DRAGON用于反应堆中微子实验的基准验证

反应堆中微子实验中需计算输出²³⁵U、²³⁸U、²³⁹Pu、²⁴¹Pu在不同燃耗下的裂变份额,而通常的组件计算程序不输出这些结果。为适应反应堆中微子实验的需求,本文用Takahama-3基准对DRAGON用于压水堆燃耗进行基准验证,给出了反应堆中微子实验中关心的4种核素质量密度实验值与计算值的平均偏差,并利用计算出的裂变份额以及每次裂变释放的能量等,给出了NT3G24组件的反应堆中微子能谱,从而验证了DRAGON应用于反应堆中微子实验的可行性。     

基于CRAM的压水堆燃耗程序开发及验证

本文基于Cinder90燃耗数据库开发了燃耗求解程序MCRAM,并耦合MCNP程序对重要的锕系核素和裂变产物核素的反应截面进行了修正。以OECD/NEA乏燃料成分基准数据库中的Takahama-3压水堆燃料组件为基准题,对MCRAM程序的计算结果进行了验证,并与其他程序的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,MCRAM程序对重要裂变产物和主要锕系核素的计算结果相对偏差小于5%,计算精度与ORIGEN2程序的相当。与此同时,同一例题的计算效率MCRAM较之MCNTRANS程序提高了近200倍。     

基于燃耗信任制的核电厂乏燃料贮存水池临界计算

为研究初始富集度为4.95%的新型燃料组件卸料后高密度贮存的可行性,以岭澳核电站3、4号机组乏燃料贮存水池为例,利用SCALE5.1程序系统中基于燃耗信任制的STARBUCS临界计算程序,分析了该新型燃料组件在不同燃耗情况下,锕系核素和裂变产物的产额变化及其对反应性的影响;基于锕系加裂变产物信任水平,计算了燃料组件在不同燃耗深度和不同贮存年限情况下的乏燃料贮存水池临界安全性;给出了乏燃料贮存水池Ⅱ区的参考装载曲线。计算表明:该新型燃料组件在燃耗达到45 GWd.t-1(U)后可以高密度贮存在乏燃料贮存水池Ⅱ区。     

球床式高温气冷堆在线燃耗测量中^239Pu的影响分析

高温气冷堆中,燃料的平均燃耗比较深.随着235U的消耗和239Pu的累积,239Pu的裂变就将成为一个不可忽略的部分.通过理论计算,讨论了239Pu的裂变对于燃耗测量的影响.计算表明,当燃料球燃耗达到80 000 (MW·d)/t (U)时,239Pu的裂变所贡献的燃耗份额约26.7%,239Pu裂变产生的137Cs和134Cs分别占其各自总活度的27.2%和23.2%;比较而言,利用137Cs活度来计算燃耗的方法比用活度比134Cs/137Cs好.     

压水堆燃料组件内放射性源项计算与分析

反应堆堆芯中核燃料发生裂变时,产生了大量的放射性物质,给核电厂环境保护带来了挑战。燃料组件内的放射性源项是反应堆冷却剂放射性源项屏蔽设计、事故源项分析和放射性后果评估的基础。本文针对压水堆开展燃料组件内放射性源项的计算研究,采用ORIGEN-S程序,建立合适的计算方法,研究不同燃耗下燃料组件内源项计算结果的差异,并对比分析了不同版本的ENDF/B截面库对计算结果产生的影响,为压水堆燃料组件内放射性源项的计算提供参考。     

超临界水冷堆MOX燃料特性分析

针对超临界水冷堆组件,采用不同Pu含量的MOX燃料进行组件计算,得到不同燃料条件下的燃耗深度、功率分布因子、慢化剂温度反应性系数等结果,并对比分析在超临界水冷堆中应用MOX燃料与应用UO2燃料对组件性能的影响,以及不同Pu含量MOX燃料间的性能区别。分析结果表明,在超临界水冷堆设计中,应用MOX燃料与应用UO2燃料有相似的功率分布,应用MOX燃料可以增加燃耗深度,并有良好的慢化剂温度反应性系数。经过合理设计的MOX燃料可较好应用于超临界水冷堆中,且产生更好的性能。     

