地理信息与地图（成果管理）工作座谈会召开

3月17日,全国地理信息与地图（成果管理）工作座谈会在湖南长沙召开,会议总结2015年工作,对2016年地理信息与地图（成果管理）工作进行了部署。2016年,地理信息与地图（成果管理）主要抓好以下工作：一是加快建设天地图战略性信息平台,夯实发展基础,补齐发展短板,扩大应用范围。     

新技术“普查”人口数据库

根据国家普查项目和周期安排的有关规定,国务院决定于11月1日开展第六次全国人口普查。全国普查工作的信息化需求随着计算中心机构的成立不断增加,统计信息化系统相继承担了多次大型普查数据处理工作任务,比如1990年全国人口普查、1993年全国首次第三产业普查、1998年全国第三次工业普查。     

人口普查数据处理程序设计介绍

第三次全国人口普查全部资料的汇总工作是由电子计算机来完成的。自一九八三年一月七日开始,我们上海对全市人口普查资料进行计算机汇总处理,于六月七日全部按质按量完成,比全国规定的完成期限提前了一年。 用电子计算机进行人口资料汇总在我国还是第一次,这样大规模的数据处理在世界上也是少见的。目前国际上已有专门的人口普查数据处理软件包如CONCUR和CONC1NTS等,     

人口普查实达加速

全国第五次人口普查工作的光电录入系统招标工作结束,实达“云志”3000商用电脑将助力此次人口普查工作。在人口普查的统计工作中,光电录入配套系统是不可或缺的设     

利用计算机提高人普审核效率的方法

人口普查（英文：census）,是指国家在统一规定的时间内,按照统一的方法、统一的项目、统一的调查表和统一的标准时点,对全国人口普遍地、逐户逐人地进行的一次性调查登记。人口普查工作包括对人口普查资料的搜集、数据汇总、资料评价、分析研究、编辑出版等全部过程,它是当今世界各国广泛采用的搜集人口资料的一种最基本的科学方法,是提供全国基本人口数据的主要来源。从1949年至今,中国分别在1953年、1964年、1982年、1990年、2000年与2010年进行过六次全国性人口普查。     

适合人口普查区域划分的遥感影像最佳空间分辨率研究

根据人口普查区域划分对地理信息的需求,分析总结了不同区域类型和不同人口数量等级普查区域对遥感影像的要求。对主要确定普查区域界线的地物进行了归纳,依据遥感影像最佳空间分辨率的概率模型,分析得出不同区域满足人口普查区域划分需要的遥感影像最佳空间分辨率,并通过实验区的实际应用进行了验证,作为全国人口普查普查区域划分及制图选择遥感影像空间分辨率的依据。     

自主网络地理信息应用框架的设计思路与实现

网络地理信息应用框架是支撑浏览器端地图应用的基础平台,可以为上层应用系统提供在线地图显示与控制、地理信息服务访问等核心功能。文章首先从总体技术方面分析了应用框架的功能组成和体系架构,其次详细论述了软件平台各部分的技术实现方案。基于上述思路,实现了一套完全自主的网络地理信息应用框架,可以支持网络地图应用项目的实施,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于B/S构架的人口普查系统设计与开发

随着现代信息技术在各个领域的广泛应用,我们的各项工作都在不同程度上依赖于以计算机为基础的现代信息技术。本文针对人口普查工作的特点,采用B/S三层构架设计了一个应用系统,经调试,该系统运行稳定,能满足人口普查工作的需求,大大地提高了工作效率。     

基于AJAX和XML的WebGIS系统研究

针对传统WebGIS实现方案存在响应速度慢、用户体验差等不足,提出一种新的WebGIS设计应用方案。该方案采用Web2．0核心的AJAX技术,利用XML在网络应用传输中的优势,在Google Maps平台上通过XMLHttp Request对象异步调用XML数据实现动态加载地理信息。应用结果证明,该方案提高了WebGIS应用程序的效率,具有访问快捷,且在浏览器和服务器端能实现异步通信、定制和扩充的特点。     

全国中小河流治理管理信息系统的设计与实现

介绍全国中小河流治理管理信息系统的研发工作,针对全国中小河流治理项目和资金管理过程中的难点,对用户需求、软件架构、数据交换、系统部署等方面进行研究,结合地理信息等技术,实现部、省、市、县各级用户共同使用的管理信息系统,为全国中小河流治理项目管理提供技术支撑。     

The utility of built environment geospatial data for high-resolution dasymetric global population modeling

