反复冻融对葡萄酒中酚类物质的影响

近年来,葡萄酒以其独特的风味与诸多保健功能而备受消费者青睐。酚类物质作为葡萄酒中重要的组成成分,对于葡萄酒的感官品质以及营养价值都有着极其重要的贡献。然而,受限于现阶段的生产和运输条件,葡萄酒在生产、运输和贮藏过程中可能会经历反复的冷冻和融化（冻融）。本研究采用高效液相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱联用仪（HPLC/QqQ-MS/MS）对反复冻融0～5次的葡萄酒样品（5款红葡萄酒、3款白葡萄酒）中的酚类物质进行分析。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,总花色苷含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,且酰基化花色苷的降解速率低于未酰基化的花色苷;对其它酚类物质来说,反复冻融可能会促进单宁类物质降解形成某些单体酚,而其它非花色苷酚类物质含量基本保持不变。结论：在葡萄酒的生产和储运过程中,应尽量避免反复冻融或者减少冻融次数,以保证葡萄酒的品质。     

不同产区陈酿干红葡萄酒花色苷与颜色相关性分析

调查了10个产区、4个品种共13款陈酿干红葡萄酒的花色苷组成、颜色特征及二者相关性。结果表明：供试酒样总花色苷和9种单体花色苷含量较低,聚合花色苷含量较高,5种基本花色苷含量高于4种酰化花色苷含量;供试酒样a^*和b^*值均较大,黄色色调较重,b^*受产地和品种因素影响显著;二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素-3-O-乙酰葡萄糖苷是含量最高的单体花色苷,但甲基花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、二甲花翠素-3-O-咖啡酰葡萄糖苷和甲基花青素-3-O-乙酰葡萄糖苷是对酒体颜色影响最大的单体花色苷;对酒体颜色贡献中聚合花色苷大于单体花色苷,酰化花色苷大于基本花色苷。     

超声处理对‘烟73’干红葡萄酒颜色的影响

近年来,超声技术已在液体食品中得到了广泛应用。本文探究了一次性超声破碎（OU）和一次性超声水浴（OUB）处理后高花色苷‘烟73’干红葡萄酒颜色的变化及对酚类等物质的影响。结果表明,OU和OUB处理后葡萄酒颜色发生显著变化,颜色强度降低,色调升高,Red%值显著下降,Yellow%值和Blue%值显著上升,整体向紫红色方向演变;超声处理有效减缓了红葡萄酒颜色的褐变,显著提升了聚合色素含量,有利于葡萄酒颜色的稳定。同时,超声处理降低了钙离子、总酚和总花色苷含量,增加了铁离子和单宁含量。整体来说,OU处理对红葡萄酒颜色的影响高于OUB处理,表明超声破碎是加快葡萄酒陈酿和感官改善的有效方式。     

红葡萄酒中花色苷衍生物结构研究进展

颜色是影响红葡萄酒感官质量的重要指标之一,红葡萄酒颜色的深浅不仅决定着葡萄酒的感官品质,而且 对葡萄酒内在品质也有较大影响。花色苷是红葡萄酒中一种重要的水溶性天然色素,具有多种重要的生理功能和生 物活性。近年来发现的一些花色苷衍生物作为花色苷家族重要的补充,其种类、状态和含量对红葡萄酒的色泽特征 和陈酿潜能起到重要的作用。本文系统介绍了在红葡萄酒中发现的主要花色苷以及不同类型花色苷衍生物的结构特 征、形成途径和理化性质,以期为葡萄酒中花色苷衍生物的结构研究提供有益参考。     

吡喃花色苷类衍生物家族的研究进展

吡喃花色苷是近些年发现于果酒（如红葡萄酒）中的新型花色苷衍生物,是酒体最重要的呈色物质之一。吡喃花色苷家族具有第四个吡喃环的基本特征,是在发酵、陈酿过程中由浆果花色苷与葡萄糖发酵代谢的中间产物及（或）浆果中其他酚类成分经环加合反应形成的一系列天然色素物质。本文将系统介绍吡喃花色苷家族及其第二代衍生物家族的种类、分子结构、形成机制、稳定性与色度特征、抗氧化及抗肿瘤等生物活性。多种不同类型的吡喃花色苷家族不仅是重要呈色物质,而且具有较高的稳定性、良好的色泽特征及较强的功能活性,本文为进一步开展吡喃花色苷类衍生物的结构与其稳定性、色泽和功能性质关系的研究及其在葡萄酒产业和食品加工业中的应用提供有益的参考。     

