杨房沟水电站地下厂房围岩稳定分析

杨房沟水电站地下厂房是典型的大跨度、高边墙地下洞室群,工程区地质条件较复杂,高边墙及洞室间岩柱的稳定性是洞室设计的关键。根据地应力测试数据,采用边界位移条件回归方法,构造出厂区初始地应力场。采用FLAC3D软件对洞室群围岩稳定进行计算分析,获得洞周围岩变形与应力特征、塑性区分布及支护结构的受力状态,对地下厂房洞室群围岩稳定性做出评价,为洞室设计提供了科学依据与技术指导。     

Effects of anisotropic permeability of fractured rock masses on underground oil storage caverns

An isotropic assumption is often applied to analyze permeability tests of in situ fractured rock mass, and the homogeneous hydraulic conductivities are then used directly in the seepage analysis. However, the hydraulic conductivities are normally anisotropic in fractured rock masses and the effects of the anisotropic permeability should be taken into account in rock engineering analysis, especially for seepage analysis of underground oil storage caverns. In this study, an underground oil storage cavern project is analyzed and the Oda’s method is used to determine the anisotropy in permeability, where the anisotropy in permeability is determined using the fracture orientation and the in situ stress information from the field survey. The horizontal hydraulic conductivities are obtained based on the geometric average hydraulic conductivities from the injection tests of six boreholes. A typical cavern unit is numerical modeled using code FLAC. The effects of anisotropic permeability on water pressure, water quantities and critical gas pressure are studied carefully. The results indicate that most calculated results based on in situ hydraulic tests with isotropic permeability assumption can be used safely in the underground oil storage cavern project.     

溪洛渡水电站超大型地下厂房洞室群岩体工程控制与监测

 金沙江溪洛渡水电站地下厂房洞室群规模巨大,结构复杂,玄武岩组内层间与层内错动带致使岩体非连续性是主要地质问题。采用损伤弹塑性数值方法对围岩稳定性进行分析,确定洞室开挖顺序和支护参数。精细化施工组织,严格控制开挖对岩体的损伤范围,并保证洞室轮廓的良好成型。及时对监测数据进行分析和反演分析,对支护工作量进行动态设计。开挖过程中,位移和应力变化规律较好;开挖完成后,位移和应力总量值较小,洞室围岩稳定性良好。溪洛渡地下厂房洞室群规模为我国已建和在建工程之首,总结其设计、开挖与支护,监测与反演等岩体工程控制措施,对类似工程具有指导和借鉴作用。     

高地应力条件下大型地下洞室群稳定性综合研究

 从认识论的角度提出数值仿真技术服务于地下工程实践的PFP分析方法,并随拉西瓦水电站地下厂房工程开挖进度分3个阶段对洞群围岩稳定性进行系统地分析和预测。研究成果表明：在高地应力硬岩洞室群开挖过程中,不同部位围岩位移具有明显的空间差异性和时间渐变性;岩体中应力表现出一定的波动性、转移性;多洞室交叉使得围岩松弛区域具有一定的特殊性;围岩破损模式和深度也具有区域差异性等。其成果为洞室开挖与围岩支护改进提供了科学依据,也被实际洞室开挖过程揭示的变形规律和围岩开裂、掉块等破坏模式所证实。这些高地应力下硬岩力学行为规律对其他类似地下工程围岩稳定性研究也具有较好的借鉴意义。     

地下洞室开挖松动圈评估方法研究

 采用数值方法分析地下洞室开挖后的岩体塑性开裂区,与实际情况差异较大;主要取决于选择的塑性流动判别准则,因此采用声波测试确定围岩松动圈,界定标准存在一定的模糊性和经验性,实际操作困难也较大。根据围岩松动的主要影响因素,结合实验研究成果,基于施工开挖的声波资料,在统计分析的基础上给出洞室松动圈判别的数学模型。根据监测资料,通过挖掘数据发展的潜在规律,运用监测位移时间和空间上的特性,提出主级松动、松动扩展百分比等新概念。该方法为洞室围岩整体性稳定和围岩松动评判拓展新的思路,并为地下厂房洞室的监测资料分析和开挖质量评估,提供有效方法,同时对其他类似工程也提供一定的借鉴作用。     

Latest technology of underground rock cavern excavation in Japan

Four major projects with large-scale rock underground caverns are discussed in this report; two hydropower stations, one underground oil storage facility and one underground museum in Japan. The technology applied to the construction of these caverns have some unique characteristics and can be applied to various other underground uses for different purposes and applied to larger-scale underground rock caverns with different geological and in situ stress conditions. Generally, construction of an underground cavern is comprised of five major activities: geological investigation; cavern stability analysis; initial rock support design; excavation works; and redesign of rock support according to the observational construction method. Weighted factors allocated among these factors should be established based on the rock properties and the purpose of the underground cavern use, which would define the major characteristics of the construction project. This report discusses some of major characteristics of these projects in Japan.     

