辐射条件下球腔冷冻靶温度场分布数值研究

惯性约束聚变冷冻靶系统中,为成功实现靶丸点火,冰层厚度均匀性需达到99%,表面粗糙度的均方根要小于1 μm。控制靶丸表面最大温差小于0.1 mK能满足以上点火要求。为研究辐射对惯性约束聚变间接驱动靶丸的温度场影响,建立了三维对称球腔冷冻靶系统的计算模型。考虑球腔内部激光入射口封口膜吸收率以及外部辐射温度对球腔内部温度场分布的影响,利用FLUENT软件对球腔冷冻靶温度场进行了数值模拟计算。研究表明：球腔由于自身具有的球对称几何结构,其内部的温度场分布更加均匀;受外界辐射影响,有窗侧靶丸表面温度较无窗侧温度高;辐射温度越高,靶丸表面的绝对温度越高,虽然靶丸表面的温差变化基本可忽略,但要防止由于外界辐射温度过高而导致的DT冰层均匀性恶化,应选用多层屏蔽罩结构降低辐射的影响;激光入射口封口膜吸收率大于0.2时,靶丸表面温差显著增大。     

冷冻靶的环境热辐射屏蔽技术研究

通过建立三维柱腔冷冻靶计算模型,研究了外界环境辐射对间接驱动冷冻靶靶丸及燃料冰层温度场的影响。考虑柱腔内部激光入射孔（LEH）膜透光率对柱腔内靶丸和冰层温度场分布的影响,利用COMSOL软件对柱腔冷冻靶温度场进行了数值模拟计算。研究结果表明：受外界辐射影响,靶丸表面温度场呈两极热、赤道冷分布;LEH膜透光率越大,靶丸外表面温差和冰层内表面温差越大。当LEH膜透光率小于1%时,冰层内表面最大温差低于0.1 mK,可满足冰层均化和保持的要求。实验中,通过在LEH膜上镀不同厚度的铝层调控其透光率,并选择LEH膜镀铝层厚度为35 nm的冷冻靶开展了氘氘冷冻均化实验。结果表明：当LEH膜上的镀铝层厚度为35 nm时,冰层的保持能力得到大幅提升。从X射线相衬图像可知,冰层的厚度均匀性约为80.2%,粗糙度约为1.65 μm,平均厚度约为50.5 μm。     

冷冻靶降温过程温度场分布及冰层生存时间研究

为在冷冻靶上成功实现惯性约束核聚变点火,需在打靶前将冷冻靶丸内冰层温度降低1.5 K。针对冷冻靶快速降温过程温度场发生突变导致冰层质量恶化的问题,数值研究了快速降温过程中冷冻靶温度场的瞬态特性,并提出了优化降温方案。数值模拟基于Boussinesq假设,通过UDF编程,获得了降温速率的影响规律,并分析比较了不同延迟时间下延迟降温的数值结果。结果表明：降温开始时,最大温差急剧增大但最终趋于稳定;减小降温速率,可有效改善靶丸表面温度的均匀性,延长冰层的生存时间,使降温结束时冰层质量满足要求;具有特定延迟时间的延迟降温能改善靶丸外表面温度的均匀性从而增加冰层的生存时间,且存在最佳延迟时间使冰层的生存时间最长。     

多孔注入冷冻靶快速降温过程瞬态特性研究

高度均匀光滑的燃料冰层是惯性约束聚变冷冻靶成功点火的物质前提,其制备关键是在靶丸外建立均匀的球形温度场并进行精确控制。本文针对多孔注入冷冻靶系统,建立了三维仿真模型,数值研究了冷冻靶温度场稳态分布与瞬态降温特性,并分析了接触热阻、氦气压力等因素的影响。结果表明：冷臂温度恒定时,靶丸与充气管接触位置为低温区,激光入射口正对处为高温区,最大温差为003 mK;硅臂加热块功率突降后,靶丸表面最大温差在025 s内急剧上升至8788 mK,温度场均匀性显著恶化;与硅爪 套筒完美接触相比,低温胶层的存在可有效改善降温过程中温度场的恶化,但降温响应时间明显增加;1～10 kPa氦气压力范围内,快速降温过程中靶丸温度响应迅速,且最大温差峰值较小,有利于维持靶丸表面的温度均匀性。     

