深度冷拉珠光体钢丝的显微组织与力学性能

采用 SEM、XRD和材料试验机研究了不同拉拔变形量下珠光体钢丝的微观组织演变以及力学性能.实验结果表明,随着拉拔应变量的增大,珠光体团发生转向,片层组织趋于拉拔方向排列,片层间距逐渐减小,渗碳体片发生明显的扭曲或塑性变形.随着应变量的增大,铁素体的{110}α{200}α和{211}α晶面的衍射峰都发生不同程度的宽化,衍射强度降低,并出现峰位的左移.钢丝的强度和屈强比均随拉拔应变量的增大而增大,而塑性则随拉拔应变量的增大而减小.     

珠光体钢丝冷拉拔过程中微观组织及铁素体微区取向与织构演变

采用电子通道衬度(ECC)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术研究了珠光体钢丝冷拉拔过程中微观组织的变化、铁素体微区取向与织构演变,结果表明,珠光体变形组织中存在剪切带(S带),它们的出现与渗碳体片条和拉拔方向之间的夹角有关:夹角越大,S带越多,随着拉拔应变量的增大,纵截面上珠光体片条逐渐转向拉拔方向,S带方向与拉拔方向的夹角逐渐减小,珠光体内的S带会引起铁素体晶粒局部微区取向急剧变化,从而使原有的珠光体团分裂成若干个由铁素体大角度晶界相隔的区域,钢丝拉拔过程中形成平行于拉拔方向的铁素体〈110〉丝织构,随着应变量的增大,平行于拉拔方向的铁素体〈110〉丝织构增强,其它丝织构组分减弱;靠近钢丝中心区域内的〈110〉丝织构增强幅度大于其它区域。     

大应变冷拔钢丝的强化模型

采用扫描电镜观察了不同应变量拉拔变形后SWRH72A钢丝的显微组织,并统计了珠光体片层间距的变化。通过透射电镜分析了变形后铁素体中的位错分布状态,测量了不同应变量拉拔变形后钢丝的力学性能,并基于钢丝微观组织结构建立了钢丝的强化模型。结果表明,随着拉拔应变量的增大,珠光体片层间距逐渐减小,钢丝强度随之升高。综合分析珠光体片层间距和钢丝强度的变化规律得出,应变量较小时,珠光体片层间距较大(>100nm),钢丝加工硬化符合Hall-Patch定律;应变量较大时,珠光体片层间距较小(<100nm),钢丝加工硬化符合奥罗万(Orowan)机制。     

SWRS82B盘条冷拔过程中显微组织和力学性能的变化

SWRS82B盘条通过热轧控冷获得95%以上的索氏体组织,其珠光体片层间距越小,冷拉拔过程中将具备越好的综合力学性能。随着钢丝拉拔应变量不断增大,珠光体片层间距不断减小,抗拉强度和屈服强度不断增大,伸长率不断下降。当珠光体片层间距由202 nm拉丝减小至60 nm以下,钢丝抗拉强度则由1371 MPa增大至2088.6 MPa,伸长率由11%降至7.16%;钢丝截面上的显微硬度值随着应变量的增加而增大,并表现出各向异性变化。     

冷变形过共析珠光体钢丝的微观组织演化

观察并研究了过共析珠光体钢丝在冷拉过程中的显微组织变化,并通过背散射电子衍射技术(EBSD)测试了变形过程中(应变量为0、0.54、1.58、2.29)过共析珠光体钢丝织构的变化。结果表明,过共析钢中渗碳体表现出良好的变形能力。随着应变量的增加,渗碳体片层经弯曲、剪切、拉伸等变形逐渐转向拉拔方向,最后形成平行于拉拔方向的纤维状组织。冷变形还引起了渗碳体部分溶解,定量测试表明渗碳体的溶解量随着应变量的增加而增加。由于溶解后的碳原子进入到铁素体晶格中,使得铁素体晶格点阵常数变大,其衍射峰随应变量的增加而产生微小左移。拉拔后的织构取向以平行于拉拔方向的110丝织构为主,且织构强度随着拉拔应变量增加而逐渐增强。     

