Mitigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Machined 304L Stainless Steel Through Laser Peening

The paper describes an experimental study aimed at suppressing stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of machined 304L stainless steel specimens through laser shock peening. The study also evaluates a new approach of oblique laser shock peening to suppress stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of internal surface of type 304L stainless steel tube. The results of the study, performed with an indigenously developed 2.5 J/7 ns Nd:YAG laser, demonstrated that laser shock peening effectively suppresses chloride stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of machined surface of type 304L stainless steel. In the investigated range of incident laser power density (3.2-6.4 GW/cm²), machined specimens peened with power density of 4.5 and 6.4 GW/cm² displayed lower stress corrosion cracking susceptibility considerably than those treated with 3.2 and 3.6 GW/cm² in boiling magnesium chloride test. Oblique laser shock peening, performed on machined internal surface of a type 304L stainless steel tube (OD = 111 mm; ID = 101 mm), was successful in introducing residual compressive surface stresses which brought about significant suppression of its stress corrosion cracking susceptibility. The technique of oblique laser shock peening, in spite of its inherent limitations on the length of peened region being limited by tube internal diameter and the need for access from both the sides, presents a simplified approach for peening internal surface of small tubular components.     

Determination of Strain Rate Sensitivity of Micro-struts Manufactured Using the Selective Laser Melting Method

Micro-lattice structures manufactured using the selective laser melting (SLM) process provides the opportunity to realize optimal cellular materials for impact energy absorption. In this paper, strain rate-dependent material properties are measured for stainless steel 316L SLM micro-lattice struts in the strain rate range of 10^?3 to 6000 s^?1. At high strain rates, a novel version of the split Hopkinson Bar has been developed. Strain rate-dependent materials data have been used in Cowper–Symonds material model, and the scope and limit of this model in the context of SLM struts have been discussed. Strain rate material data and the Cowper–Symonds model have been applied to the finite element analysis of a micro-lattice block subjected to drop weight impact loading. The model output has been compared to experimental results, and it has been shown that the increase in crush stress due to impact loading is mainly the result of strain rate material behavior. Hence, a systematic methodology has been developed to investigate the impact energy absorption of a micro-lattice structure manufactured using additive layer manufacture (SLM). This methodology can be extended to other micro-lattice materials and configurations, and to other impact conditions.     

High Manganese and Aluminum Steels for the Military and Transportation Industry

Lightweight advanced high strength steels (AHSS) with aluminum contents between 4 and 12 weight percent have been the subject of intense interest in the last decade because of an excellent combination of high strain rate toughness coupled with up to a 17% reduction in density. Fully austenitic cast steels with a nominal composition of Fe-30%Mn-9%Al-0.9%C are almost 15% less dense than quenched and tempered Cr-Mo steels (SAE 4130) with equivalent strengths and dynamic fracture toughness. This article serves as a review of the tensile and high-strain-rate fracture properties associated mainly with silicon additions to this base composition. In the solution-treated condition, cast steels have high work-hardening rates with elongations up to 64%, room-temperature Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact energies up to 200 J, and dynamic fracture toughness over 700 kJ/m². Silicon additions in the range of 0.59–1.56% Si have no significant effect on the mechanical properties of solution-treated steels but increased the tensile strength and hardness during aging. For steels aged at 530°C to an average hardness of 310 Brinell hardness number, HBW, increasing the amount of silicon from 1.07% to 1.56% decreased the room temperature CVN breaking energy from 92 J to 68 J and the dynamic fracture toughness from 376 kJ/m² to 265 kJ/m². Notch toughness is a strong function of phosphorus content, decreasing the solution-treated CVN impact toughness from 200 J in a 0.006% P steel to 28 J in a 0.07% P steel. For age-hardened steels with 1% Si, increasing levels of phosphorus from 0.001% to 0.043% decreased the dynamic fracture toughness from 376 kJ/m² to 100 kJ/m².     