裂变产额数据对铅基快堆RBEC-M燃耗计算影响研究

第四代核能系统是一种具有更好安全性、经济竞争力、核废物减少,以及防止核扩散的先进核能系统,代表了先进核能系统的发展趋势和技术前沿。铅基快堆是第四代核能系统中重要堆型之一。目前国际上通用的反应堆程序,比如MCNP+ORIGEN、RMC或者Serpent,很多研究主要针对压水堆,国际上也有研究发现针对铅基快堆基准题RBEC-M,确定论方法和蒙卡方法计算结果有较大偏差。本文深入研究了蒙卡程序使用的裂变产额对计算结果的影响。首先对反应堆蒙特卡罗程序RMC自带和燃耗库中的部分核素的裂变产额数据进行了更新,采用国际上著名RBEC-M基准题和OECD/NEA发布的快堆Pu循环燃耗基准题进行了验证分析,计算得到了裂变份额数据对快堆燃耗计算的影响。计算结果表明:更新后的裂变产额数据对系统的有效增殖因子和主要重核的质量变化影响较小,但对部分裂变产物的质量变化影响较大,部分核素偏差超过86%。对于快堆Pu循环燃耗基准题,长寿命高放废物~(133)Cs和~(129)I的计算结果偏差分别可达22.4%和47.8%,这将对长寿命高放废物的嬗变效率和核燃料循环有重要影响。     

不同燃耗步长对KYLIN-Ⅱ软件kinf计算结果的影响分析

KYLIN-II软件基于改进预估修正方法进行临界燃耗迭代求解。本文针对压水堆纯UO₂燃料组件、含硼可燃毒物的UO₂燃耗组件和含钆可燃毒物的UO₂燃料组件,使用KYLIN-II软件,分析了不同燃耗步长对组件无限增殖系数k_inf计算结果的影响。通过比较分析,对于不同类型的燃料组件,给出了适合的燃耗步长选取,使其可以获得较高的计算精度。      

先进非能动压水堆核电站燃料组件轴向燃耗分布研究

燃料组件的轴向燃耗分布以及末端效应是燃耗信任制技术应用中的难点。基于先进非能动压水堆核电站的运行模式及组件设计特点,结合可能的燃料管理策略,统计轴向两端使用低富集度抑制区的乏燃料组件,生成轴向燃耗包络线。以AP1000堆型的乏燃料贮存单元为例,通过分析统计,证明生成的轴向燃耗包络线用于临界安全分析是保守的。在此基础上,详细研究燃料组件顶部的低富集度抑制区对末端效应的贡献,并对燃料组件进行设计改进,减小至消除末端效应,为简化乏燃料组件相关的临界安全分析提供了一个方法。相关研究工作及成果,是先进非能动压水堆核电站乏燃料组件相关的设施设备的临界安全设计的基础,可为其他堆型的相应研究提供参考和借鉴。     

先进非能动压水堆核电站燃料组件轴向燃耗分布研究

燃料组件的轴向燃耗分布以及末端效应是燃耗信任制技术应用中的难点。基于先进非能动压水堆核电站的运行模式及组件设计特点,结合可能的燃料管理策略,统计轴向两端使用低富集度抑制区的乏燃料组件,生成轴向燃耗包络线。以 AP1000堆型的乏燃料贮存单元为例,通过分析统计,证明生成的轴向燃耗包络线用于临界安全分析是保守的。在此基础上,详细研究燃料组件顶部的低富集度抑制区对末端效应的贡献,并对燃料组件进行设计改进,减小至消除末端效应,为简化乏燃料组件相关的临界安全分析提供了一个方法。相关研究工作及成果,是先进非能动压水堆核电站乏燃料组件相关的设施设备的临界安全设计的基础,可为其他堆型的相应研究提供参考和借鉴。     

Analysis of measured isotopic compositions of high-burnup PWR MOX and UO2 fuels in the MALIBU program

The measured isotopic compositions of fuel samples taken from high-burnup spent PWR MOX and UO₂ assemblies in the MALIBU program has been analyzed by lattice physics codes. The measured isotopes were U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cm isotopes and about 30 major fission product nuclides. The codes used in the present study were a continuous-energy Monte Carlo burnup calculation code (MVP-BURN) and a deterministic burnup calculation code (SRAC) based on the collision probability method. A two-dimensional multi-assembly geometrical model (2 × 2 model) was mainly adopted in the analysis in order to include the fuel assemblies adjoining the relevant fuel assembly, from which the samples were taken. For the MOX sample, the 2 × 2 model significantly reduces the deviations of the calculated results from the measurements compared with a single assembly model. The calculation results of MVP-BURN in the 2 × 2 model reproduce the measurements of U, Np, and Pu isotopes within 5% for the MOX sample of 67 GWd/t. The deviations of their calculated results of U, Np, and Pu isotopes from the measurements are less than 7% for the UO₂ sample of 72 GWd/t.     