残余应力及其分布的X射线二维衍射分析与计算

根据在X射线二维衍射几何关系下建立的应力应变基本方程,提出了一种基于X射线多晶面探测器衍射系统的残余应力及其分布测量方法,即通过分析X射线衍射圆锥的变形程度确定应变张量,进而计算应力张量。该方法有效地利用X射线面探测器的“虚拟摆动”功能,在一定程度上解决了传统X射线衍射法较难处理的粗晶材料和有织构材料的残余应力测量问题。对304不锈钢的残余应力及其分布进行了分析与计算,结果表明,该合金呈表面残余压应力,并且应力分布比较均匀。     

冷拉拔珠光体钢丝中渗碳体变形与溶解研究

采用SEM、TEM和XRD研究了珠光体钢丝冷拉拔过程中的组织演变,重点在于渗碳体的变形和溶解。结果表明,渗碳体表现出了很高的变形能力,随着累积应变量的增大,片条组织逐渐转向拉拔方向;在大应变钢丝组织中渗碳体片条厚度小,部分区域只有0.5nm甚至更薄,且已很难见到渗碳体的滑移或剪切变形。在初始钢丝中铁素体含有过饱和的碳,在拉拔应变量为1.51之后,可能转变为四方结构的马氏体,且只有很少量的渗碳体溶解。在高应变量钢丝样品中,用原子探针场离子显微镜探测碳原子浓度以判定渗碳体是否溶解时,应考虑渗碳体的形变及其形貌。     

剧烈冷拉珠光体钢丝的组织性能演变及其对退火工艺的影响

研究了剧烈冷拉SWRH72B钢丝的组织演变及大变形量对珠光体钢丝球化退火的影响.结果表明,钢丝的抗拉强度和维氏硬度都随真应变的增大呈线性趋势提高;渗碳体片层随真应变的增大逐渐减薄.纵截面渗碳体片层最终趋向沿拉拔轴向排列,横截面珠光体片层发生了剧烈的弯曲和扭转.变形量较大时,渗碳体大量溶解.在不同温度对冷拉钢丝进行球化退火处理,发现随着真应变的增大,有效地降低了钢丝球化退火温度.缩短了球化退火时间.提高了球化均匀度.     

珠光体钢丝冷变形加工硬化行为研究

采用不同含碳量的热处理后镀铜钢丝,主要研究了珠光体钢丝在冷拉拔变形过程中的抗拉强度与真应变的关系,并探讨了珠光体钢丝的加工硬化行为。结果表明:当真应变小于2.12时,钢丝的抗拉强度随着真应变的增加呈线性增加趋势。珠光体钢丝的加工硬化过程分为三个阶段:真应变ε1.5时,材料加工硬化率随真应变的增加而下降,加工硬化指数较低;1.5≤ε≤4.0时,加工硬化率随真应变的增加而增加,加工硬化指数快速升高;真应变ε4.0后,加工硬化率急剧下降,加工硬化指数呈抛物线下降。     

残余应力影响冷拉拔钢丝强度梯度的数值仿真

针对通过剥离表面材料和后续单向拉伸试验得到的冷拉拔钢丝的局部强度沿半径方向分布不均匀,存在一定的强度梯度的问题,利用ABAQUS构建了二维轴对称的冷拉拔有限元模型,计算分析了拉拔后残余应力的分布规律。将数值结果赋予拉拔后续的单向拉伸模型,对比无残余应力的模型,残余应力的存在显著降低了钢丝的弹性模量和屈服强度,但对均匀硬化阶段影响较小。去除钢丝表面材料后残余应力会自平衡,但不会消失,导致后续单向拉伸行为明显不同。随着去除材料的增加,钢丝的弹性模量逐渐增加,而屈服强度不断降低。因此,残余应力的存在一定程度上增大了冷拉拔钢丝的强度梯度。     