Effect of 0.1 wt.% Co on the Hot Deformation and Toughness of Fine-Grained Low-Carbon Steel at Sub-zero Temperatures

The effect of 0.1 wt.% Co on the hot deformation behavior of fine-grained low-carbon microalloyed steel was investigated at temperatures of 850-1200 °C and a strain rate of 5 s^?1. Furthermore, the toughness of the steel with and without Co at sub-zero temperatures was evaluated. The results suggest that the addition of 0.1 wt.% Co increases the flow stress and delays the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) at the same deformation temperature and strain. The DRX fraction of steel specimens without and with 0.1 wt.% Co was about 67.4 and 43.9% at 850 °C, respectively. Then, it increased to 100% at 1100 °C. Compared with steel without Co, cementite particles in the tempered sorbite of steel with 0.1 wt.% Co decreased in size but increased in quantity, yield strength increased from 756 to 787 MPa, and Charpy V-notch energy at ? 20 and ? 50 °C improved from 69 and 41 to 102 and 65 J, respectively. The fracture morphology and crack propagation characteristics were consistent with the variation in impact energy.     

10Ni5CrMoV钢错位同步双面双弧焊接接头抗低温脆断性能

文中采用系列温度冲击试验、动态撕裂（Dynamic Tear, DT）试验和落锤试验研究了10Ni5CrMoV钢错位同步双面双弧焊接接头的抗低温脆断性能.结果表明,10Ni5CrMoV钢双面双弧焊接接头抗脆性转变能力满足服役要求.双面双弧焊接接头的熔合线位置的冲击吸收功满足10Ni5CrMoV钢焊接接头A_kv（-50℃）≥47 J的技术指标要求,且余量较大;-1℃时焊接接头动态撕裂能最低值为1 150 J,高于配套焊接材料0℃时DT功大于644 J的要求;落锤试验确定10Ni5CrMoV钢焊缝金属无塑性转变温度（Nil-Ductility Temperature）为-80℃,焊缝的弹性断裂转变温度Fracture Transtiton of Elastic（FTE）为-47℃,全塑性断裂转变温度Farcture Transition Temperature（FTP）为-14℃.     

Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Thermal-Sprayed Stainless Steel-Coated Q235 Steel in Simulated Soil Solutions

The corrosion behavior of a thermal-sprayed stainless steel (SS)-coated Q235 steel has been investigated in simulated soil solutions using electrochemical measurements, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, and scanning electron microscope. The as-received Q235 steel and galvanized steel for grounding grids were also examined for the purpose of comparison. The effects of pH value of testing solutions have been examined. The thermal-sprayed SS-coated steel showed the best corrosion resistance among the three kinds of materials. With increasing pH value, the corrosion resistance of SS-coated Q235 steel increased. In weak alkaline solutions, the SS-coated Q235 steel showed the largest polarization resistance (3.2 × 10⁵ Ω cm²), the lowest anodic current density (1.4 × 10^?2 μA/cm²), and the largest film resistance (4.5 × 10⁶ Ω cm²), suggesting that the coated steel has the best corrosion resistance in weak alkaline environment. Related corrosion mechanisms are also discussed.     

SLM成形17-4PH不锈钢微观组织与动态断裂性能

通过激光选区熔化(selective laser melting, SLM)技术制备了17-4PH不锈钢,采用电子背散射衍射(electron backscattered diffraction, EBSD)和透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)等方法对沉积态和固溶态试样微观组织结构进行了分析.通过示波冲击试验确定了裂纹萌生扩展的特征阶段和动态裂纹扩展阻力曲线(J-R曲线),研究了微观组织与动态断裂性能之间的关系.结果表明,沉积态试样主要由<100>择优且沿增材方向拉长的δ铁素体柱状晶、取向随机的细小马氏体,以及少量奥氏体组成,不同截面具有显著的组织各向异性;大尺寸δ铁素体柱状晶与细小晶粒的结合面作为薄弱环节,使其脆性增加,J-R曲线的撕裂模量较低,以准解理方式断裂.固溶热处理明显弱化组织各向异性,微观组织由尺寸细小、均匀的马氏体组成,其冲击吸收能量提升1倍,动态断裂韧性优良,属于韧性断裂.大尺寸δ铁素体柱状晶与周围细小马氏体晶粒界面结合较弱是沉积态17-4PH不锈钢动态断裂性能较差的主要原因.     

