计

采用胶片级聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)树脂为基础树脂,选用了不同的增塑剂和助剂,制成了夹层玻璃所用的膜片,分析了工艺流程中各原材料对产品质量的影响。实验表明,PVB树脂颗粒须粒径均匀,不同用途的夹层玻璃需选用不同的增塑剂,同时进行相应生产工艺的调整,才能实现稳定连续的生产。     

聚乙烯醇缩丁醛的合成新工艺

通过对聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)的合成工艺进行改进,并在不加任何乳化剂的条件下,制得了完全粉末状的PVB产品;将其用于夹层安全玻璃的制备,则雾度值为0.41%,完全符合夹层安全玻璃的使用要求;并讨论了各因素对PVB产量的影响。实验结果表明,当m(PVA)∶m(正丁醛)∶V(HCl)=100 g∶56 g∶15 mL时,PVB的产量最高,其乙烯醇缩丁醛含量可达77.7%。     

PVB光致变色夹层安全玻璃的制备及性能研究

以1,2,3,3-四甲基吲哚啉碘化物和5-硝基水杨醛为原料合成了光致变色吲哚啉螺吡喃化合物,并将其制成了一种PVB光致变色夹层安全玻璃,对其抗冲击强度性能和光照前后紫外可见光谱进行了分析测试。结果表明,所制备的PVB夹层安全玻璃符合GB9 962-1999中对安全玻璃强度的技术要求,同时还具有调光作用和光致变色性能。     

Influence of glass mechanical strengthening on the adhesion properties of poly(vinyl butyral) films to a float glass surface

The effects of various methods of mechanical strengthening of glass on the adhesion properties of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) film to a float glass surface were investigated. The mechanisms of the influence of the strengthening processes on the adhesion properties were analyzed. The influence of different types of pretreatment of the glass surface on the adhesion of the polymer films was also considered. It was shown that ion-exchange strengthening followed by treatment with an alkaline water solution provided the best combination of high mechanical strength of glass and good adhesion of the PVB films to the glass surface. Metal-oxide coatings on float glass increased the mechanical strength of glass but decreased the adhesion strength between the polymer and glass. The adhesion of PVB to the metal-oxide layers was determined not only by the chemical composition of the layers, but also by the method of layers formation, the type of glass surface pretreatment, and the nature of the intermediate layer between the metal-oxide layer and the glass surface.     

Autonomic self‐healing of poly(vinyl butyral)

The self‐healing behavior of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) is evaluated below the glass transition temperature T_g. It is found that PVB shows autonomic self‐healing even at room temperature, although T_g is around at 76°C. Furthermore, a large amount of water is found to be adsorbed on the surface of the film. This is attributed to the surface localization of hydroxyl group in PVB, which is confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Since the surface is plasticized by water, the scar applied by a razor blade is healed even in the glassy state of the bulk. Moreover, the healing efficiency is enhanced at high humidity condition, owing to the pronounced plasticizing effect by water. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42008.     

透视PVB夹层玻璃及其市场

当今设计住宅、商业等设施时主要考虑建筑物的功能、审美和可建造性,但是建筑物中大量使用的玻璃材料是建筑物结构中较为薄弱的环节,必须要对低概率的自然灾害和恶性供给予以考虑。从现在的大型商场、机场、银行等对安全方面的要求,开始使用了PVB夹层玻璃,而且是先钢化后夹胶的玻璃制品,因此夹层玻璃市场发展前景广阔。针对夹层玻璃的结构和功能,叙述了PVB夹层玻璃的性能和特点、PVB玻璃的产品品种及应用领域,分别介绍了建筑用PVB夹层玻璃和车用PVB夹层玻璃,同时指出了PVB夹层玻璃的市场商机。     

Adhesion of Plasticized Polyvinyl Butyral) to Glass

A study of safety glass provides a good example of the interplay among the many physical properties involved in “adhesion”, and the relationship between adhesion and performance. This work demonstrates the value of applying known fundamentals to practical problems.

An idealized model of a windshield fracture event is described in terms of interactions among mechanical responses of the interlayer, the fracture characteristics of the glass and the high speed, low angle peel behavior.

Data on the surface energies of glass, polyvinyl butyral) and water show that at thermodynamic equilibrium a stable system comprising glass, water and polyvinyl butyral) phases, an aqueous phase must lie between the glass and PVB.

The potassium salts are shown to be effective because they are deliquescent and give solutions at equilibrium with the water in the PVB at water contents of ∼0.40% or higher. The greater the amount of salt at the interface and the higher the water content of the sheeting during lamination, the thicker the interfacial layer and delamination occurs more readily. This relationship is quantified using a modified form of the Stefan equation.

Data on diffusion of water and salt are shown to be consistent with the amount of salt at the interface required for the observed performance (∼ 3 mg KAc/m²).

Data on electrical resistivity of the interface correlate with peel force and provide convincing support for the hypothesis.     