华中地区不同品种树莓果实成熟过程中特征活性物质的变化

以华中地区四种不同成熟阶段的树莓果实为研究对象,采用分光光度法测定其总酚含量、总花色苷含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性;采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪鉴定其酚类物质,并用液相色谱仪对其绝对含量进行定量。研究结果表明,随着树莓果实的成熟,四种树莓果实中总酚的含量均呈下降趋势,与此同时,其总花色苷的含量均呈上升趋势。美22树莓果实的总酚含量（31.94 mg/g FW）和总花色苷含量（1.31 mg/g FW）均是四种树莓果实中最高的。四种树莓果实中共鉴定出9种酚类物质,5种花色苷类酚类物质和4种非花色苷类酚类物质,矢车菊素3-O-槐糖苷和矢车菊素3-O-葡萄糖苷为主要的花色苷类酚类物质;Lambertianin C和地榆素H-6为主要的非花色苷类酚类物质。此外,四种树莓果实中超氧化物歧化酶的活性呈下降趋势,其中天门三号树莓果实超氧化物歧化酶活性降低最多（37%）。该研究为华中地区树莓果实的开发利用提供基础数据。     

赤霉素拉穗处理对西拉葡萄果实酚类物质的影响

赤霉素是一种常见的植物激素,在高等植物的各个生长发育阶段都具有重要的调控作用。本实验针对山西 临汾地区酿酒葡萄西拉果穗过于紧密、果实酚类物质含量低等问题,采用赤霉素进行拉穗处理：于葡萄开花前20 d 和15 d分别采用3 种不同质量浓度（3、5、7 mg/L）的赤霉素溶液浸蘸果穗,研究各处理方式下葡萄果实酚类物质 的含量及组成差异。结果表明：开花前赤霉素处理对西拉葡萄果穗具有显著拉长作用（P＜0.05）,并促进了葡萄 果实的成熟;单体花色苷含量和非花色苷单体酚类物质含量均随着赤霉素质量浓度的增加而增加,且相同质量浓度 下开花前20 d赤霉素处理组单体花色苷含量高于开花前15 d处理组;所有处理组中以开花前20 d 7 mg/L赤霉素浸蘸 处理果穗效果最优,该处理能显著提高葡萄大部分单体花色苷和非花色苷单体酚类物质含量（P＜0.05）,并对酰 基化花色苷和黄酮醇类物质的形成有明显的促进作用。     

西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术研究西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化.结果表明:在葡萄成熟过程中共检测到27种非花色苷酚类物质,其中黄酮醇类物质舍量最高,黄烷-3-醇类次之.各类非花色苷酚类的含量在转色开始逐渐上升,到转色后1～2周达到最大值,随后缓慢下降;采摘前2周,除了酚酸类物质含量趋于稳定、白藜芦醇含量下降之外,其它非花色苷酚类物质含量再次升高.     

不同地区酿酒葡萄果实中酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力的分析

以源于我国4个地区(宁夏玉泉营、山西乡宁、河北昌黎和沙城地区)赤霞珠和梅鹿辄葡萄果实为研究对象,通过光谱和液相色谱-质谱联用技术对其理化指标、酚类物质含量、抗氧化能力及花色苷单体酚含量进行测定和分析。研究结果表明:宁夏玉泉营地区赤霞珠和梅鹿辄果实中的总酚、总类黄酮、总黄烷醇和总花色苷均最高,抗氧化能力也最强,河北沙城次之,其他2个地区互有高低;在2个品种中分别检测出22和23种花色苷单体酚物质,其中包括5种基本花色苷和18种花色苷衍生物;生态条件对赤霞珠和梅鹿辄果实花色苷组成的影响主要表现在其衍生物上,对其含量的影响与品种特性有关。产区生态条件对葡萄果实中酚类物质含量及花色苷单体酚的组成造成不同程度的影响。     

