双相不锈钢高温时效σ相析出行为研究进展

双相不锈钢高温热加工过程中,σ脆性相的快速析出将损害其力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。采取合适的热加工工艺抑制σ相的快速析出具有重要意义。简要综述了高温时效双相不锈钢析出相的特点,高温时效过程中σ相的析出机理、σ相析出动力学、σ相析出影响因素以及σ相析出对材料力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。化学成分、铁素体晶粒尺寸和体积分数,以及相应的热处理工艺等将影响高温条件下铁素体向σ相的分解。升高固溶温度,能在一定程度抑制高温时效过程中σ相的析出。     

Precipitation in 25Cr20NiNbN austenitic steel after ageing at 750°C

Abstract

The heat-resistant austenitic steel 25Cr20NiNbN (HR3C) has been widely used in super heater and re-heater tubes in ultra-supercritical (USC) boilers. The precipitation processes in the steel are complicated because of its high alloy element contents. Precipitation in a 25Cr20NiNbN steel has been investigated after thermal aging at 750°C for period from 500 to 3000 h. The results indicate that M23C6 carbides generally precipitate along grain boundaries and that the major intragranular precipitates are NbCrN nitrides and M23C6 carbides. More precipitates are observed in the specimens after long term aging treatment: NbCrN nitrides on grain boundaries, as well as Cr3Ni2SiC carbides, have been found in the sample after aged for 2000 h at 750°C. The formation of σ phase has also been confirmed in the current steel after long term aging based on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and chromogenic methods.     

Creep behaviour and microstructural evolution of AlxCrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloys

The creep deformation behaviour of thermo-mechanically treated Al_xCrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloys was investigated in the high-temperature range of 600–700°C. Compared with the Al-free CrMnFeCoNi alloy, the Al_xCrMnFeCoNi alloys showed higher creep resistance under the same creep conditions due to strengthening contribution from elemental Al. The Al_0.4CrMnFeCoNi alloy exhibited a stress-dependent transition from the low-stress region to high-stress region. The Al_0.6CrMnFeCoNi alloy showed decreased creep resistance compared to the Al_0.4CrMnFeCoNi alloy, which was ascribed to the higher activation volume and stacking-fault energy in the former alloy. Specifically, the intragranular formation of Cr-rich σ precipitation was widely found in the matrix grain among testing conditions, indicating a striking atomic diffusion process due to the limited entropic stabilisation in Al-containing CrMnFeCoNi alloys.     

时效处理对4A双相不锈钢σ相析出及性能的影响

对固溶处理后的4A双相不锈钢(DSS4A)进行不同温度(750~900℃)的等温时效处理,利用OM观测各个时效温度下σ相的析出行为,重点观测了σ相在850℃时效不同时间(1h、2h和4h)的析出过程,并通过SEM、EDS和TEM等检测手段对850℃、4h时效处理后的σ相析出形貌进行分析,揭示了σ相的析出特征及形成机理。最后对时效条件下4A双相不锈钢的力学性能和耐蚀性能也进行了相应研究。结果表明:σ相富Cr、Mo而贫Ni,属于四方结构,由高温铁素体分解而成;σ相析出量随时效温度的升高先增加后降低并在850℃时达到峰值,同一温度下时效时间越长,σ相析出越多;σ相使材料硬度提高,但材料抗拉强度、冲击韧性和耐腐蚀性整体呈下降趋势,其中冲击韧性对σ相析出尤为敏感。     

Effect of aging-deformation-treatment on the formation of intragranular ferrite in V-microalloyed steel

The influence of the aging-deformation-treatment on the formation of intragranular ferrite (IGF) in a vanadium microalloyed medium carbon steel (Fe–0.34C–1.53Mn) was studied. Effects of aging time on the volume fraction of IGF and austenite grain size were also investigated. The effect of the aging-deformation recrystallisation process on the amount of ferrite and the mechanism of IGF formation was discussed. The results show that aging-deformation-treatment makes the precipitation position of the carbonitride transfer from austenite grain boundary to intragranular, and the precipitated intragranular carbonitrides become the nucleation cores of the IGF during the recrystallisation. The content of precipitated carbonitrides, and the volume fraction of ferrites and the grain size of austenites, increase with the increasing aging time.     

