严重事故条件下水蒸气对氢气燃烧影响试验研究

通过试验分析严重事故条件下水蒸气对氢气燃烧行为的影响,分别改变初始水蒸气浓度,比较分析氢气燃烧的温度、压力、火焰传播速度和燃尽率,并且对试验结果进行对比分析,可得出以下结论:水蒸气降低了氢气燃烧峰值温度、峰值压力和火焰传播速度,并且水蒸气浓度越高,对氢气燃烧影响越大,但是对氢气燃尽率无影响。     

氢气-空气混合气体燃烧特性试验分析

为了保证严重事故下安全壳的完整性,氢气点火器燃烧缓解措施被广泛应用于核电站内。本文在1个20m3立式圆柱罐体内进行9.28%浓度下的氢气燃烧试验,结合GASFLOW数值模拟和其他试验数据,对本次试验结果进行了综合分析。试验和模拟结果均表明:9.28%浓度下氢气完全燃烧,罐体内温度和压力快速增加;燃烧过程中罐体内高温气体通过辐射传热、对流换热和相变传热3种方式向罐体结构散热,使得罐体内温度和压力随时间逐渐降低,达到泄压和冷却的作用;燃烧过程有明显的方向性,即点燃后火焰在浮力作用下沿罐体中心线向上传播,到达顶部后转而沿罐体四周向下燃烧,燃烧初期火焰速度为11.15m/s;试验中由于内部构件的影响,火焰传播更为复杂。     

圆柱罐体内氢气-空气混合气体燃烧特性的CFD分析

点火器广泛应用于核电站以实现氢气低浓度下的控制性燃烧,缓解核电站严重事故下的氢气风险。本文应用三维计算流体力学程序GASFLOW对一圆柱罐体内不同浓度的氢气-空混合气体的燃烧特性进行分析。低浓度氢气混合气体只有极少部分燃烧,大于8%的情况下出现明显的氢气燃烧和温度、压力的上升。根据火焰加速σ准则和燃爆转换D/7λ准则,大于11%的情况下可能会出现火焰加速,大于12%的情况下有燃爆转换的可能。不同浓度混合气体燃烧的火焰传播路径也不同,较低浓度气体燃烧火焰先向上再向下传播,较高浓度气体燃烧火焰向四周传播。     

高温高压氢气火焰加速准则研究

从氢气燃烧火焰加速的物理现象出发,介绍用于氢气燃爆风险分析的火焰加速σ准则;从可燃混合气体淬灭和再点燃燃烧模型出发,考虑压力对层流火焰速度的影响,提出高温高压的火焰加速σ准则;利用高温高压氢气燃爆实验对提出的准则进行了验证。     

安全壳内氢气燃烧特性数值研究

本文基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法,采用涡耗散概念(EDC)模型耦合P1辐射模型,对德国开展的ThAI-HD12氢气燃烧实验进行了数值模拟验证,与实验符合良好.同时通过修正反应机理,获得了更符合实验的结果.通过改变点火位置、氢气浓度,计算得到安全壳内压力、温度等的变化,结果表明:在安全壳空间内,浮力对氢气燃烧火焰传播影...     

严重事故下安全壳内氢气爆燃风险数值模拟研究

采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对典型核电厂失水事故下的氢气分布和燃烧过程进行安全分析研究。首先基于火焰加速准则对安全壳内燃爆风险进行评估,采用大规模氢气燃烧实验确定了保守燃烧模型(CREBCOM)中的燃烧速率常数。对安全壳内的氢气燃烧过程的数值模拟显示:氢气燃烧过程产生的峰值压力接近7.0×10~5 Pa,将对安全壳完整性产生威胁。     

小型堆严重事故下安全壳内氢气行为分析

采用MELCOR程序,对小型堆破口叠加全部电源丧失的典型严重事故进行计算,并对安全壳内发生氢气燃烧、爆炸的可能性进行分析。结果表明:主管道直径3.72%的破口叠加全部电源丧失后,堆芯裸露,出现熔堆事故;同时锆水反应产生的大量氢气进入安全壳,使安全壳内氢气含量上升,在安全壳局部空间、屏蔽水箱内出现氢气燃烧。但由于小型堆安全壳净容积较小,水蒸气含量较高,氧气含量较少,不会导致氢气爆炸。     