酿酒葡萄新品系‘黑珍珠’果实品质分析

为了研究‘黑珍珠’葡萄果实的酿酒特性,探究其亲本信息,分别利用高效液相色谱-质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS）和气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS）技术分析了‘黑珍珠’葡萄果实的花色苷和香气化合物的组成及含量。HPLC-MS分析结果表明,‘黑珍珠’葡萄果皮中花色苷总量为2 774.76 mg/kg mf,以花色素双葡萄糖苷为主（71.2%）,推测其含有非欧亚种葡萄的血缘。GC-MS分析结果表明,‘黑珍珠’葡萄果实香气化合物以游离态与糖苷结合态形式存在,共检测到123 种化合物。简单序列重复分析结果表明,在供试品种（‘贝达’、‘烟73’和‘Kolor’）中未发现‘黑珍珠’的亲本。由于‘黑珍珠’果皮花色苷的种类与含量丰富,且其单品种葡萄酒颜色深,未来可以作为酿造具有地区特色红葡萄酒的新品种或调色新品种。     

几种红葡萄酿酒过程中花色苷组成与CIELab参数的相关分析

采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了河北昌黎产区几个酿酒葡萄品种及其品系在葡萄酒酿造过程中的花色苷组成和含量,利用CIELab法分析了葡萄酒颜色参数及变化,采用相关性分析、主成分分析挖掘二者的相互关系。结果表明,发酵过程中同一品种不同品系葡萄酿造的葡萄酒之间花色苷种类相同,二甲花翠素类花色苷的含量远高于其他四类花色苷;不同类型花色苷影响不同的CIELab颜色参数,花色苷的B环修饰与红绿颜色参数a*显著正相关,花色苷的酰基化修饰与黄蓝颜色参数b*显著负相关,聚合花色苷与亮度L*显著负相关。红葡萄酒中花色苷的含量随酿造过程逐渐下降,且在主成分图上分布存在差异。     

外源脱落酸处理对葡萄果实及葡萄酒中抗氧化成分的影响

以天津蓟州区栽培的"美乐"和"赤霞珠"葡萄为试验品种,分别在其始熟期的初、中和末期3个阶段利用外源脱落酸(200 mg/L)处理果实,采用分光光度法测定葡萄和葡萄酒中酚类总含量和抗氧化活性,利用液质联用技术分析花色苷的含量和组成.研究结果表明:始熟期的外源脱落酸处理对成熟果实的质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和pH值,以及葡萄籽的酚类含量和抗氧化活性没有显著影响,但对葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类物质含量和活性具有显著影响.在始熟期中期(30％ ～50％果实转色)以前,对果实喷施外源脱落酸可以显著提高葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性.始熟期外源脱落酸处理使"美乐"和"赤霞珠"果实的酚类总含量分别提高了14％ ～39％和73％ ～172％,花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性分别提高了18％ ～143％和88％ ～178％;外源脱落酸处理使葡萄酒的3个指标(酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性)分别提高了17％ ～69％、18％ ～36％和21％ ～46％,而这些影响可以有效改善葡萄酒的感官品质和营养价值.外源脱落酸处理时期的精准控制可以提高酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化作用,进而提高葡萄酒品质和营养价值.     

‘桂葡6号’葡萄酒花色苷组分HPLC-MS分析

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定野生资源‘桂葡6号’乙醇发酵结束和瓶储3?个月的葡萄酒中花色苷类物质的组成及含量,并与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’进行对比。结果发现,‘桂葡6号’乙醇发酵结束和瓶储3?个月酒样中花色苷总量为548.94?g/L和427.89?g/L,分别是同期‘赤霞珠’的1.2?倍和2.7?倍左右。‘桂葡6号’乙醇发酵结束和瓶储3?个月酒样中分别检测到25?种和19?种花色苷,双糖苷是其中最主要的花色苷类型,含量最高的是甲基花青素-3,5-O-双葡萄糖苷。与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’相比,瓶储3?个月‘桂葡6号’酒样中3’,5’-羟基取代花色苷比例较高,而酰基化、甲基化和吡喃型花色苷比例较低。‘桂葡6号’花色苷组成及含量与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’差异明显,这由其品种特性决定。?     