燃耗信任制下燃耗计算对临界计算的偏差及不确定度的研究

为量化燃耗信任制中燃耗计算传递给临界计算的不确定度,本文基于参数统计法对燃耗计算的核素偏差及偏差不确定度展开分析,并以蒙特卡罗（MC）抽样方法计算的kinf不确定度为基准,比较不同抽样方法对临界计算不确定度的影响。结果表明,核素偏差与偏差不确定度是随样品燃耗变化的分段函数。对于临界计算,拉丁超立方抽样（LHS）方法与MC抽样方法的kinf不确定度计算结果吻合较好,且LHS方法可考虑参数间的相关性,计算结果更真实,可进一步提升电厂的经济性。     

Determination of Li-6/Li-7 Isotopic Ratio by Means of Thermogravimetric Analysis for Lithium Sulphate Monohydrate

Plutonium concentrations and burnup at Pu spots were calculated in U-Pu mixed oxide (MOX) fuel pellets for light water reactors with the neutron transport and burnup calculation code VIMBURN. The calculation models were suggested for Pu spots and U matrices in a heterogeneous MOX fuel pellet. The calculated Pu concentrations and burnup at Pu spots were compared with the PIEs data in a MOX pellet (38.8 MWd/kgHM). The calculated Pu concentrations agreed by 5–18% with the measured ones, and the calculated burnup did by less than 10% with the estimated one with the measured Nd concentrations. Commercial PWR types of MOX fuels were also analyzed with the calculation code and the models. Burnup at Pu spot increased as the distance was greater from the radial center of a MOX fuel pellet. Burnup at Pu spots in the peripheral region became 3–5 times higher than pellet average burnup of 40 MWd/kgHM. The diameters (20–100 μm) of Pu spots were not found a significant factor for burnup at Pu spots. In the outer half volume region (outer than r/r _o=0.7) of a MOX fuel pellet, burnup at Pu spots exceeded 70MWd/kgHM (the threshold burnup of microstructure change in UO₂ fuel pellet) at pellet average burnup of 1430 MWd/kgHM.     

Calculation of radial burnup and nuclides atom density distributions in a VVER-1000 fuel rod using Monte Carlo method

A fundamental knowledge of fuel behavior in different situations is required for safe and economic nuclear power generation. Due to the importance of a fuel rod behavior modelling in high burnup, in this paper, the radial distribution of burnup, fission products, and actinides atom density and their variations by increasing burnup and other factors such as temperature, enrichment and power density are studied in a fuel pellet of a VVER-1000 reactor in an operational cycle using the MCNPX 2.7 Monte Carlo code. A benchmark including a Uranium-Gadolinium (UGD) fuel assembly is used for verification of the developed model in the MCNPX code for radial burnup calculation. A sensitivity study is carried out to investigate the effect of different parameters such as the number of particles per cycle, the number of geometrical radial nodes in the fuel pellet, the number of burnup steps and the selection of different fission-product contents (i.e. those isotopes that are used for particle transport) on the MCNPX model for speed and accuracy compromising. To calculate the radial temperature profiles and to analyze the effect of temperature on the radial burnup distribution and vice versa, the HEATING 7.2 code, which is a general-purpose conduction heat transfer program, and the MCNPX code are applied together. The results show the accuracy and capability of the proposed model in the MCNPX and HEATING codes for radial burnup calculation.     

Burnup Determination of High Burnup and Dry Processed Fuels Based on Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometric Measurements

Destructive methods were used for the burnup determination of a PWR nuclear fuel irradiated to a high burnup in power reactors, and of a dry processed fuel fabricated from a spent PWR fuel and irradiated in the Hanaro research reactor. The total burnup was determined from a measurement of the Nd and Cs isotope burnup monitors. The methods included U, Pu, ¹⁴⁸Nd, ¹⁴⁵Nd+¹⁴⁶Nd, total of the Nd isotopes, ¹³³Cs and ¹³⁷Cs determinations by the isotope dilution mass spectrometric method (IDMS) by using quadrupole spikes (²³³U, ²⁴²Pu, ¹⁵⁰Nd, and ¹³³Cs). The methods involved two sequential anion exchange resin (AG 1X8 and 1X4) separation procedures and a Cs purification with a cation exchange resin (AG 50WX4) separation procedure. The results obtained by the Nd and Cs isotopes from the mass spectrometric measurement were compared with those by the ORIGEN code.     

