压水堆1000MW级核岛主设备焊接技术简介

本文叙述了东方锅炉在压水堆１０００ＭＷ级核岛主设备硼注射器、蓄势器、蒸发器和稳压器制造中的焊接技术，包括种种焊接工艺文件的转化和制定，以及在焊接制造中新技术的采用和难点和解决。利用这些先进的焊接技术，东方锅炉圆满完成了核电产品的焊接任务，得到法马通和岭澳业主的好评。     

锅炉修理中的焊接质量问题

锅炉修理中的焊接质量问题张连方（营口市锅炉压力容器检验研究所）锅炉受压元件因应力腐蚀、蠕变、疲劳而产生较大面积损伤时，应采用焊接方法修理。锅炉修理的质量直接影响锅炉的安全运行。锅炉修理的技术要求按规定应参照锅炉专业技术标准和有关技术规定。但实际上修理...     

火力发电厂主蒸汽管水压堵阀焊接裂纹分析及改进

本文针对国投钦州发电有限公司1#锅炉主蒸汽管水压堵阀更换过程产生的焊接裂纹进行原因分析，并采取了相应的改进措施，最终解决了水压堵阀焊接裂纹技术难题，对水压堵阀现场施工工艺的编制具有参考作用     

卧式内燃油气锅炉回燃室前管板烟管开裂及预防

卧式内燃燃油（气）湿背式锅炉由于设计和制造上的一些缺陷，笔者在检验此类锅炉中发现了一些问题。 1存在问题 1）卧式内燃燃油（气）锅炉回燃室前管板上的焊接烟管管端伸出量一般制造厂的图纸要求为4～6mm，其管端伸出量比焊角高度至少高出1～2mm。     

大型电站锅炉钢结构垂直支撑施工图CAD系统

文中介绍了哈尔滨锅炉有限责任公司在AutoCAD支撑系统上研制开发的垂直支撑施工图CAD系统，它实现了垂直支撑施工图的参数化设计、零件清单和材料定额汇总表的编制，并能自动生成用于整台锅炉材料汇总的接口文件。此系统功能丰富，具有良好的用户界面和开放性。     

百台锅炉运行状况调查结果及分析

百台锅炉运行状况调查结果及分析北京市节煤办节能监测站李文明为贯彻落实北京市三委文件（京计能字（９３）第０１６８号文），合理利用能源，我办从１９９３年５月起，对全市百台锅炉运行状况进行了调查。这次调查采用热工监测形式，依据北京市地方监测标准ＤＢ１１００...     

超（超）临界锅炉用厚壁SA335-P91钢管的高效率焊接方法

目前超（超）临界锅炉的新机组制造和老机组改造都大量采用进口厚壁SA335-P91钢。进口SA335-P91钢焊接的主要问题是冷裂纹倾向和焊接接头韧性低。通过两种焊接工艺的试验分析表明，采用GTAW＋SMAW＋SAW的组合焊接工艺并严格焊接工艺控制、优化焊接质量检验是焊接厚壁SA335-P91钢的高效率方法，既能满足了焊接质量要求，又能满足焊接高效率要求。     

大型电站锅炉钢结构柱和梁施工图CAD系统

文中介绍了哈尔滨锅炉有限责任公司在AutoCAD支撑系统上研制开发的柱，梁施工图CAD系统，它实现了柱的梁施工图的参数优化设计，零件清单和材料定额汇总表的编制，并能自动生成于整台锅炉材料的汇总的接口文件，此系统功能丰富，具有良好的用户界和开放性。     

对锅炉安装中胀接的质量控制

对锅炉安装中胀接的质量控制邵傅（南昌市锅炉压力容器检验所）锅炉安装在一定程度上讲是锅炉制造的继续，特别是焊接工作和胀接工作，它们施工质量的好坏，直接影响到锅炉是否能安全运行，所以在整个安装过程中确保有好的施工质量是至关重要的。评价胀管质量的主要指标是...     

锅炉焊接工艺评定标准报批

由东方锅炉厂和上海发电设备成套设计研究所共同编制的锅炉焊接工艺评定标准于1986年12月18日审查通过,已报批。由于《蒸汽锅炉安全监察规程》1986年送审稿中已增加了对焊接工艺评定的具体要求,制定本标准不仅可统一锅炉焊接评定方法,进一步加强工艺管理和严格工艺纪律,还可使各     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.