Effect of Co on the microstructure evolution of modified HR3C austenitic heat-resistant steels during long-term ageing

The modified HR3C austenitic heat-resistant steels were aged at 650°C and 700°C for up to 3000 h. The effect of Co on microstructure evolution during long-term ageing was investigated using scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The experimental results showed that a large amount of σ phase precipitated within the grain during long-term ageing. The growth and coarsening of the σ phase were greatly influenced by the temperature. The variation of micro-hardness can be well understood in terms of volume fraction of the σ phase. The activation energy of forming σ phase was calculated by the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation and Arrhenius equation. It was found that Co addition can suppress the precipitation of the σ phase. The related mechanism of Co effect is discussed.     

Mn对22%Cr双相不锈钢700℃时效σ相及韧性的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)结合析出动力学和冲击实验,研究了不同Mn含量(4.3%,6.9%,9.7%,质量分数,下同)对22%Cr节镍型双相不锈钢700℃时效析出相形成和韧性的影响。结果表明:随Mn含量由4.3%增加至9.7%,时效76h,析出形貌分别为铁素体/奥氏体(δ/γ)界面细小σ相颗粒析出和铁素体晶内σ相/二次奥氏体(γ_2)共析组织。Mn含量增加使Avrami指数n减小,反应常数B增大,Mn元素参与并促进σ相析出,σ相开始析出和完全析出时间均提前,开始析出与完全析出的时间间隔增大,析出速率降低。时效过程中δ相分解量低于1%(体积分数,下同)对冲击韧度影响不大,δ相分解量由1%增至5%会显著降低冲击韧度。Mn含量增加在时效前期对冲击韧度有利,时效中期则会促使δ相分解量更早超过1%,导致冲击韧度快速下降。     

Residual stress driven cracking in superalloy weldments

Superalloy weldments are normally given post weld heat treatments to homogenize the weld metal microstructure, relieve residual stress, and precipitate strengthening phases. The relationship between microstructure and post weld heat treatment is easily studied; it is less straightforward to study the effects of post weld heat treatment on residual stress relaxation. Using a self-restrained testing procedure, a relatively simple approach was used to investigate the effects of microstructure and post-weld heat treatment on cracking during residual stress relaxation. Candidate superalloys for Advanced Ultra Supercritical steam plants were studied. It was found that cracking due to residual stress relaxation is primarily dependent on grain size, and in cases of intermediate grain size, intragranular precipitation is a controlling factor. These results are in agreement with traditional stress relaxation cracking theories.     

Carbide Effects on Creep Crack Growth of Ni-Cr Austenitic Steels

By controlling the carbon content ofFe-15Cr-25Ni alloys,three types ofmicrostructures were obtained:single phaseaustenite (γ),γ+intergranular carbides,γ+intergranular carbides + intragranular carbides.Creep crack growth behaviour of the three alloyshas been compared at 973 K and 1123 K.Intergranular carbides show higher creep crackgrowth resistance than intragranular carbides.Cav-ities nucleate at the triple junctions of grain bound-aries for single phase alloy,but at intergranularcarbides for two-phase alloys.The precipitation ofintergranular carbide not only changes thenucleation mechanism of cavities,but also inhibitsthe growth and coalescence of cavities.The precipi-tation of intragranular carbide obstructs thenucleation and growth of cavities furthermore.     