Analyses of used BWR fuel assay data with the integrated burnup code system SWAT4.0

Criticality safety of the fuel debris from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is one of the most important issues, and the adoption of burnup credit is desired for criticality safety evaluation. To adopt the burnup credit, validation of the burnup calculation codes is required. Assay data of the used nuclear fuel irradiated by the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2 are evaluated to validate the SWAT4.0 code for solving the BWR fuel burnup problem. The calculation results revealed that the number densities of many heavy nuclides and fission products show good agreement with the experimental data, except for those of ²³⁷Np, ²³⁸Pu, and samarium isotopes. These differences were considered to originate from inappropriate assumption of void fraction. Our results implied overestimation of the (n, γ) cross-section of ²³⁷Np in JENDL-4.0. The Calculation/Experiment – 1 (C/E–1) value did not depend on the type of fuel rod (UO₂ or UO₂–Gd₂O₃), which was similar to the case of PWR fuel. The differences in the number densities of ²³⁵U, ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴⁰Pu, ²⁴¹Pu, ¹⁴⁹Sm, and ¹⁵¹Sm have a large impact on k_eff. However, the reactivity uncertainty related to the burnup analysis was less than 3%. These results indicate that SWAT4.0 appropriately analyzes the isotopic composition of BWR fuel, and it has sufficient accuracy to be adopted in the burnup credit evaluation of fuel debris.     

乏燃料燃耗与中子发射强度的关系

对辐照过的低富集氧化铀燃料的燃耗与中子发射强度间的关系进行分析和研究。计算了不同初始富集度、不同燃耗、不同冷却时间的乏燃料的中子发射强度,经分析,证实了燃耗与中子发射强度间存在的幂函数关系,并对影响幂函数关系的各种因素进行了研究。发现幂函数关系中的系数受初始富集度、冷却时间、燃耗范围的影响;如果冷却时间大于2a,这个关系不受辐照历史的影响;如果冷却时间小于2a,这个关系受辐照历史的影响。     

燃耗数据库基准检验方法研究

燃耗数据库基准检验方法对于研制高准确度的燃耗数据库至关重要。本文以TAKAHAMA 3压水堆辐照后检验实验中SF95样品的建模为例，研究了建模要素对燃耗计算的影响，确定了燃耗实验建模的方法，开展了燃耗信用制研究感兴趣的锕系和裂变产物核素积存量计算值与实验值的比对。比对结果显示，主锕系核素计算偏差小于2%，大部分次锕系核素偏差小于10%，大部分重要裂变产物核素偏差小于5%。本文还对125Sb积存量随燃耗深度变化规律进行了理论分析，确认了破坏性放化实验测量结果存在缺陷，并进一步获得了125Sb积存量的修正值，使计算偏差从接近170%下降到20%以内。本次研究表明，燃耗数据库基准检验研究不仅需发展适当的燃耗实验建模方法，还需对实验数据进行适当的评价。     

Analysis of Measured Isotopic Compositions of High-Burnup BWR MOX Fuel

Analysis of measured isotopic compositions of four high-burnup BWR MOX fuel samples was performed by using a general-purpose neutronic calculation code SRAC and a continuous-energy Monte Carlo burnup code MVP-BURN. The initial Pu fissile content of the samples was 5.52 wt%, and the burnups ranged from 50 to 80 GWd/t. It is confirmed that a geometrical model including the effect of UO₂ assemblies adjacent to the MOX assembly is necessary in the burnup calculations to obtain accurate calculated isotopic compositions. The calculated results of MVP-BURN with JENDL-3.3 taking such effect into account show more accurate results for major actinides (U, Pu, and Am isotopes) and most fission products than those of infinite assembly calculations. The paper also shows the results calculated using SRAC with JENDL-3.3, ENDF/B-VII, and JEFF-3.1.