地下洞室围岩顶拱承载力学机制及稳定拱设计方法

 受枢纽布置和地形地质条件的限制,三峡工程地下厂房布置于右岸白岩尖山体中,主厂房洞室上覆岩体最薄处仅1倍厂房跨度,显然不满足现行规范关于上覆岩体厚度不小于2倍开挖宽度的要求。对于这类浅埋式的大跨度高边墙地下厂房,在上覆岩体厚度有限及一定初始应力条件下,洞室顶拱的稳定性是必须解决的首要技术问题。从岩体结构、岩体强度和地应力水平对围岩稳定性控制的角度出发,通过对地下厂房洞室围岩顶拱承载力学机制的研究,提出地下洞室岩体稳定拱的定义及其存在的力学条件,给出地下洞室岩体稳定拱的确定方法,分析采用地下洞室岩体稳定拱确定上覆岩体厚度的可行性,形成一套确定浅埋式地下厂房洞室埋置深度的稳定拱设计方法。研究结果表明,三峡工程地下厂房顶拱围岩具备形成稳定拱的埋深条件和水平应力等条件,形成稳定拱的最小埋深约为2/3倍洞跨,在上覆岩体中形成稳定拱的最小水平侧压系数应大于1.5,而最大水平侧压系数不宜高于3.0。据此进行主厂房顶拱设计,多年的应用成效显示,地下厂房顶拱围岩是稳定安全的,表明三峡工程地下厂房顶拱在既定的围岩强度、岩体结构以及初始地应力水平等条件下,采用稳定拱设计方法确定洞室上覆岩体厚度是合适、可靠的,能够保障洞室围岩稳定,满足工程安全的要求,可为解决大型浅埋洞室的设计提供理论基础和科学依据。     

岩石应变软化模型在深埋隧洞数值分析中的应用

 随着地下洞室的大量兴建,且埋深越来越深,深埋地下洞室的开挖稳定性问题显得非常重要。针对深埋隧洞围岩特殊的力学特性表现,采用应变软化模型进行数值分析更为合适。首先,对深埋隧洞围岩力学特性和岩石应变软化模型进行简单分析,并且通过数值加载试验分析了Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性模型和应变软化模型计算得到岩石应力–应变关系之间的区别。然后,对简单圆形深埋隧洞进行数值分析,对比分析了Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性模型和应变软化模型计算结果之间的差别,分析主要针对围岩的变形、塑性区和安全系数。最后,采用应变软化模型对两家人水电站深埋地下洞室群进行计算分析,对该地下洞室群的开挖稳定性进行评价。计算结果表明,调压室主室两侧边墙和各洞室连接处的变形较大,较其他地方更危险,需要加强对调压室主室边墙和各洞室连接处的支护强度。     

节理岩体地下洞室稳定性的静动力响应分析

节理岩体地下洞室在地震作用下的安全响应是众多专家学者关注的问题之一,本文针对该问题采用三维离散元法研究节理地下洞室的稳定性,建立了一个含节理组的地下洞室模型进行分析研究。分别对洞室开挖后在常规荷载作用下的响应、洞室开挖后在地震荷载作用下的响应以及开挖支护后在地震荷载作用下的响应等三种工况进行模拟,得出了洞室在三种工况下的应力和位移变化情况。研究表明:地震对洞室的破坏非常大且时间短暂,支护后的洞室围岩能够使破坏时间延迟,在一定时间内增强了洞室围岩的抗震能力。本文的工作不仅对含节理的地下洞室开挖后的围岩变形和支护提供借鉴,而且对地下洞室和隧道的抗震设计具有指导意义。     

Back analysis of long-term stability of a 92 m span ancient quarrying cavern

Long-term stability of large-span caverns is a challenging issue for design and construction of underground rock engineering. The Heidong cavern group consisting of 21 caverns was constructed about 1400 years ago for quarrying in massive Cretaceous tuff. The cavern No. 5 of the Heidong cavern group is characterized by an unsupported span up to 92 m, with the overburden thickness of only 3–25 m. To analyze its long-term stability, a detailed investigation was conducted to obtain its geometry and rock mass characteristics, and to monitor surrounding rock displacements. Based on field survey and laboratory tests, numerical simulations were performed using the finite difference code FLAC^3D. The analysis results revealed that for the long-term stability of the cavern No. 5, some major factors should be carefully considered, such as cavern excavation method in hard massive rocks, site investigation using trial pits, tools like short iron chisel and hammer for manual excavation, geometric dome roof, and waste rocks within abutment or on the floor. The highlights of the technologies obtained from this large-scale ancient underground project can provide reference for other similar project excavations in practice.     