Study on Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Cold Drawn Pearlitic Steel WireEI北大核心CSCD

Cold drawn pearlitic steel wires with ultra-high strength are widely applied in industrial fields such as bridge cables, automobile tire and springs rope. In recent years, the strengthening mechanism and microstructure evolution have been profoundly studied. In order to investigate the influence of microstructure evolution on mechanical properties, the anisotropic mechanical properties of cold drawn pearlitic steel wires were investigated by tensile test, SEM and TEM. Results indicated that the distinctions of tensile strength between three directions (parallel to the tensile axis, inclined to the tensile axis (45 degrees), vertical to the tensile axis) were amplified with increasing strain. The effect of strain strengthening was observed in parallel and inclined directions while the vertical direction remained strength stability in 1320 MPa. The wire rod was isotropic and the fracture mode was transgranular fracture; After cold drawing, the tensile strength reached peaks in parallel direction and valleys in vertical direction. The fracture mechanism of inclined and vertical directions remained transgranular or intergranular fracture while the fracture mechanism of parallel direction was converted into microvoid accumulation fracture. In TEM, the phenomenon was discovered that due to non-homogeneous distribution in vertical direction, dislocations piled up at the boundaries resulting in stress concentration. On the contrary, the dislocations were uniformly distributed which led to homogeneous transformation in parallel direction.     

Residual stress characteristics in a non-circular drawing sequence of pearlitic steel wire

In this paper, characteristics of residual stress in pearlitic steel wire drawn by a non-circular drawing (NCD) sequence with two processing routes, NCDA and NCDB, were experimentally and numerically investigated up to the 12th pass in comparison with conventional wire drawing (WD). For experimental investigation of the axial residual stress at the surface of the drawn wire, destructive (deflection) and non-destructive methods were employed. According to the experimental results, axial surface residual stress of the drawn wire by the NCD sequence was lower and more homogeneous compared to the conventional WD. Based on the elasto-plastic numerical simulation results from the surface to the center of the drawn wire using a commercial DEFORM-3D, an empirical relationship between residual stress and reduction of area was determined to predict the residual stress evolution in the multi-pass WD, NCDA, and NCDB, in that order. From the results of this investigation, it can be construed that the NCD sequence, especially the NCDB, might be helpful in improving the residual stress characteristics of pearlitic steel wire to improve its mechanical behavior and service life.     

Influence of pre-plastic deformation on thermal residual stress and yield st rength of SiCw/Al composites

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In situ neutron diffraction during tensile deformation of a ferrite-cementite steel

A fully pearlitic steel (specimen P1) was subjected to cold-drawing (P2) followed by aging at 423 K (P3) or 673 K (P4). Some drawn samples were annealed to make cementite particles spherical (P5). By using neutron diffraction, high compressive residual stress component parallel to the drawing direction was detected in the ferrite matrix of specimen P2, whereas this stress level was partly relaxed in P3 and mostly in P4. In situ neutron diffraction experiments performed during tensile tests have revealed different work hardening behaviors in these specimens. Based on the data provided by a profile analysis of diffraction spectra, i.e. microstrain related to dislocation density and block size, strength and work-hardening of these specimens are discussed. In particular, it is documented that the treatment of the specimen P4 which is equivalent to commercially Zn-plated steel wires produces the largest internal stress by tensile deformation leading to a good balance of strength and uniform elongation.     

Self-Diagnosis of GFRP composites containing carbon powder and fiber as electrically conductive phases

The electrical characteristics of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites have been investigated in order to incorporate a self-diagnosis function suitable for monitoring the health of structural materials. The electrical conductivity was introduced by adding carbon powder (CP) or carbon fibers (CF) into GFRP rods and sheets. The self-diagnosis ability of the composites was evaluated by measuring the change in electrical resistance as a function of stress (or strain) in tensile tests. The resistance of CFGFRP changed only slightly at small strain levels and increased nonlinearly with the applied stress due to cutting of the fibers at higher levels. CPGFRP showed high sensitivity to stress and the resistance changed linearly over a wide strain range. During cyclic loading tests, a residual resistance was also observed in CPGFRP composites after unloading. The residual resistance increased with maximum applied strain, showing that it can be used as an indicator of previously applied strain or stress. It is concluded that the CPGFRP composite is a promising material for simple diagnosis of dynamic damage and cumulative strain.     