发酵容器对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中花色苷的影响

利用高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)联用检测技术分析了法国旋转橡木桶和不锈钢发酵罐酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒陈酿180d和360d后花色苷的种类、数量,并与CIELAB法测定的葡萄酒色泽比较,结果发现二甲花翠素类花色苷是赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的主体花色苷类型,其中二甲花翠素单葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素乙酰化单葡萄糖苷作为特征峰,分别占其花色苷总量的50%和20%以上;发酵容器影响葡萄酒中花色苷的种类和含量;陈酿过程中酰化的花色苷均较其相应的糖苷下降幅度大;陈酿180d的葡萄酒红色色调的深浅主要由花色苷的含量高低决定,陈酿360d的葡萄酒红色色调深浅和花色苷的含量高低无关;橡木桶用于赤霞珠干红葡萄酒发酵能获得较不锈钢罐更浓的红色和黄色色调以及更深的总色度。为葡萄酒酿造工艺优化和产品质量监控提供了理论依据与快速准确的化学鉴定手段。     

Phenolic and Anthocyanin Profile of Valea Calugareasca Red Wines by HPLC-PDA-MS and MALDI-TOF Analysis

The quality of red wines is given by phenolic compounds and anthocyanins and is associated with colour, taste and therapeutic effects on human health. This work aims to provide a detailed profile of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins that are found in five red wine samples from Dealu Mare-Valea Calugareasca region. The phenolic and anthocyanin profiles of the red wine samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation–time of flight, respectively. The results obtained showed that Feteasca Neagra had the highest content of phenolic compounds followed by Pinot Noir while the preponderant compound was gallic acid. Amongst anthocyanins, malvidin was found to be the major compound and the highest anthocyanin content was found also for Feteasca Neagra wine. A simple high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry method was developed, optimised and applied for the quantification of phenolic compounds in red wine samples from Dealu Mare-Valea Calugareasca region. In the same time, a rapid matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation–time of flight method that does not need sample preparation was applied for the identification of anthocyanins. Moreover, the phenolic and anthocyanin composition of red wines from Dealu Mare-Valea Calugareasca region is reported for the first time. The phenolic and anthocyanin profile determination will be beneficial for the Romanian winemakers to produce high-quality red wines.     

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MACERATION TIMES AND PECTOLYTIC ENZYME ADDITION ON THE ANTHOCYANIN COMPOSITION OF VITIS VINIFERA CV. KALECIK KARASI WINES

Kalecik karasi is an important red grape cultivar for winemaking in Turkey. The effect of three different maceration times (3, 6 and 12 days) and addition of pectolytic enzyme (2 and 4 g/hL) on the anthocyanin and chemical composition of Kalecik karasi wines were studied. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with diode array detection was used for analysis. Fourteen anthocyanin compounds were detected in wines. Major anthocyanins in all wines are malvidin-3-glucoside and its acylated esters. The results showed that increasing maceration time, especially with addition of enzymes, gives significant increases in anthocyanin contents. Moreover, the wines treated with enzymes had higher values in total phenolics, tannins, and color intensity than the control wines.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Anthocyanins are the most important polyphenols in red grapes and red wines with potential health benefits. Therefore, the first analysis of the anthocyanins contents of wine obtained from important turkish cv. Kalecik karasi using liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry and the influence of different maceration times and addition of pectolytic enzyme on these important phenolic compounds are of interest for scientific literature, the wine industry as well as for the wine consumer.     