北盘江电站地下厂房群施工过程数值分析

以北盘江一级水电站地下厂房群为例,依据工程区区域地质条件与水文地质条件并结合实际开挖方式与开挖顺序,成功地在ADINA中实现了三维仿真数值模型的建立。采用应力试算法对模型边界处初始地应力进行拟合,在分析区域构造特征、现场实测数据和前期研究成果的基础上,通过对重力场模型的竖向边界上同时施加水平方向对称梯度应力,所取得的拟合效果最佳。洞室开挖完成后,洞周块体的水平位移均指向下游;围岩位移收敛速度较快,时效特征不显著。由于顶部局部软弱带的影响,致使该区洞室围岩变形稍大,但洞室整体稳定状况良好。最后,将位移现场监控数据与模拟结果进行了对比分析,结果说明所建模型可靠度高,可为洞室设计提供科学依据与技术指导。     

Micromechanics-based continuum model for a jointed rock mass and excavation analyses of a large-scale cavern

An analysis method that can grasp the behavior of a rock mass is necessary to establish a rational method for designing and constructing large-scale caverns. In underground excavation, sliding and opening of joints due to stress relaxation are considered to be the governing mechanisms of the behavior of a jointed rock mass. In the present study, a micromechanics-based continuum model of a jointed rock mass is proposed and an analysis method for underground excavation is developed. To examine the performance of the proposed method, the excavation of Shiobara power station cavern constructed by the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Ltd. is analyzed and results are compared to measured data. In numerical results, for instance, displacement of the measurement facilities during excavation are in good agreement with measured data.     

Back-analysis of rock mass strength parameters using AE monitoring data

Most back-analyses in geotechnical engineering are based on methods that utilize field displacement monitoring data. In the present study, a novel method is developed to back-calculate rock mass strength parameters from AE (acoustic emission) monitoring data in combination with FEM stress analysis. The method is based on the important concept of generalized AE initiation threshold of rock masses, established from comprehensive data analysis of laboratory test and underground monitoring programs using AE and microseismic (MS) techniques. An easy-to-use Wizard is developed in Microsoft Excel™ to assist site engineers to perform the back-analysis. The efficient solver in Excel is utilized to reach the optimization solution of an objective function with constraints. The Wizard allows the user to complete the analysis process in an interactive fashion. One example is given to demonstrate the back-analysis process using AE monitoring data recorded from a cavern site. The rock mass strength parameters identified from this approach compare well with field test data, suggesting that the tool can be used effectively to back-calculate rock mass strength parameters from AE monitoring data.     

Stability analysis of underground oil storage caverns by an integrated numerical and microseismic monitoring approach

Underground storage in unlined caverns is of great significance for storing energy resources. Construction of underground storage caverns is an extremely complex process, involving extensive multi-bench excavation and strong unloading. Excavation-induced damage of surrounding rock masses may lead to instability of underground storage caverns. The aim of this paper is to put forward a method by integrating numerical simulation and microseismic monitoring for evaluation of cavern stability. A novel numerical method called Continuous–Discontinuous Element Method (CDEM) is applied to simulate micro-cracks under excavation-induced unloading conditions. Meanwhile, a microseismic (MS) monitoring system is employed to monitor real-time MS events during construction of storage caverns. Numerical results are validated using the monitoring data from the MS monitoring system. The integrated method is proved to be successful in capturing micro-cracks in underground storage caverns. Local instability, potential unstable zones and micro-crack evolution are analyzed, and cracking mechanisms are also discussed.     

Assessment of excavation damaged zone using a micromechanics model

It is well known that acoustic emission (AE) and microseismic (MS) events are indicators of rock fracturing or damage as the rock is brought to failure at high stress. By capturing the microseismic events, underground excavation induced rock mass degradation or damage can be located. The use of microseismic method has been shown as a valuable tool in a number of nuclear waste repository research programs to monitor the extent of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ), but most of the works are limited to a qualitative assessment.This paper presents a study on the quantification of the degree of damage, in terms of crack density calculated from the crack length, and the extent, in terms of crack density distribution, from microseismic event monitoring data. The approach builds on the finding that a realistic crack size corresponding to a microseismic event can be established by applying a tensile cracking model instead of the traditional shear model, commonly used in earthquake data analysis. It can be shown that brittle rock failure is the result of tensile crack initiation, propagation, accumulation, and interaction. Tensile stress can be generated in a confined rock with heterogeneous material properties. When a crack is formed by tensile cracking in this fashion, its orientation tends to become parallel to the direction of maximum compressive stress. A method is developed to take microseismic event monitoring data as input to determine the damage state and the extent of the EDZ by crack distribution. Based on the crack orientation and crack density information, the rock is modeled by a micro-mechanics based constitutive model which considers the anisotropic material properties. Numerical examples are presented using field monitoring data from a tunnel in granite to demonstrate how microseismicity can be quantitatively linked to dynamic rock mass properties.     