2205双相不锈钢的织构对冲击韧度的影响

对2205双相不锈钢进行不同温度的固溶处理试验和改锻试验。研究了试验钢-46℃的冲击吸收能量,冲击试样断口的宏观形貌及纵截面和横截面的显微组织。结果表明,未经改锻的试验钢由于无明显的锻造织构,冲击试样断口基本是结晶状断口,经1050℃、1100℃和1150℃保温1 h固溶处理后冲击吸收能量均为20 J左右;试验钢改锻后,形成明显的锻造织构,冲击吸收能量提高到70 J,再经1050℃保温1 h固溶处理后冲击断口有明显纤维区,冲击吸收能量进一步升高到150 J。     

Impact toughness of tungsten films deposited on martensite stainless steel

Tungsten films were deposited on stainless steel Charpy specimens by magnetron sputtering followed by electron beam heat treatment. Charpy impact tests and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the ductile-brittle transition behavior of the specimens. With decreasing test temperature the fracture mode was transformed from ductile to brittle for both kinds of specimens with and without W films. The data of the crack initiation energy, crack propagation energy, impact absorbing energy, fracture time and deflection as well as the fracture morphologies at test temperature of-70 ℃ show that W films can improve the impact toughness of stainless steel.     

铈对S32750超级双相不锈钢低温冲击性能的影响

通过夏比冲击和示波冲击方法分析了两种Ce含量S32750超级双相不锈钢在20~－100 ℃范围内的冲击吸收能量及能量构成差异,利用Aspex自动扫描电镜分析仪、SEM、EDS研究了Ce对钢中夹杂物的改性行为及冲击断裂行为的影响。结果表明:高Ce试验钢的抗低温冲击断裂性能明显优于低Ce试验钢,前者韧脆转变温度相较后者下降16 ℃;Ce的添加使得试验钢－80 ℃冲击吸收能量提高45 J,其主要源于裂纹扩展能W_p的提升(76%)。冲击断口形貌观察和夹杂物分析结果显示,低Ce试验钢在－80 ℃冲击断口表现为完全解理断裂;相较于低Ce试验钢,高Ce试验钢中Al₂O₃夹杂显著减少,多为改性后的铈铝氧复合夹杂;硬脆Al₂O₃夹杂数量的减少有效改善了钢的冲击性能。     

Numerical Modeling of Ti Deformation for the Development of a Titanium and Stainless Steel Transition Joint

Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to model the joining of titanium grade 2 (Ti) to AISI 321 stainless steel (SS) transition joint of lap configuration with grooves at the interface on SS side. The hot forming of Ti for filling the grooves without defects was simulated. FEA involving large plastic flow with sticking friction condition was initially validated using compression test on cylindrical specimen at 900 °C. The barreled shape and a no-deformation zone in the sample predicted by FEA matched with those of the compression experiments. For the joining process, FEA computed the distribution of strain and hydrostatic stress in Ti and the minimum ram load required for a defect-free joint. The hot forming parameters for Ti to fill the grooves without defects and any geometrical distortion of the die were found to be 0.001 s^?1 at 900 °C. Using these conditions a defect-free Ti-SS joint was experimentally produced.     

Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Fracture Simulation of Solution-Treated AA 5754

In this work, mechanical properties and fracture toughness of as-received and solution-treated aluminum alloy 5754 (AA 5754) are experimentally evaluated. Solution heat treatment of the alloy is performed at 530 °C for 2 h, and then, quenching is done in water. Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, impact toughness, hardness, fatigue life, brittle fracture toughness \((K_{\text{Ic}} )\) and ductile fracture toughness \((J_{\text{Ic}} )\) are evaluated for as-received and solution-treated alloy. Extended finite element method has been used for the simulation of tensile and fracture behavior of material. Heaviside function and asymptotic crack tip enrichment functions are used for modelling of the crack in the geometry. Ramberg-Osgood material model coupled with fracture energy is used to simulate the crack propagation. Fracture surfaces obtained from various mechanical tests are characterized by scanning electron microscopy.     