23Cr-14Ni高氮奥氏体不锈钢σ相析出行为EI北大核心CSCD

采用经验公式、热力学计算方法、Gleeble热/力模拟实验技术,结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜分析,研究了23Cr-14Ni高氮奥氏体不锈钢中σ相的析出行为。结果表明,23Cr-14Ni高氮奥氏体不锈钢中σ相可在960~1030℃析出,高于1050℃溶解。σ相析出具有异常快速的动力学特征,在经过1030℃保温1 min固溶处理后,σ相可直接从奥氏体晶界快速析出,析出先于碳氮化物相。σ相析出动力学行为及相对碳氮化物的析出次序和传统奥氏体不锈钢显著不同。铬、锰、钼元素含量较高且钼元素在晶界处偏聚提高了σ相平衡析出温度,是加速σ相析出的主要原因。     

Effect of high temperature aging on ferrite transformation kinetics and tensile properties of type 316L stainless steel weld metal

Abstract

Tensile samples of AISI type 316L weld metal, deposited by the gas tungsten arc welding process, were heat treated at 873,973, and 1073 K, before being subjected to tensile loading at an initial strain rate of 5·5 × 10^?5 S^?1 at a temperature of 427 K. The transformation kinetics of δ ferrite was studied in detail. The activation energy for the transformation of δ ferrite was found to be 272 kJ mol^?1. Theferrite transformation kinetics datafor the above three temperatures were thenfitted into a master plot using the Dorn parameter, and its validity in this temperature range was verified by superimposing the ferrite transformation kinetics data at 948 and 1023 K on to the master plot. From examinations by optical microscopy, the weld metal was found to undergo competing transformation reactions during high temperature aging, namely, dissolution of δ ferrite, precipitation of carbidesj carbonitrides and σ phase, changes in σ phase morphology, and spheroidisation of σ phase. The effect of the ferrite transformation kinetics and σ phase precipitation kinetics on the tensile properties of the weld metal were also studied in detail. The yield stresses of all the aged weld metals were lower than that of the as deposited weld metal. The σ phase had no direct influence on changes in the yield stress. The ultimate tensile strength was affected only by the quantity and morphology of σ phase. All the competing processes (except changes in σ phase morphology) significantly influenced ductility. The increase in work hardening exponent n was dependent only on the amount of σ phase and not on its morphology.

MST/1983     

The effect of deformation-induced-ferrite-transformation on nanometre-sized carbides in Ti–Mo ferritic steel

In this study, the effect of deformation-induced-ferrite-transformation (DIFT) rolling on precipitation in Ti–Mo ferrite matrix micro-alloyed steel was investigated by comparing to rolling in austenite non-recrystallisation region. The precipitate volume fraction and precipitation-starting time-temperature (PTT) curves under two kinds of process were calculated by thermodynamic and kinetic calculation, and the effects of non-recrystallisation rolling and DIFT rolling on the contribution of strengthening mechanisms were quantitatively analysed. The results showed that comparing with rolling in the austenite non-recrystallisation region, carbides in the steel by DIFT rolling were finer and more uniform. Moreover, DIFT rolling could enhance fine grain strengthening and precipitation strengthening simultaneously, and the increments of fine grain and precipitation strengthening were 34 and 63.7?MPa, respectively.     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超高强度铝合金的研究进展

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超高强度铝合金具有低密度、高比强度、高韧性和良好的抗腐蚀性能的特点,广泛应用于航空航天、交通运输和兵器领域。本文主要介绍近年来国内外Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超高强度铝合金的最新研究进展。超高强度铝合金基体上分布着纳米级的晶内时效析出相、亚微米级的高温析出相、微米级的结晶析出相和晶界析出相,这些相的形态、数量、尺寸和分布对合金的综合力学性能和抗腐蚀性能有直接的影响;主元素成分含量对超高强度铝合金综合力学性能有影响,合金的综合力学性能随Zn/Mg和Cu/Mg比值的变化而变化;微量元素能够提高超高强度铝合金的综合力学性能。微量元素对铝合金的影响主要体现在提高沉淀相的过饱和度,改变沉淀析出过程,促进或抑制沉淀相的析出和促进新相的沉淀析出。新制备技术能够显著细化晶粒、抑制偏析、析出相均匀分布和提高各种元素的过饱和度,从而改善超高强度铝合金的综合力学性能。强化固溶处理能够提高时效析出程度,从而提高铝合金的力学性能。三级时效处理后的超高强度铝合金具有峰值时效T6态的强度和优异的抗腐蚀性能。     