基于CFD的氢气扩散火焰燃烧分析

日本福岛核事故后,氢气风险对于安全壳完整性的挑战成为反应堆安全设计的热点问题.当前的氢气风险分析普遍采用一体化分析程序,对于局部区域氢气扩散火焰的分析存在缺陷和不足.本文依托CFD程序,建立了安全壳内局部隔间的CFD氢气扩散火焰燃烧的分析方法,研究了扩散火焰的燃烧特性,获得了严重事故下的安全壳温度载荷.研究结果表明,安...     

局部空间内氢气爆炸程序开发及应用

针对反应堆安全壳或厂房局部空间内氢气爆炸过程,利用Fortran 90语言开发了氢气爆炸数值分析程序。采用单步反应模拟氢气与空气的化学反应,采用5阶精度的WENO求解对流项,时间步进采用3阶精度的龙格-库塔方法,对局部二维空间内氢气/空气/水蒸气预混气的爆炸过程进行了数值模拟。采用开发的程序计算了两种典型的激波管问题以验证程序的准确性,并用该程序分析了带隔间的沸水反应堆厂房局部空间内的氢气爆炸过程。计算结果表明：爆炸过程中最大的压力峰值来源于冲击波与反射波之间的碰撞,最大的冲击波压力和温度高达7.5 MPa和3 245 K。由此可得,安全壳内的氢气爆炸过程可能会威胁到安全壳的完整性,导致放射性物质释放。     

小尺度空间内氢气流动分布特性数值研究

与核电厂安全壳大空间不同,安全壳隔间以及先进小型堆等小尺度空间中,氢气与水蒸气的混合气体流动受到壁面的限制,气流不能充分发展,可能导致氢气在某些位置积聚引发氢气风险。本文采用数值模拟与理论分析相结合的方法对小尺度空间内氢气流动分布特性进行了研究。研究发现,典型工况下小尺度空间上部形成了氢气浓度分布比较均匀的氢气浓度储备区,在中部和下部区域分别为氢气浓度过渡区和高空气浓度区;随着源项气体动量的增大,源项气体进入上部空间的能力增大,导致空间上部区域氢气浓度增大。本研究可为后续先进小型堆的氢气风险研究分析提供支持。      

Laser Rayleigh measurement of mixing processes and control of hydrogen combustion using quenching meshes

Two issues concerning hydrogen combustion under a severe accident scenario are addressed: (1) a laser Rayleigh scattering technique to investigate hydrogen mixing processes; and (2) the installation of metallic meshes between compartments to control and isolate hydrogen combustion within a single compartment. The Rayleigh scattering techniques are tested to determine hydrogen/air mixing processes locally and temporally as a non-intrusive probing method. To simulate mixing processes, helium is injected into a chamber filled with n-butane. Results show that helium concentration can be successfully monitored with sufficiently fast responses. Isolation and control of hydrogen burning is simulated by installing metallic meshes between compartments. Hydrogen is injected into one compartment and subsequently transported to the second compartment. Two sets of experiments are conducted with and without installing metallic meshes between the compartments. With the mixture ignited near the second compartment outlet, hydrogen combustion can be successfully contained within the second compartment with meshes, while flame propagates to the first compartment when meshes are not installed. These results demonstrate that hydrogen combustion can be controlled and isolated by installing meshes locally such that unwanted rapid pressure rise in a containment can be prevented. It also suggests the applicability of meshes for equipment survivability and protection from flame propagation by enclosing equipments with properly designed meshes.     