冷却气体对黑腔系统温度场影响数值模拟

为了研究氦氢冷却气体对黑腔系统温度场的影响,采用CFD数值模拟方法,计算了氘氚靶丸外表面最大温差与填充区域的气体流场随气压、氦气含量变化的规律。通过对冷却壁面施加壁温扰动函数,监测了靶丸外表面平均温度、最大温差随时间的波动。研究结果表明：提高氦氢混合气体的填充压力或减小氦气含量,使得黑腔上下部分冷却气体自然对流强度差异增大,导致靶丸外表面温度场均匀性恶化;但降低冷却气体中氦气含量使气体导热系数减小,比热容增大,使得冷却壁温扰动对靶丸外表面温度场均匀性的影响减弱。     

ICF冷冻靶中Si冷却臂结构的初步设计

根据我国冷冻靶系统对Si冷却臂结构设计的要求,以美国国家点火装置（NIF）的点火靶系统为原型,对Si冷却臂进行了初步设计。利用SolidWorks软件建立了Si冷却臂三维实体模型,分别从力学性能、热响应和装配方面对其进行了数值模拟和分析。获得了Si冷却臂臂长、分叉长度和宽度等参数对其性能的影响规律,可为冷冻靶结构的进一步优化提供理论依据与参考。     

冷冻靶降温过程温度场分布及冰层生存时间研究

为在冷冻靶上成功实现惯性约束核聚变点火,需在打靶前将冷冻靶丸内冰层温度降低1.5 K。针对冷冻靶快速降温过程温度场发生突变导致冰层质量恶化的问题,数值研究了快速降温过程中冷冻靶温度场的瞬态特性,并提出了优化降温方案。数值模拟基于Boussinesq假设,通过UDF编程,获得了降温速率的影响规律,并分析比较了不同延迟时间下延迟降温的数值结果。结果表明:降温开始时,最大温差急剧增大但最终趋于稳定;减小降温速率,可有效改善靶丸表面温度的均匀性,延长冰层的生存时间,使降温结束时冰层质量满足要求;具有特定延迟时间的延迟降温能改善靶丸外表面温度的均匀性从而增加冰层的生存时间,且存在最佳延迟时间使冰层的生存时间最长。     

温度梯度对冷冻靶微管充气过程的影响

采用基于燃料室和靶室独立控温的温度梯度法开展了冷冻靶微管可控充气技术研究。理论计算结合实验研究了不同尺寸靶球充气过程中温度梯度对燃料注入过程的影响。结果表明,充气结束时燃料室最终温度变化对燃料初始注入量的差值影响随靶球尺寸变化不明显,即通过温度梯度法实现燃料可控注入的途径对任何尺寸靶球均适用。随着靶球尺寸的增大,燃料在充气管处液化时所需温度梯度越小,燃料注入过程温度梯度控制范围越大,燃料注入量控制精度越高。对于内径2 mm的靶球、1.6 mL燃料室,当燃料室温度升至75 K时,燃料注入量控制精度达±3 μm/K。这些结果为冷冻靶燃料高精度加载技术研究提供了重要基础。     

TMP结构、材料对冷冻靶温度场的影响

氘氚冰靶的均匀性和表面光滑程度对靶的表现非常重要,高质量的冷冻靶要求靶丸表面最大温差不高于0.1 mK,而影响冷冻靶温度场的因素众多。本文采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT研究了套筒壁厚（0.2、05、0.75、1、1.25、1.5、1.75、2 mm）、材料（AL5052、SS304和高纯铜）以及黑腔结构（单凸环和双凸环）对冷冻靶温度场的影响。计算结果表明:黑腔采用双凸环结构,靶丸表面温差较小;随套筒壁厚的增加,黑腔内气体自然对流强度降低,靶丸表面温度场均匀度提高,靶丸表面温差减小;由于铜具有高的导热系数及比热,选用铜作为套筒材料使得靶丸表面温度更低,温度场更加均匀。将套筒壁厚、材料、黑腔结构综合考虑,发现套筒壁厚为1 mm、材料选用高纯铜、采用黑腔结构双凸环设计时靶丸表面温度场均匀性最好。     