Several global gridded population data sets are available at unprecedented high-resolution, including recent releases at 100-m, 30-m, and 10-m resolution. These data sets are the result of the application of advanced methods to disaggregate census population counts from administrative units and facilitated by the proliferation of increasingly high-resolution spatial information pertaining to the built environment (e.g. built-up and building footprint data). Accordingly, these gridded population data are increasingly dependent on a single ancillary data set to inform the distribution of populations across space. Our study tests several combinations of binary masking variables (land areas, all building footprints, residential building footprints) and density variables (building footprint areas, building volumes) derived from characteristics of the built environment at 20× and 8000× downscaling using a flexible equation for high-resolution global dasymetric population modeling. The assessment is applied in New York City, where large spatial heterogeneities exist across confined geographic areas. Results confirm that the performance of the model generally improves as: (i) the binary masking variable becomes increasingly limiting; and, (ii) the density variable becomes more pronounced. However, application requires careful consideration due to their propensity to amplify both positive results and errors.     

Using household counts as ancillary information for areal interpolation of population: Comparing formal and informal,online data sources

Fine-scale population estimates are needed to support both public and private planning. Previous areal interpolation research has used various types and sources of data as ancillary information to guide and constrain the disaggregation from (usually) larger source zones to (usually) smaller target zones. Many new forms of open and free to access geo-located data are available, and as yet little research has evaluated the use of these data in areal interpolation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of household data as ancillary information from two sources: formal census household counts and informal data on residential (house) sales from commercial websites, applied to 2 case studies with different contexts - Leeds in UK and Qingdao in China. The proposed Household Proportion method uses household counts as ancillary information for areal interpolation of population. It is compared with other interpolation and the results show that HP method yields significantly better results than other interpolation approaches using ancillary data, with lower errors. This research also demonstrates that such data support the application of a suite of interpolation methods that make fewer assumptions about underlying spatial processes. The need to examine issues of representativeness and data coverage are identified and discussed, but the study demonstrates the opportunities for including freely available geo-located data to inform geographic analyses.     

An unconstrained statistical matching algorithm for combining individual and household level geo-specific census and survey data

The Population Census is an important source of statistical information in most countries that is capable of producing reliable estimates of population characteristics for small geographic areas. One limitation of a census is that there are many population characteristics that cannot be collected due to respondent burden or cost. This means that statistical agencies have to conduct population based surveys to provide social, economic and demographic characteristics for a target population which are not captured by a large-scale census. These surveys are usually capable of producing direct estimates at the national level and high level regions but often cannot produce reliable estimates for smaller areas. Due to the increasing demand for comprehensive statistical information not only at the national level but also for sub-national domains, there is a wide discussion in the literature about the use of statistical techniques that combine survey with census data to provide more detailed, finer-level estimates.Where censuses and sample surveys are based on the same reporting units, statistical matching techniques can be employed to link the records from survey and census data where exact matching of reporting units is impossible due to confidentiality restrictions. These techniques can then provide the detailed social, economic and demographic information required for small areas.An approach is developed in this paper in which a close-to-reality synthetic population of individuals and households is generated from available census tables using an iterative proportional updating (IPU) method. Statistical matching using a nearest neighbour method is then used to impute survey data to the individuals and households in the synthetic population. To evaluate this approach, 2011 Bangladesh census data is used to generate a district-specific synthetic population of individuals and households. Matching is then performed by imputing the nearest possible records among the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey to estimate the wealth index for each household within the synthetic population. The results show that using the method presented in this paper helps with achieving more representative estimates (comparing with direct survey estimates) particularly for areas with small sample sizes where not many population units with different socio-demographic characteristics are included.     

Estimating population from photographically determined residential land use types

The U. S. Bureau of Census conducts a census of population characteristics every ten years, a major element of which is existing population size. These latter data are essentially out of date by the time of census publication and become increasingly so as time progresses. In order to supply much needed intercensal urban population size data, a methodology is proposed which relates land use information from aerial photography to characteristic spatial population density figures obtained from U. S. Census data to generate accurate and timely urban population estimations. This proposed methodology was applied to four California cities and produced results ranging from an underestimate of 9.17% to an overestimate of 7.00%. While the error factors encountered in individual cities were significant, the composite error for the four cities together was only 4.51% (underestimation). Analysis of the suspected sources of error indicated that several minor modifications of the proposed methodology might increase the accuracy of the method. The relative ease and low cost associated with the application of the proposed methodology to four California cities suggests that the proposed methodology may be highly useful for planning and administrative purposes at local and regional levels.     