非凝性气体对汽-气稳压器稳压的影响研究

通过分析相间的传热传质过程以及非凝性气体存在时壁面蒸汽冷凝过程,建立了汽 气稳压器模型,研究了非凝性气体对稳压过程的影响,描述了稳压器的稳压特性,并将模型计算结果与MIT稳压器实验数据进行了对比。结果表明：当不含非凝性气体时,计算精度高,相对偏差在0.8%内,压力峰值为0.647 MPa;当非凝性气体含量从0增至20%时,计算精度相对减小,最高相对偏差为15.4%;压力峰值从0.647 MPa增至1.02 MPa。研究表明非凝性气体对稳压器稳压过程具有重要影响作用,随着非凝性气体的种类和含量的变化,稳压器内稳压过程发生显著变化。     

Air-hydrogen deflagration tests at the University of Pisa

In severe accidents, large amounts of hydrogen may be released in the safety containment of a nuclear plant and the gas mixture may become explosive. The University of Pisa and ENEA have undertaken an experimental program to study the physics of flame propagation in a containment model under accident conditions. Up to now 41 deflagration tests have been performed at the HYDRO-SC facility at ambient pressure and temperature. Concentrations, water spray conditions, ignition source and gas turbulence levels were varied. The vessel volume was 0.5 m³, the ignition sources were an electrical spark discharge and an electrically heated surface (glow-plug), the hydrogen molar fractions were in the range 4–16%, the turbulence was generated by fan or spray and two different spray nozzles were utilized. The experimental data indicate that the peak pressures nearly fit the adiabatic isochoric values at the highest hydrogen concentrations and gas turbulences. Weak pressure waves were observed for H₂ molar fractions greater than 10%. A careful examination of the pressure and temperature transients gave information on the flame path and on the heat transfer process during and after combustion. Scale effects on the peak pressures were not observed by comparison of the HYDRO-SC results with data obtained in other laboratories. The glow plug igniter has proved to be a reliable tool for use in deliberate ignition schemes for hydrogen control in nuclear plants.     

先进压水堆核电站氢气风险分析

核电厂在严重事故期间会产生大量氢气并释放到安全壳内,威胁安全壳的完整性。应用氢气风险分析程序GASFLOW对先进压水堆核电站在大破口失水事故叠加应急堆芯冷却系统失效导致的严重事故期间的氢气行为及风险进行分析。结果表明,当气体释放源位于蒸汽发生器隔间时,氢气流动的主要路径为"蒸汽发生器隔间—穹顶空间—操作平台以下隔间";破口隔间的氢气体积浓度分布与源项氢气体积浓度及射流形态有关,非破口区域的氢气体积浓度呈层状分布,在扩散作用下,层状分布向下推移;蒸汽发生器隔间存在着火焰加速(FA)的可能性,但基本可排除燃爆转变(DDT)的可能性,穹顶区域基本可排除FA和DDT的可能性。     

Analysis of hydrogen flame acceleration in APR1400 containment by coupling hydrogen distribution and combustion analysis codes

This study was conducted as part of the construction of an integrated system to mechanistically evaluate flame acceleration characteristics in a containment of a nuclear power plant during a severe accident. In the integrated analysis system, multi-dimensional hydrogen distribution and combustion analysis codes are used to consider three-dimensional effects of the hydrogen behaviors. GASFLOW is used for the analysis of a hydrogen distribution in the containment. For the analysis of a hydrogen combustion in the containment, an open-source CFD (computational fluid dynamics) code OpenFOAM is chosen. Data of the hydrogen and steam distributions obtained from a GASFLOW analysis are transferred to the OpenFOAM combustion solver by a conversion and interpolation process between the solvers. The combustion solver imports the transferred data and initializes the containment atmosphere as an initial condition of a hydrogen combustion analysis. The turbulent combustion model used in this study was validated by evaluating the F22 test of the FLAME experiment. The coupled analysis method was applied for the analysis of a hydrogen combustion during a station blackout accident in an APR1400. In addition, the characteristics of the flame acceleration depending on a hydrogen release location are comparatively evaluated.     