Effect of Aging Isothermal Time on the Microstructure and Room-Temperature Impact Toughness of Fe–24.8Mn–7.3Al–1.2C Austenitic Steel with κ-Carbides Precipitation

The microstructure and impact toughness of the as-cast Fe–24.8Mn–7.3Al–1.2C austenitic steel after solution treatment and subsequent aging treatment were investigated in the present work. Research on the κ-carbides precipitation behavior was carried out by transmission electron microscope. The results show that nano-sized coherent κ-carbides were obtained in the as-solutionized steel after aging treatment, which produced precipitation hardening. After being aging treated at 550 °C for 1 h, the steel with regular hexagonal grain structure exhibited a good combination of yield strength (~?574 MPa) and room-temperature impact toughness (~?168 J). In the present steel, the typical cube-on-cube orientation relationship between austenite and κ-carbides was observed. However, due to the long aging isothermal time and high C content, the coarse intergranular κ′-carbide was formed and grew along the austenite grain boundary, which caused this orientation relationship to be destroyed and a dramatical increase of the coherency strain energy at grain boundary. Furthermore, serious embrittlement of grain boundaries caused that cleavage cracks trend to propagate along the grain boundaries. Accordingly, the room-temperature impact toughness decreased sharply. After aging isothermal time prolonging to 13 h, the Charpy V-notch impact toughness was only ~?5 J and fracture mode turned to fully brittle fracture accompanied with flat facets, shear cracks and well-developed secondary crack.     

Mechanical behavior and brittle–ductile transition of high-chromium martensitic steel

The article presents data on the static tensile tests and dynamic impact-toughness tests of a highchromium martensitic 10Kh9V1M1FBR steel (0.12 wt % C, 9.8 wt % Cr, 0.93 wt % W, 1.01 wt % Mo, 0.2 wt % V, 0.05 wt % Nb, 0.05 wt % N, 0.003 wt % B, 0.36 wt % Mn, 0.2 wt % Ni, 0.06 wt % Si, 0.01 wt % P, 0.008 wt % S, 0.02 wt % Cu, 0.1 wt % Co, 0.015 wt % Al, and the remainder is Fe) in the temperature range from 20 to–196°C. In the case of static loading, a reduction in the temperature leads to an increase in the strength characteristics; upon a drop in the temperature from 20 to–100°C, the plasticity also increases. This is connected with the fact that the ductile fracture remains the basic mechanism down to cryogenic temperatures. The brittle–ductile transition related to the transition from ductile intragranular fracture to quasibrittle one is observed at–45°C. The steel exhibits high impact toughness to the temperature of–60°C (KCV_–60 = 95 J/cm²), at which the fraction of the ductile component in fracture is equal to 20%. At 80°C, the impact toughness decreases down to critical values (30 J/cm²), which correlates with the decrease in the fraction of the ductile component on the fracture surface down to 1%. The further decrease in the impact toughness down to 10 J/cm² at–196°C is related to the transition from intragranular to intergranular brittle fracture.     

Optimizing Wear Resistance and Impact Toughness in High Chromium Iron Mo-Ni Alloy

An alloy with carbon and chromium in the range of 2.0 to 2.5% and 20 to 25%, respectively, with the addition of Mo and Ni in the range of 1.0 to 1.5% each when heat-treated at a quenching temperature of 1010 °C and tempering temperature of 550 °C produces a hardness in the range of 54 to 56 HRC and a microstructure that consists of discontinuous bands of high volume (35-40%) of wear resistant primary (eutectic) carbides in a tempered martensitic matrix with uniformly dispersed secondary precipitates. This alloy has been found to possess adequate impact toughness (5-6 J/cm²) with a wear resistance of the order of 3-4 times superior to Mn steel and 1.25 times superior to martensitic stainless steel with a reduction in cost-to-life ratio by a factor of 1.25 in both the cases.     

Microstructural Effects on Fracture Behavior of Ferritic and Martensitic Structural Steels

The effect of microstructure on fracture behavior of 1Cr-0.5Mo and 9Cr-1Mo structural steels was evaluated. 1Cr-0.5Mo steel is used in steam pipes and superheater tubes of power stations. Its microstructure is typically comprised of bainite in a pre-eutectoid ferrite matrix with an average grain size of 10 μm. 9Cr-1Mo steel was developed for applications in steam power stations and as a candidate structural material for first-wall and blanket components of future fusion reactors. Its microstructure consisted of a fully martensitic structure with a prior austenite grain size of 25 μm. The fracture properties were measured using instrumented impact testing at temperatures between ?196 and 300 °C. The total impact fracture energy, the crack initiation and propagation energy, the dynamic yield strength, the brittleness temperature, and the cleavage fracture stress were measured. The bainitic-ferritic alloy steel exhibited much higher resistance to ductile fracture at high test temperatures, while its resistance to brittle fracture at low test temperatures was reduced compared to that of the fully martensitic alloy steel. The results were discussed in terms of the chemical composition and microstructure of the two steel types.     