High temperature creep behaviour of an Ni-Cr-W-B alloy

The high-temperature creep behaviour of a solid-solution strengthened Ni-Cr-W-B alloy was studied, with emphasis on microstructural parameters. Creep strength was determined from tests conducted at 925°C/40 MPa. Various techniques of analytical electron microscopy were used to characterize the microstructure and microchemical composition. A number of microstructural parameters which promote creep strength, including (1) pinning of grain boundaries by tungsten-rich M₆C carbide, (2) relatively low stacking-fault energy, and (3) boron segregation to M₂₃C₆ carbide, were identified. However, their beneficial effects were suppressed by the initial presence of discontinuously precipitated M₂₃C₆ carbide at grain boundaries which accelerated intergranular cracking. Suppression of the discontinuous grainboundary reaction and a significant improvement in creep strength could be achieved by a proper heat treatment which appeared to induce a sufficiently high defect density promoting intragranular carbide precipitation. Competition between intergranular and intragranular precipitation was found to be influenced by an external stress. Strengthening by intragranular carbide precipitates appeared to occur by an attractive interaction with dislocations. Dislocations bowing out at subboundaries, cross-slip, motion of jogged screw dislocations and generation of dislocations at high-angle grain boundaries appeared to operate simultaneously as strain-producing mechanisms during steady-state creep.     

室温压缩AZ91镁合金显微组织及β-Mg17Al12相析出动力学

对常温压缩粗镁直接熔炼AZ91镁合金时效处理后的组织及β-Mg17Al12相析出动力学进行研究。结果表明:AZ91镁合金在常温压缩过程中出现大量的孪晶,为β-Mg17Al12相的析出提供了大量的形核基底;时效时β-Mg17Al12相优先在晶界、孪晶界析出,尤其易在孪晶与晶界、孪晶交接处析出并长大,且孪晶内析出的β-Mg17Al12相与α-Mg基体保持一定的位向关系;时效时间越长,析出的β-Mg17Al12相越多,温度越高,析出定量β-Mg17Al12相所需时间越短;结合实验数据,由JMAK方程计算得到AZ91镁合金析出β-Mg17Al12相激活能为23.8～37.9kJ/mol。     

The microstructure evolution and its effect on the mechanical properties of a hot-corrosion resistant Ni-based superalloy during long-term thermal exposure

The microstructure evolution and its influence on the mechanical properties are investigated in a hot-corrosion resistant Ni-based superalloy during long-term thermal exposure. It is found that the tertiary γ′ phase disappears and the secondary γ′ phase coarsens and coalesces gradually, which acts as the main reason for the decreasing of strength at both room temperature and 900 °C. During exposure, the grain boundary coarsens from discontinuous to half-continuous and finally to continuous structure. The optimum half-continuous grain boundary structure composed of discrete M₂₃C₆ and M₃B₂ wrapped by γ′ film leads to the elongation peak at room temperature in the thermally exposed specimens. At 900 °C, the increase in the elongation is attributed to the much softer matrix and the formation of microvoids. The behavior of primary MC decomposition is a diffusion-controlled process. During exposure, various derivative phases including M₂₃C₆, γ′, η, M₆C and σ sequentially form in the decomposed region. Primary MC decomposition and the precipitation of σ phase have little effect on the mechanical properties due to their low volume fractions.     