具降低噪音和音质改善功能的柴油车用隔音挡风玻璃

简要介绍了标准PVB中间膜挡风玻璃的结构和原理,重点介绍了一种首孚信^TM公司新开发的增强型隔音PVB中间膜挡风玻璃,分析、比较了两种挡风玻璃的声传递特性。因为柴油引擎发出的噪音大于汽油动力的引擎,所以本文通过在柴油车上测试隔音PVB中间膜挡风玻璃是否能和在汽油动力汽车上一样降低风噪和公路噪音,结果表明,增强型隔音PVB中间膜挡风玻璃隔音降噪效果好,且重量更轻,可满足汽车改善车内环境、节能的要求。     

Preparation of laminated safety glass based on high strength polyurethane film by solution annealing

Compared with the traditional polyvinyl butyral (PVB) laminated glass, the polyurethane (PU) based laminated glass has the advantages of higher impact strength and longer service life. Thus, aromatic polyurethane films have attracted more attentions in recent years due to their high light transmittance, adhesion and functionality. In this paper, the tensile strength of polyurethane films based on bis(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl)-methane (HMDI) have been increased from 27 to 51 MPa and their elongation at break have been increased from 330% to 525% after solvent annealing in toluene. It is attributed to molecular segments with high crystallization and hydrogen bond formation of PU, which are confirmed by FT-IR and XRD characterization. Based on this, laminated glasses with higher impact strength based on the thermoplastic polyurethane films are constructed successfully.     

有机光致变色夹胶玻璃

首先制备了螺旋吡喃类有机光致变色粉,并用该变色粉合成了PVB光致变色胶片和有机光致变色夹胶玻璃样品。测量了该有机光致变色夹胶玻璃样品在光照3min前后的可见光透光率变化情况,并推算其遮阳系数及隔热效果等。     

使用PVB膜片作为安全玻璃夹层的常见问题与改进方法

研究了聚乙烯醇缩丁醛（PVB）膜片、浮法玻璃和夹玻工艺对夹层安全玻璃的影响,探讨夹玻的各个工序中出现不正常的原因,并提出解决问题的应对方法,提高了最终制品的质量,实现夹玻的科学生产.     

Numerical analysis of the peel test for characterisation of interfacial debonding in laminated glass

Laminated safety glass is widely used in construction and as automotive windshield. When the glass plies break under dynamic loading, the adhesion between the glass plies and the interlayer is key to achieving the required safety performance. However, direct measurement of the interfacial adhesive properties is not possible with the existing test methods. In corresponding calculations, material behaviour is often simplified, which leads to inaccurate results. In this article, a finite element model for the 90° peel testing of laminated glass is studied. Hydrogen bonding at the interface between poly-vinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer and glass is represented in the model by a cohesive zone. It is seen that the experimentally measured peel force can successfully be matched by the simulations, but several combinations of variables can give the same result. Therefore, a parameter study is performed to establish the influence of each variable. It is found that the peel arm, consisting of the PVB and an aluminium backing foil, cannot be regarded as a thin film. Furthermore, the exact shape of the traction-separation law governing the cohesive zone has negligible influence on the simulation results, whereas the combination of interfacial strength and fracture energy fully characterises the delamination. The simulation results show that small-strain material behaviour can no longer be assumed for the PVB material in the vicinity of the crack tip.     

Dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of polypropylene/poly(vinyl butyral)/mica composites

Three-component composites consisting of polypropylene (PP) matrix, poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) modifier, and mica filler at various ratios of matrix to modifies and a constant mica content (30 wt %) were prepared by using two different kinds of PVB, viz., PVB and PVB-P. By correlating with the morphology, the dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of the composites are studied in detail. PVB component in PP/PVB/mica composites cannot display a reinforcing effect to PP/mica binary composites, while impact strength of the composites are reduced further. It associates with incompatibility between PP and PVB, and as well as higher glass transition temperature of PVB. For PP/PVB-P/mica composites, stiffness decreases and, meanwhile, impact strength increases when PVB-P content is 7 wt %. The improvement of impact strength on PP/mica binary composites at the composition is due to a little affinity between the PP matrix and the plasticizer of PVB-P. Moreover, a minor amount of PP-g-MA in the 63/7/30 PP/PVB/mica composites only acts as an adhesion promoter. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 2003–2011, 1997     

Polycarbonate blends with styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers

Lap shear adhesion between laminated sheets of polycarbonate and styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers exhibits a sharp maximum when the acrylonitrile content of the copolymers is in the range of 25–27% by weight. Observations of shifts in glass transitions of the two phases in melt-mixed polycarbonate/SAN blends suggest partial miscibility of one polymer in the other, and this solubility is at a maximum when the SAN copolymer has an acrylonitrile content in the same range causing maximum adhesion. Mechanical properties of injection-molded blends of polycarbonate with various SAN copolymers were also best when the acrylonitrile content was the same as that giving maximum adhesion. The partial miscibility behavior in blends as a function of acrylonitrile content of the copolymer is explained qualitatively in terms of a simple binary interaction model.     

Study of the relationship between thermal insulation behavior and microstructure of a fire‐resistant gel containing silica during heating

Adding a transparent gel containing silica between 2 sheets of glass could improve the fire resistance of laminated glazing by its thermal intumescent behavior at high temperature. In this study, a custom fire test shows that the glazing reaches the highest thermal insulation rating of 40 minutes when the molar ratio of SiO₂ and Na₂O in the gel is 4.0, but above this ratio, the thermal insulation rating of the glazing decreases with the increasing silica content. Thermal and scanning electron microscopic analyses have been used to investigate the thermal behavior and microstructure of the residual layer, respectively. The results indicate that, although the high silica content is responsible for the high amount of residue that is essential in the formation of a protection barrier between fire‐exposed and unexposed sides of the glass, it is not the only factor that resulted in the improved thermal insulation of the glazing.