基于围岩松动圈的地下工程参数场位移反分析

 受爆破松动影响,地下洞室开挖后围岩强度会有所降低,根据松动损伤程度将其视为一个连续的三维“参数场”。由围岩松动圈的形成机制,分析地下洞室开挖后松动圈的计算方法,提出考虑松动圈的围岩参数场增量位移反分析法。针对岩土工程反分析计算量巨大的实际问题,对反演计算过程进行了基于MPI的主从式并行框架改进,运用计算机集群网络进行并行计算,减少了迭代计算次数和计算耗时,极大地提高了计算效率。通过对溪洛渡水电站右岸地下厂房的参数反演,得到了较好的反演效果,验证了此法的可行性和合理性。依据反演得到的参数场对现有支护设计及洞室围岩稳定状态进行评价,并对后续开挖进行预测,为工程设计施工提出合理建议,为地下工程参数反演提供了一种新方法和新思路。     

深埋超大跨度地下洞室围岩稳定性研究

在深埋超大跨度地下洞室的开挖过程中,若支护方式和开挖方法不合理,易导致坍塌、大变形等失稳破坏现象,保证洞室的稳定性是施工过程中的核心任务,而现阶段国内外尚无明确标准对于地下洞室的稳定性定量分析,本文采用强度折减法对于深埋超大跨度洞室围岩稳定进行理论研究,得到了不同围岩等级下的安全系数,并对地下洞室破坏形态进行研究,为支护设计提供参考。     

巨型地下洞室脆性围岩高应力破裂防治措施研究

脆性岩体高应力破裂是西部水电地下工程面临的主要岩石力学问题之一。依托世界最大规模的白鹤滩地下厂房洞室群,在概括高应力条件和玄武岩脆性特征基础上,说明了地下洞室围岩破裂破坏形式。采用3DEC中围岩能量释放等指标,研究了洞群布置、体形优化等宏观策略;依据围岩高应力集中特征,分析了开挖程序和支护时机等应对措施。结果表明,针对构造应力占主导的地下工程,可研设计应尽可能使主要洞室轴线与σ⁰₁小角度相交、宜选择双向成拱的圆筒形体形、保证顶拱曲率与应力拱相适应,并且,在施工期应尽可能沿σ⁰₁方向优先开挖、对应力集中的顶拱开挖不宜过多分幅、河谷应力条件下应优先开挖临江侧,此外,必须充分利用掌子面效应及时支护,抑制脆性岩体破裂扩展和时效变形。工程实践表明,防治脆性围岩高应力破裂的战略性措施能够降低洞室群围岩产生破裂破坏的总体风险,而战术性措施能够减小支护代价,提升工程安全性和经济合理性。     

海岛地下水封洞库围岩稳定性及水封可靠性研究

为提高我国的石油储备量及海岛资源利用率,在海岛环境建造地下水封油库成为了一种新的思路。海岛环境相比于内陆具有更好的水力条件,且可作为港口,便于油品运输。以某海岛地下水封油库为依托,基于流固耦合理论,采用有限元数值模拟方法对海岛环境建造地下水封洞库的围岩稳定性和水封可靠性进行研究。结果表明:在海岛环境建造地下水封洞库围岩的应力和位移均较小,可以满足围岩稳定性要求;在不设置水幕系统情况下,开挖地下洞库会在洞库上方形成明显的降落漏斗,部分洞库顶部甚至发生疏干现象,无法满足水封可靠性要求;在设置水幕系统后,地下洞库上方可形成较大厚度的地下水覆盖层,可以满足水封可靠性要求。该成果对在海岛环境下建造地下水封洞库的研究具有借鉴意义。     

考虑流固耦合的地下储油洞库稳定性研究

应力场与渗流场耦合是影响水封式地下储油洞库群稳定性的重要因素之一。洞库群的开挖导致形成区域地下水降落漏斗,因此储库水封系统必须保证稳定的地下水位。以“黄岛地下水封洞库工程”的设计方案为模型,基于流固耦合分析理论,采用有限差分软件Flac3D进行数值模拟,主要分析了饱和水状态下,渗流场对洞库周围围岩应力、位移变形和孔隙水压力的影响,并确定合理的水封方案和最优的水封巷道高度。文中所得结论对实际地下洞库群的设计施工具有一定的参考价值。