Influence of Torsion Deformation on Textures of Cold Drawing Pearlitic Steel Wires

The influence of torsion deformation on textures of cold drawing pearlitic steel wires was investigated by twisting the wires to different number of revolutions. Macro-texture(over the entire wire cross section) associated with torsion deformation was investigated by X-ray diffraction, while micro-texture(near the wire surface) was characterized by EBSD. The results show that the 110macro-texture increases at the beginning of torsion and then decreases with increasing of torsion strain, while the 110 micro-texture decreases linearly with increasing of torsion strain. The relationships between the 110 fiber texture and the microhardness of the wires are also discussed.     

热沉影响钛合金薄板焊接残余应力的试验分析

采用切条应力释放法测量了钛合金TC4薄板常规钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)和动态控制低应力无变形GTAW对接试件中的纵向残余应力和纵向残余塑性应变的分布。测量结果表明,钛合金常规GTAW缝中残余拉应力峰值小于其母材屈服强度,焊缝附近存在残余压缩塑性应变;动态控制低应力无变形GTAW焊技术中热沉的冷却作用使得热源与热沉之间的高温金属承受强烈的拉伸作用,产生拉伸塑性变形,部分抵消了焊接过程中已产生的缩短的塑性变形,使得试件中纵向残余塑性应变减小,焊接残余拉应力峰值降低,残余压应力水平降低。切条应力释放法是一种简便有效的薄板焊后残余应力测量方法,能够满足工程应用的精度要求。     

基于ABAQUS的大尺寸弹丸喷丸过程数值模拟

利用ABAQUS软件建立了单弹丸和多弹丸的喷丸有限元模型,研究了大弹丸喷丸2024铝板的动力学过程,分析了弹丸直径和喷丸覆盖率对板材塑性应变和沿弹坑表面及厚度方向残余应力的影响。模拟结果表明,增加弹丸直径可以使板材塑性应变层及残余压应力层深度增大,弹坑尺寸及弹坑"凸边"附近的残余拉应力也随之增大;塑性应变层和压应力层深度随喷丸覆盖率的提高而增大,但覆盖率达到一定程度时增加不再明显。     

Crystallographic Texture Difference Between Center and Sub-Surface of Thin Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires

The texture difference between the center and sub-surface of pearlitic steel wires, which were manufactured by continuous cold drawing, was investigated by orientation distribution function based on electron back-scattered diffraction at different drawing passes. A perfect 〈110〉 fiber texture parallel to drawing direction develops gradually with drawing strain increasing at the wire center, while at the sub-surface, a quasi 〈110〉 fiber texture with the 〈111〉 orientation nearly parallel to the circumferential direction is found. This texture at the sub-surface is softer than the perfect 〈110〉 fiber texture in tension. The reasons for this texture difference and influences on the wire’s mechanical properties are discussed.     

薄壁铜管固定芯头拉拔和游动芯头拉拔的对比分析

为提高薄壁铜管拉拔后的成形质量,探讨不同拉拔工艺对薄壁铜管成形性能的影响,利用有限元软件MARC分别对两种拉拔成形工艺建立有限元模型,对比分析薄壁铜管固定芯头拉拔和游动芯头拉拔对拉拔力、铜管拉拔后等效应力、应变和残余应力的影响。结果表明:在相同工艺参数下,与固定芯头拉拔相比,游动芯头拉拔所需拉拔力明显更小,等效应力也相对更小,等效应变相等,残余应力在轴向和周向更小,且分布更均匀,在径向都趋近于0。在不考虑其他因素下,游动芯头拉拔更有助于提高薄壁铜管的产品质量。