Assessment of the GOTHIC code for prediction of hydrogen flame propagation in small scale experiments

With the rising concerns regarding the time and space dependent hydrogen behavior in severe accidents, the calculation for local hydrogen combustion in compartment has been attempted using CFD codes like GOTHIC. In particular, the space resolved hydrogen combustion analysis is essential to address certain safety issues such as the safety components survivability, and to determine proper positions for hydrogen control devices as e.q. recombiners or igniters. In the GOTHIC 6.1b code, there are many advanced features associated with the hydrogen burn models to enhance its calculation capability.In this study, we performed premixed hydrogen/air combustion experiments with an upright, rectangular shaped, combustion chamber of dimensions 1 m × 0.024 m × 1 m. The GOTHIC 6.1b code was used to simulate the hydrogen/air combustion experiments, and its prediction capability was assessed by comparing the experimental with multidimensional calculational results. Especially, the prediction capability of the GOTHIC 6.1b code for local hydrogen flame propagation phenomena was examined. For some cases, comparisons are also presented for lumped modeling of hydrogen combustion. By evaluating the effect of parametric simulations, we present some instructions for local hydrogen combustion analysis using the GOTHIC 6.1b code. From the analyses results, it is concluded that the modeling parameter of GOTHIC 6.1b code should be modified when applying the mechanistic burn model for hydrogen propagation analysis in small geometry.     

Combustion of stratified hydrogen-air mixtures in the 10.7 m combustion test facility cylinder

This paper presents preliminary results from hydrogen concentration gradient combustion experiments in a 10.7 m³ cylinder. These gradients, also referred to as stratified mixtures, were formed from dry mixtures of hydrogen and air at atmospheric temperature. Combustion pressures, burn fractions and flame speeds in concentration gradients were compared with combustion of well-mixed gases containing equivalent amounts of hydrogen. The studied variables included the quantity of hydrogen in the vessel, the steepness of the concentration gradient, the igniter location, and the initial concentration of hydrogen at the bottom of the vessel.Gradients of hydrogen and air with average concentrations of hydrogen below the downward propagation limit produced significantly greater combustion pressures when ignited at the top of the vessel than well-mixed gases with the same quantity of hydrogen. This was the result of considerably higher burn fractions in the gradients than in the well-mixed gas tests. Above the downward propagation limit, gradients of hydrogen ignited at the top of the vessel produced nearly the same combustion pressures as under well-mixed conditions; both gradients and well-mixed gases had high burn fractions. Much higher flame speeds were observed in the gradients than the well-mixed gases.Gradients and well-mixed gases containing up to 14% hydrogen ignited at the bottom of the vessel produced nearly the same combustion pressures. Above 14%, hydrogen, gradients produced lower combustion pressures than well-mixed gases having the same quantity of hydrogen. This can be attributed to lower burn fractions of fuel from the gradients compared with well-mixed gases with similar quantities of hydrogen. When ignited at the bottom of the vessel, 90%, of a gradient's gases remained unburned until several seconds after ignition. The remaining gases were then consumed at a very fast rate.     

Study on the Enhancement Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge on the Premixed Methane/Oxygen/Helium Flame Velocity

Recently,plasma-assisted combustion has become a potentially applicable technology in many combustion scenarios.In this paper,a dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) plasma generator is designed to explore the effect of plasma on the CH4 oxidation process,and several properties of combustion are considered.First,in the presence or absence of plasma discharge,physical appearance of the flame is examined and analyzed.Second,the flame propagation velocity is calculated by the flame front extracted from the imaging data with the Bunsen burner method.Finally,the main molecular components and their intensity variation in the flame and the plasma zones are identified with an emission spectrograph to analyze the effect of active species on the combustion process.We also discuss the possible kinetic regime of plasma-assisted combustion.Experimental results imply that plasma discharge applied to the premixed CH_4/O_2/He mixture significantly raises the flame speed with equivalence ratios ranging from 0.85 to 1.10,with the flame speed improved by 17%to 35%.It can be seen that plasma can improve methane oxidation efficiency in the premixed fuel/oxidizer,especially at a low equivalence ratio.     

蒸汽份额对安全壳内氢气分布的影响

核电厂严重事故下安全壳内氢气的热工水力特性极其复杂,安全壳内氢气的流动与分布受多种因素影响,如安全壳通路、产氢速率、水蒸气份额等。本文使用三维计算流体力学软件CFX研究安全壳内的氢气浓度分布,关注在产生的混合气体中水蒸气份额对安全壳内氢气分布的影响。研究结果表明：所产生的混合气体中的水蒸气份额越高,水蒸气从破口区域携带出来的氢气越多;水蒸气促进了安全壳内的空气流动,导致破口区域的氢气浓度较低,其他区域的氢气分布则较为均匀。