中国成年女性精细乳房模型的建立及其在外照射防护中的应用

乳腺是对辐射致癌最敏感的器官之一,2007年国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)将乳腺的组织权重因子由0.05提升为0.12,使乳腺剂量的准确评估变得更为重要。本文利用数学建模方法建立了精细乳房模型,包括输乳窦、输乳管、小叶和脂肪组织,模型体素化后与中国成年女性参考人体素模型进行了融合。利用该模型计算了光子AP照射时乳腺腺体的剂量转换系数,并与原来模型的计算结果进行对比。结果显示,光子能量较低时两个模型的计算结果相差30%,光子能量在0.03 MeV以上时差别不大。     

数字乳腺X射线摄影成像参数优化研究

为使女性受检者接受尽量低的剂量同时获得尽量好的图像质量,本文针对Hologic Lorad Selenia数字乳腺X射线机型进行了数字乳腺X射线摄影成像参数优化研究。采用不同靶/滤过组合、管电压,对不同厚度和腺体百分含量的乳腺模体成像,获得不同成像参数下图像的对比度噪声比,用于表征图像质量。采用适用于中国女性的平均腺体剂量转换因子,计算数字乳腺X射线摄影中受检者的受照剂量,进而探究图像质量一致的情况下,受检者的受照剂量随不同成像参数的变化规律,最终对适用于中国女性的数字乳腺X射线摄影成像参数给出建议。本文结果为中国女性数字乳腺X射线摄影成像参数的优化提供参考。     

用于生物剂量评价的体素模型建立及验证

以鲤鱼为例建立体素模型,计算水中137Cs对鲤鱼不同组织和器官的外照射剂量转换因子,并与建立的与体素模型尺寸相一致的简化模型、欧盟非人类物种评价方法 ERICA、ICRP 108号报告中参考生物淡水鱼的剂量转换因子估算结果进行了比较。结果显示,在本文的建模条件下,体素模型计算所得的总的剂量转换因子与简化模型的总剂量转换因子的结果接近,低于ICRP 108号报告和ERICA方法所提供的剂量转换因子的结果。     

乳腺癌筛查中乳腺X射线摄影两种标准体位及乳腺压迫厚度与平均腺体剂量的关系北大核心CSCD

为了使乳腺X射线摄影在乳腺癌筛查中的应用达到最优化,本文回顾性分析了在我院行乳腺X射线摄影和乳腺彩色多普勒超声检查,并取得病理结果的患者共132人、139个病灶,比较乳腺头尾位(craniocaudal view,CC)、内外侧斜位(medial lateral oblique view,MLO)、乳腺压迫厚度、乳腺密度与被检者接受的平均腺体剂量(average glandular dose,AGD)的关系及两种体位上病灶检出情况。结果显示:(1)乳腺压迫厚度及乳腺密度都是AGD的独立影响因素,并呈正相关,且乳腺压迫厚度对AGD的影响比乳腺密度大;(2)曝光参数管电压及管电流随着乳腺压迫厚度的增加有增加趋势,致使AGD增大;(3)同一乳腺CC及MLO的压迫厚度及AGD未发现特定规律,但均数±标准差CC位(2.49±0.84)>MLO位(2.27±0.81),且MLO比CC更易显示病灶。只拍摄乳腺MLO联合乳腺彩色多普勒超声检查具有很大优势,不仅保证了诊断需要,更降低了被检者的AGD值,且被检者乳腺压迫厚度及乳腺密度越大,AGD降低越多。     

湖南省数字X射线摄影设备(DR)主要检查类型所致受检者剂量水平调查

为了解湖南省X射线摄影设备(DR)6种主要检查部位不同的投照方位所致受检者的剂量水平,采用典型抽样法,在省内选取967例受检者作为调查样本,对常用的几种投照类型所致受检者的剂量进行调查。结果表明,湖南省内X射线摄影设备(DR),在腰椎前后位投照(AP)、腰椎侧位投照(LAT)、骨盆前后位投照(AP)、髋关节前后位投照(AP)、胸部后前位投照(PA)、胸部侧位投照(LAT)、胸椎前后位投照(AP)、胸椎侧位投照(LAT)、头颅后前位投照(PA)、头颅侧位投照(LAT)等部位投照时,所致受检者剂量的典型值分别为3.9、5.7、2.5、3.8、0.3、0.7、1.3、3.0、 0.7和0.7 mGy。无自动曝光控制(AEC)时,DR在胸部PA、胸部LAT摄影时所致受检者的剂量的平均值分别为0.77 mGy和1.44 mGy,有AEC时,DR在胸部PA、胸部LAT摄影时所致受检者的剂量的平均值分别为0.27 mGy和0.56 mGy。湖南省X射线摄影设备(DR)6种主要检查部位不同的投照方位所致受检者的剂量低于GB 18871—2002《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》给出的典型成年受检者X射线摄影的剂量指导水平。在一定程度上, AEC能优化受检者在X射线摄影检查中受到的辐射剂量。     

非人类物种辐射剂量估算中剂量转换因子分析

剂量转换因子是辐射剂量估算中的基础和重要部分之一.本文介绍了非人类物种剂量转换因子计算的剂量学模型、主要假设条件和计算方法,并对辐射剂量估算的整体模型和简化解剖学模型中剂量转换因子进行了比较和实用性分析.     