Overview Inclusion assisted microstructure control in C–Mn and low alloy steel welds

Abstract

Inclusion assisted microstructure control has been a key technology to improve the toughness of C–Mn and low alloy steel welds over the last two to three decades. The microstructure of weld metals and heat affected zones (HAZs) is known to be refined by different inclusions, which may act as nucleation sites for intragranular acicular ferrite and/or to pin austenite grains thereby preventing grain growth. In the present paper, the nature of acicular ferrite and the kinetics of intragranular ferrite transformations in both weld metals and the HAZ of steels are rationalised along with nucleation mechanisms. Acicular ferrite development is considered in terms of competitive nucleation and growth reactions at austenite grain boundary and intragranular inclusion nucleation sites. It is shown that compared to weld metals, it is difficult to shift the balance of ferrite nucleation from the austenite grain boundaries to the intragranular regions in the HAZ of particle dispersed steels because inclusion densities are lower and the surface area available for ferrite nucleation at the austenite grain boundaries tends to be greater than that of intragranular inclusions. The most consistent explanation of high nucleation potency in weld metals is provided by lattice matching between ferrite and the inclusion surface to reduce the interfacial energy opposing nucleation. In contrast, an increase in the thermodynamic driving force for nucleation through manganese depletion of the austenite matrix local to the inclusion tends to be the dominant nucleation mechanism in HAZs. It is demonstrated that these means of nucleation are not mutually exclusive but depend on the nature of the nucleating phase and the prevailing transformation conditions. Issues for further improvement of weldment toughness are discussed. It is argued that greater numbers of fine particles of a type that preferentially nucleate acicular ferrite are required in particle dispersed steels to oppose the austenite grain boundary ferrite transformation and promote high volume fractions of acicular ferrite and thereby toughness.     

Development of high strength hot rolled steel sheet for wheel disc application

Abstract

A hot rolled steel with unique combination of high strength and excellent ductility coupled with high hole expansion ratio has been developed for automotive applications using a new metallurgical approach. The steel chemistry and processing parameters were designed in such a way that austenite–ferrite phase transformation takes place at lower temperature with interphase precipitation of very fine carbides. A fine ferritic microstructure was produced with an average grain size of 3·4 μm resulting into attractive mechanical properties. Interphase precipitation was used as one of the major strengthening mechanisms apart from grain refinement. This led to an achievement of tensile strength as high as 800 MPa (min.) with an excellent stretch formability and low impact transition temperature. This is a potential grade with unique features which can have wider applications.     

纳米氧化铝粉体的绿色合成及其物相转变控制研究

以氯化铝、碳酸钠为原料,采用直接沉淀法,并于500～1,200℃煅烧,制备纳米Al2O3粉体。然后用TiO2、BaO对纳米Al2O3粉体掺杂,控制其物相转变过程。通过X射线衍射仪、差式扫描量热仪和透射电子显微镜分析纯净和掺杂后的纳米Al2O3的物相转变过程。结果表明,直接沉淀法所得水合Al2O3,经500℃煅烧后可转变为纳米活性Al2O3,粒径约为10 nm;纯净和掺杂Al2O3样品经1,200℃煅烧2 h后均为纳米粉体,其粒径为40～50 nm;在较高温度下,掺杂氧化钡对Al2O3的物相转变具有强烈抑制作用,粉体直至1,200℃仍未转变为结晶良好的α-Al2O3物相;而氧化钛则对其物相转变有显著促进作用,在1,000℃时粉体的主要物相即为α-Al2O3,1,100℃之后粉体已完全转变为α-Al2O3。     

Cooling effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of 27Cr–4Mo–2Ni ferritic stainless steel

The effects of cooling manner on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 27Cr–4Mo–2Ni ferritic stainless steel were investigated. It was found that the Laves phase (except for the TiN and Nb(C, N) particles) was distributed both in the grains and at the grain boundaries in the furnace-cooled specimen. The water-quenched and air-cooled specimens showed only TiN and Nb(C, N) particles. After annealing at 1100°C, the furnace-cooled specimen showed significant grain coarsening as compared to the water-quenched and air-cooled specimens. Furthermore, the Vickers hardness of the furnace-cooled specimen increased, while the total elongation decreased because of the formation of the Laves phase. The precipitation of the Laves phase resulted in the brittle fracture of the specimen during the tensile test.