人口与车辆交通地理信息库的建立模式探讨

人口和车辆是城市交通管理和规划的重点对象和考虑因素，通过对城市机动车辆数据和人口数据进行分区处理。生成人口与车辆地理信息库系统，为城市交通管理者在做有关城市交通管理和规划方面提供决策数据。本文探讨运用数据仓库与地理信息系统相结合技术，利用现有的信息资源，建立人口与车辆分布分析的数据库系统。     

Spatio-Temporal Modeling in Video and Multimedia Geographic Information Systems

The geographic application domain includes important information such as design plans, record drawings, photographs, and video data records. The corresponding geographic information systems (GISs) should maintain a specific model for each geographic data modality such as geographic video model for video records. Real-time 3-D geographic information systems provide comprehensive interface to complex and dynamic databases and truly immersive capability for visualizing geographic data. In cases, where information about location of geographic objects is needed at different moments of time, a GIS should process video data that is directly manipulated and retrieved through representation of its spatio-temporal characteristics. In this context, the most advanced multimedia form—digital video, finds an efficient application in GIS for versatile specification of geographic data. In this paper, a model for spatial data evolving with time is introduced in the context of video data manipulation. We designed a model that represents the spatio-temporal continuum among geographic objects in geographic video sequences, or digital video. The model developed here was motivated by the requirements for manipulating, managing, and analyzing geographic data for the necessities of infrastructure management, urban and regional planning, hazard prevention and management, transportation networks, vehicles routing, etc. This model allows the important issues for GIS such as conditions of adjacency (what is next to what), containment (what is enclosed by what), and proximity (how close one geographic object is to another) to be determined. Our model describes the spatial relationships among objects for each key frame in a given video scene, and the temporal relationships of the temporal intervals measuring the validity duration of the spatial relationships spanning over the given key frame. One of the main GIS issues—distance estimation, is solved as quantitative metrics of geographic objects in digital video are easily and precisely specified. This model is a basis for annotation of raw video for subsequent use in geographic video databases and digital libraries that provide access to and efficient storage of large volume of geographic data.     

中国人口分布及空间相关分析

利用2000年人口普查信息，介绍了在人口地理信息系统中，通过三维模型显示，罗伦斯曲线，人口重心和人口潜力等方法，分析中国人口分布的特征。在此基础上，用空间相关方法对人口分布的现象进行分析，揭示了其空间地理分布的内在联系。     

基于多最小支持度的空间关联规则发现

空间关联规则挖掘可应用于发现空间数据库中大量空间谓词与非空间谓词之间的特定空间关系。论文针对区县道路交通数据提出了一种基于多最小支持度的空间关联规则挖掘算法,并给出了在GIS中进行空间关联规则挖掘的一般方法和流程。该挖掘算法可以从城市道路地理信息数据库中发现用户感兴趣的空间关联规则,经实际应用于城市道路规划管理系统,证明该算法是有效、可行的。     

Regional service coverage modeling

Service coverage is an often utilized concept in location modeling. Whether it be evaluating existing facilities or planning for new services, an underlying goal in many planning efforts is providing at least a minimal level of service coverage to an entire region. Examples include locating emergency medical services so as to ensure acceptable response times or siting Doppler radar stations to monitor evolving weather conditions. A challenge in addressing such problems has been how to represent a study region in a digital (or mathematical) environment. Historically, the approach taken has been to represent a region as an irregular pattern of points. These points typically correspond to centroids (or centers) of neighborhoods, towns, administrative units or census boundaries and summarize population or other service demand characteristics used in location models. A related alternative has been to represent a region as a regular pattern of points. The proliferation of geographic information systems (GIS), and the spatial data they manage, suggests that such representations may be overly simplistic in some circumstances. Further, there is increasingly an attempt to incorporate greater richness in traditional location modeling approaches. In this paper we explore coverage modeling of a region. An application focusing on siting emergency warning sirens in an urban area is used to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative coverage modeling approaches.     

地理信息共享、地理数据标准化及地理信息的GIS描述

从地理信息共享、地理信息标准化研究的角度,着重分析了地理信息在GIS系统中的描述机制,讨论了地理目标、地理实体、地理现象的概念及其间的关系。认为GIS对地理现象的描述是以地理实体及其关系为基本单元的,而地理实体则由表示空间位置形状及空间关系的空间目标及描述物理属性的属性数据共同表示的。