316L不锈钢25～350℃中的拉伸行为及流变应力计算

通过高温试验装置在模拟井下工况温度25～350℃范围内进行了316L不锈钢的拉伸试验。结合拉伸试验数据、拉伸后微观结构以及断口形貌对316L不锈钢的25～350℃范围内的拉伸变形行为进行了探讨。应用温加工变形理论,建立了316L不锈钢在井下温度场环境中的形变本构方程。基于拉伸试验数据,计算了应变速率因子Z,变形激活能Q,建立了316L不锈钢温变形过程的流变应力计算模型,为完井设计中膨胀管膨胀施工提供了参考依据。     

Compressive Characterization of Single Porous SiC Hollow Particles

Silicon carbide hollow spheres are compression tested to understand their energy absorption characteristics. Two types of particles having tap densities of 440 kg/m³ and 790 kg/m³ (referred to as S1 and S2, respectively) were tested in the present study. The process used to fabricate the hollow spheres leads to porosity in the walls, which affects the mechanical properties of the hollow spheres. The porosity in the walls helps in obtaining mechanical bonding between the matrix material and the particle when such particles are used as fillers in composites. The single-particle compression test results show that the S1 and S2 particles had fracture energies of 0.38 × 10^?3 J and 3.18 × 10^?3 J, respectively. The modulus and fracture energy of the particles were found to increase with increasing diameter. However, the increasing trend shows variations because the wall thickness can vary as an independent parameter. Hollow particle fillers are used in polymer and metal matrices to develop porous composites called syntactic foams. The experimentally measured properties of these particles can be used in theoretical models to design syntactic foams with the desired set of properties for a given application.     

9Ni钢自保护药芯焊丝的研制及分析

研制了以Fe-Ni-Mn-Si系为合金系的9Ni钢自保护药芯焊丝. 采用FCAW法在不加保护气体的条件下施焊,并对焊件进行了QLT(淬火+亚温淬火+回火)处理. 通过拉伸试验、低温冲击试验、金相分析、断口扫描等方法研究了焊接接头的力学性能、显微组织和断口形貌. 结果表明,所研制的药芯焊丝焊接接头抗拉强度为709 MPa,屈服强度为580 MPa,断后伸长率为26%,断面收缩率为47%. 力学性能满足9Ni钢的使用要求. 焊缝的组织为细晶铁素体+针状铁素体. QLT处理使焊缝的低温冲击吸收功从48 J/cm2提升至100 J/cm2,能够明显提高焊缝的低温韧性.     

On Optimization of Surface Roughness of Selective Laser Melted Stainless Steel Parts: A Statistical Study

In this work, the effects of re-melting parameters for postprocessing the surface texture of Additively Manufactured parts using a statistical approach are investigated. This paper focuses on improving the final surface texture of stainless steel (316L) parts, built using a Renishaw SLM 125 machine. This machine employs a fiber laser to fuse fine powder on a layer-by-layer basis to generate three-dimensional parts. The samples were produced using varying angles of inclination in order to generate range of surface roughness between 8 and 20 µm. Laser re-melting (LR) as post-processing was performed in order to investigate surface roughness through optimization of parameters. The re-melting process was carried out using a custom-made hybrid laser re-cladding machine, which uses a 200 W fiber laser. Optimized processing parameters were based on statistical analysis within a Design of Experiment framework, from which a model was then constructed. The results indicate that the best obtainable final surface roughness is about 1.4 µm ± 10%. This figure was obtained when laser power of about 180 W was used, to give energy density between 2200 and 2700 J/cm² for the re-melting process. Overall, the obtained results indicate LR as a post-build process has the capacity to improve surface finishing of SLM components up to 80%, compared with the initial manufactured surface.