压水堆下腔室流场对堆芯流场和温度场影响数值分析

利用三维数值模拟,对不同环腔厚度和环腔内冷却剂速度条件下,下腔室内冷却剂流场进行了计算。在此基础上,对压水堆流量孔板冷却剂流量的分配情况进行了分析,并找出了通过流量孔板通孔小组的冷却剂流量与平均流量的最小偏差。分别计算了最小偏差条件下与平均流量条件下,堆芯内板状燃料元件周围冷却剂的流场和温度场。发现由环腔厚度或环腔内冷却剂速度不同而引起的下腔室流场分布不均匀,对堆芯内冷却剂流场和温度场影响较大。     

Effects of TMP Structure and Material on Cryogenic Target Temperature Field

The ice layers in the deuterium-tritium capsule must be uniform and smooth enough, and the maximum temperature difference of the target surface is not higher than 0.1 mK for high quality cryogenic target. However, there are many factors affecting the cryogenic target temperature field. In this paper, the effects of sleeve wall thicknesses (0.2, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2 mm), materials (AL5052, SS304 and high-purity copper) and hohlraum structures (single convex and double convex) on the cryogenic target temperature field were studied with FLUENT software. The results show that the temperature difference of target surface is small when hohlraum structure is double convex ring. With the increase of sleeve wall thickness, the natural convection intensity of the hohlraum and the temperature difference on the surface of the target decrease. There is a lower temperature and more uniform temperature field around target surface when copper is used as sleeve material, because of its high heat conduction and specific heat. Considering the wall thicknesses, materials and hohlraum structures, the surface temperature field of the target is best when the sleeve adopts high-purity copper with thickness of 1 mm, and the hohlraum structure is double convex ring.     

Mechanical Design and Analysis of an Indirect-drive Cryogenic Target

Cryogenic target based on indirect-drive concept is concerned widely in the inertial confinement fusion field. An indirect-drive cryogenic target is designed to field on the SGIII laser device of China. Capsule and hohlraum design refers to the NIF ignition target Rev5. The target fabrication encounters many engineering issues because of complicated structures and low temperature experimental environment. A tapered capillary is used to feed and support the capsule. And a jacket is designed to solve capillary fixing, gas filling, sealing and other structural issues. Forming a uniform fuel ice-layer on the capsule inner faces withstanding gravity or surface tension effect is a key feature of this cryogenic target. Thermal mechanical package is designed to have the best capacity of controlling temperature gradient across the capsule with a thermally noncontact method. Thermal analyses conclude the best interface conductance arguments and jacket material for the TMP design. Besides, structural reliability of the target after cooling is conservatively analyzed with an optimized model.     

Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Infrared Radiation on Cryogenic Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets

The present work applies the finite element method to calculate the maximum allowable time that cryogenic inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets can be exposed to infrared radiation (IR). Hence, a 3-D numerical model integrated with discrete coordinate radiation model was developed to investigate the influence of transmittance of the laser entrance holes (LEHs) and boundary conditions on the temperature field distribution and the maximum DT layer deterioration time for CH, Be, and diamond capsules. Our study shows that introducing such a radiation model can accurately obtain more detailed spatial and temporal distribution information in the ICF targets. The simulation results demonstrate that the Be and diamond capsules provided much better temperature field homogenization than the CH capsule under equivalent boundary conditions, but the CH capsule was heated more by IR radiation than the Be and diamond. In addition, the maximum DT layer deterioration time was significantly increased to 3 s when decreasing the transmittance of the LEH from 0.2 to 0.01. However, either reducing the capsule IR absorption or increasing the inner hohlraum IR absorption demonstrated no conclusive increase in the maximum DT layer deterioration time. These results are expected to provide useful parameters in the design of cryogenic targets and shroud systems.