基于并行技术的人体外照射实时精确剂量评估方法

为了精确评估核辐射环境下人体及器官受照剂量,FDS团队基于中国高精度辐射虚拟人模型Rad-HUMAN发展了体素级人体外照射剂量评估方法。但由于计算量巨大,现有计算流程和计算方法难以满足虚拟仿真对剂量评估实时性的要求。为了解决这一问题,本文借助OpenMP和MPI并行计算技术,发展了基于并行计算的体素级人体外照射剂量评估方法,实现了百万量级体素外照射剂量实时计算。以加速器驱动铅铋冷却反应堆堆顶包容小室内维修作业人体受照剂量评估为例的测试结果表明,该方法满足了体素级剂量实时评估计算的需求,对考虑到器官剂量限制的人体外照射剂量实时精确评估有重要意义。     

乳腺X射线空气比释动能标准装置的研究

基于医用乳腺X射线诊断机,设计建造了乳腺X射线参考辐射装置。通过拟合法测得各辐射质下的半值层,实验结果表明辐射质达到既定要求。利用溯源至低能X射线空气比释动能基准的RC6M作为标准电离室,得到了乳腺X射线参考辐射场的空气比释动能率,实现了乳腺X射线半导体剂量仪的校准。     

不同类型辐射照射复合催乳素诱发大鼠乳腺肿瘤的效果

雌性 W/Fu 大鼠接受不同剂量的各种照射,然后移植分泌催乳素的垂体肿瘤,把它产生的催乳素做为乳腺肿瘤的促发剂,使射线的致癌效果更容易地表现出来,用以研究不同种类辐射的相对生物效应。结果表明,2.0MeV 裂变中子的致癌效果突出地高于其它类型的辐射,它分别为 X 线、14.1MeV 快中子和0.025eV 热中子的30,14和4.5倍。裂变中子照射的照射场与1945年广岛原爆的相当,因此这些实验结果对广岛、长崎原爆形成的中子和γ射线辐射剂量的再评价有一定参考价值。     

数字化胸部X射线摄影中铜滤过对受检者辐射剂量的影响

采用西门子公司生产的数字化X射线透视摄影系统,在不同的附加铜滤过(0、0.1、0.2、0.3 mm)下,对不同厚度的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)模体进行胸部摄影。利用对比度噪声比评估不同附加铜滤过对图像质量的影响,同时使用辐射剂量仪记录不同铜滤过下的体表入射剂量,以探讨数字化胸部X射线摄影中,附加铜滤过对受检者体表入射...     

基于体素模型的光子外照射大鼠器官剂量模拟计算

获得外照射条件下的大鼠器官剂量,对于放射医学剂量-效应关系研究具有重要意义。本文基于大鼠微型CT图像建立大鼠体素模型,并研究光子外照射情况下大鼠器官剂量。大鼠体素模型质量323.7 g,单个体素尺寸为0.16 mm×0.16 mm×2 mm,包含大鼠大部分关键器官和组织。利用蒙特卡罗模拟程序MCNP计算获得了4种照射几何条件、21个单能(10 keV～10 MeV)平行光子束外照射情况下的器官剂量转换系数,最后对器官剂量随光子能量的变化进行了分析与讨论。     

核素153Sm体素S因子特性的研究

基于体素S因子计算个体化病例的三维剂量是目前核医学研究的一个重要方向.153Sm是目前骨转移治疗常用的核素之一.本文利用EGS4蒙特卡罗程序包构建了基于体素的三维吸收剂量分布模拟程序,计算了不同情况下153Sm的S因子,探讨了介质成分和物理密度对S因子的影响.结果表明:1)不同物理密度对S因子有明显影响;2)在相同物理密度的情况下,不同介质对S因子的影响相对较小.计算结果为基于体素S因子计算核素治疗的三维剂量提供了参考,明确了在不考虑介质和物理密度差异时S因子的误差.     

Mammography and 99mTc-MIBI scintimammography in breast cancer diagnosis

The aim of this work has been to evaluate whether a diagnostic protocol based on the joint use of mammography and ^99mTc-MIBI scintimammography can help to distinguish the lesions and to reduce the number of biopsies required in patients with suspected breast cancer,A total of 58 women were evaluated by palpation ,mammography,scintimammography,Twenty-four patints were scintimammographed with ^99mTc-MIBI at 10 min after injection.Thirty-four patients were taken doublepase scintimammography with ^99mTc-MIBI 10min and 60-90 min fater injection. Based on mammography,the supicion degrees of malignancy were rated,and 30 results of malignancy were confirmed by histopatology,Based on mammography,18 lesion were considered to be most probably benign (of which 3 were histopathologically breast cancer),19 as indeterminate(of which 9 were histopatologically breast cancer),and 21 as malignant (of which 18 were histopathologically breast cancer),The results of early and delayed phases ^99mTc-MIBI scintimammography were the same.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of scintimammography were 74.29%,86.96% and 79.31%,respectively,Scintimammography gave 16 correct diagnosis in 19 mammogram indeterminate (84.2%) and demonstrated 5 out of 8 cases axillary lymph nodes metastasis (72.5%),These studies show that ^99mTc-MIBI scintimammography used as a complementary testing technique to mammography is useful in the examination of patients with suspected breast cancer,The adoption of a joint mammography-scintimammography diagnostic protocol could considerably reduce the number of biopsies performed in patients with lesion of indeterminate mammographic suspicion of malignancy.     

Complement of 99mTc-octreotide scintimammography to mammography in evaluating breast cancers

In this paper,the 99mTc-octreotide scintimammography as a useful complementary technique of mammography was evaluated in diagnosing breast cancers.The 45 breast lesions were consecutively detected by mammography,and 99mTc-octreotide scintimammography,and both combination technique on the basis of self-examination,physical examination.Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic analysis.Radioactivity uptake ratios for tumor vs normal breast tissues (T/NT) were calculated using regions of interest.In the breast cancer groups and the benign lesion groups,the average uptake ratios of the 99mTc-octreotide were 1.63±0.19 and 1.09±0.13,respectively,and t was 9.638 (P0.001).Based on sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predicting value,and negative predicting value,99mTc-octreotide scintimammography was 87%,79%,84%,90%,and 73%,the mammography was 65%,64%,64%,80%,and 45%,and both combination was 95%,100%,97%,100% and 92%,respectively.This showed that the 99mTc-octreotide scintimammography was more useful than mammography in the evaluating suspected breast cancers,and the combination technique can accurately discriminate lesions.     

The influence of calculated CT X-ray spectra on organ absorbed dose to a human phantom

We have evaluated the utilization of five X-ray spectra codes for Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of computed tomography (CT) examinations. Four codes (Xcomp5r, X-raytbc, X-rayb&m and Srs-78) are semi-empiricals and one is based on MC methods (EGSnrc/BEAM Monte Carlo code). The X-ray spectra calculated by the semi-empirical codes were compared with the X-ray spectrum calculated by the EGSnrc/BEAM MC code. The absorbed doses to each organ or tissue were also compared. The calculated doses, and its respective organs, for which occurs the greatest disagreement, as well as the calculated doses for the testes and red bone marrow (two important organs used for calculating effective dose) were presented. The results obtained in this work are in good agreement with those obtained by Ay [M.R. Ay, S. Sarkar, M. Shahriari, D. Sardari, H. Zaidi, Assessment of different computational models for generation of X-ray spectra in diagnostic radiology and mammography, Med. Phys. 32 (2005) 1660], mainly for the bremsstrahlung distribution. Also, it was noted that the total characteristic X-rays produced by the EGSnrc/BEAM MC code increases with the increase of voltage more intensely than with the Xcomp5r, X-raytbc and Srs-78 codes. Comparison between the absorbed dose to each organ or tissue showed that, for X-ray spectra with additional filtration, the code based on Tucker et al. is in agreement with EGSnrc/BEAM MC code. But, for X-ray spectra without additional filtration the code based on Tucker et al. model presented the strong disagreement with EGSnrc/BEAM MC code.     

组织等效正比计数器对单能中子响应的测量及模拟

在辐射防护中,组织等效正比计数器（TEPC）可作为主动式剂量计用于中子辐射场监测。采用研制的球形TEPC对加速器单能中子进行测量,获取了0.36、0.65、0.8、1.0、1.3 MeV各单能中子的微剂量谱,根据测得的线能谱计算了吸收剂量和平均品质因子,进一步得到了剂量当量,并与利用注量-周围剂量当量转化因子计算的结果进行了对比。采用FLUKA蒙特卡罗软件模拟了TEPC对各单能中子的响应,并与实验进行了比较。结果发现,理论模拟和实验测量符合很好。实验与理论结果均表明研制的球形TEPC对上述各单能中子具有较好的剂量当量响应。     

Monte Carlo simulation for internal radiation dosimetry based on the high resolution Visible Chinese Human

The internal radiation dose calculations based on Chinese models is important in nuclear medicine. Most of the existing models are based on the physical and anatomical data of Caucasian, whose anatomical structure and physiological parameters are quite different from the Chinese, may lead significant effect on internal radiation.Therefore, it is necessary to establish the model based on the Chinese ethnic characteristics, and applied to radiation dosimetry calculation. In this study, a voxel model was established based on the high resolution Visible Chinese Human(VCH). The transport procedure of photon and electron was simulated using the MCNPX Monte Carlo code.Absorbed fraction(A.F) and specific absorbed fraction(SAF) were calculated and S-factors and mean absorbed doses for organs with 99roTe located in liver were also obtained. In comparison with those of VIP-Man and MIRD models,discrepancies were found to be correlated with the racial and anatomical differences in organ mass and inter-organ distance. The internal dosimetry data based on other models that were used to apply to Chinese adult population are replaced with Chinese specific data. The obtained results provide a reference for nuclear medicine, such as dose verification after surgery and potential radiation evaluation for radionuclides in preclinical research, etc.