叶幕微气候差异对‘摩尔多瓦’葡萄花色苷的影响

为探究叶幕微气候对葡萄花色苷种类及含量的影响,将鲜食酿酒兼用葡萄品种‘摩尔多瓦’设置为篱架 直立叶幕和棚架水平叶幕两种类型,连续两年于果实膨大期实时监控两种叶幕下果实周围微环境的温度和湿度, 利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定花后9～15 周葡萄果皮花色苷单体组分与含量,以及果皮花色苷代谢途径相关 酶的基因表达量与活力,分析两种叶幕下果实品质差异。结果表明：与篱架直立叶幕相比,棚架水平叶幕显著降 低了果实周围环境的温湿度波动幅度及高温比例,提升了成熟期的果实品质;2015年水平叶幕下果实还原糖质量 浓度、百粒质量和花色苷、类黄酮含量分别比直立叶幕提高2.39%、5.48%、27.11%、44.89%;2016年水平叶幕下 果实总酚、花色苷、黄烷醇含量分别比直立叶幕高5.09%、6.45%、13.67%。花后11～13 周棚架水平叶幕葡萄果皮 UDP-葡萄糖-3-O-类黄酮糖苷转移酶基因（Vitis vinifera UDP-glucoseflavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase,VvUFGT）、 O-甲基转移酶基因（Vitis vinifera O-methyltransferase,VvOMT）和多酚氧化酶基因（Vitis vinifera polyphenol oxidase, VvPPO）表达量显著上调,UFGT、OMT以及花青素苷-5-O-葡萄糖基转移酶（anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase, 5GT）活力则在花后13～15 周保持较高水平,而在花后9～13 周,篱架直立叶幕的UFGT、无色花色素氧化酶、 OMT、5GT以及PPO 5 种酶的基因表达量与相应酶活力变化趋势较为一致。成熟期花色苷单体分析表明,水平叶幕 下21 种花色苷单体中,13 种单体含量显著高于直立叶幕,花色苷的修饰程度显著提高,但单体种类未受影响。     

不同酿酒酵母发酵对红葡萄酒中花色苷组成的影响

比较了不同酿酒酵母菌株发酵对红葡萄酒中花色苷组分的影响,为本土酵母的开发应用提供依据。采用本土自筛酿酒酵母菌株Y17和进口商业酵母菌株F15分别酿造干红葡萄酒,并利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS)对葡萄酒中的花色苷成分进行检测。结果表明,不同酵母发酵葡萄酒中的花色苷成分种类大体相同,但各种花色苷的含量具有较大差别,本土酵母菌株Y17在发酵生产高花色苷含量葡萄酒方面具有优势。     

Influence of partial rootzone drying on the composition and accumulation of anthocyanins in grape berries (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon)

Background and Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate anthocyanin composition and accumulation in grape berries in response to the partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation technique.
Method and Results: The experiment was on Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, wherein PRD had a 40% water deficit relative to the control treatment. PRD decreased berry weight compared with the control, but did not influence total anthocyanin concentration. A significant increase in glucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin and peonidin was found in response to PRD from the onset of anthocyanin accumulation (veraison), while malvidin-glucosides were unaffected by the irrigation treatment. The PRD treatment did not cause changes in the proportions of acetyl-, 3- p -coumaroyl- and monoglucoside anthocyanins. Wines produced from the treatments showed no difference in total monomeric anthocyanin, but relative increases (15%) in wine colour density, total tannin and polymeric pigment occurred in response to the PRD treatment. The anthocyanin composition of the wines reflected the response shown in the grapes, where the relative contribution of non-malvidin anthocyanins to total anthocyanins was significantly increased in wines from the PRD treatment.
Conclusions: The differences in anthocyanin composition observed in response to PRD could not be accounted for by changes in bunch microclimate, and most likely reflect differences in the methylation step of anthocyanin synthesis.
Significance of the Study: The observed changes in anthocyanin composition under the PRD irrigation system have not been previously reported in response to water deficit, and may reflect a unique response to within-vine signalling induced by PRD.     

Statistical interpretation of the color parameters of red wines in function of their phenolic composition during aging in bottle

The relationships between the color parameters (colorimetric indexes and CIELAB variables) and the phenolic components (anthocyanins, pyranoanthocyanins, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols and flavonols) of young red wines from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo, Graciano and Cabernet Sauvignon (vintage 2000, Navarra, Spain), have been investigated during 26 months of wine aging in bottle (a period embracing their commercial life), through the application of different statistical analysis (principal component, correlation and polynomial regression). The results of the principal component analysis first indicated that for each variety a high degree of interrelation existed between the color parameters and the anthocyanin pigments. Moreover, it was found that for each variety the color parameters were correlated with the anthocyanins during aging in bottle. Finally, by the application of polynomial regression analysis, both anthocyanins (simple glucosides and acetyl-glucosides) and pyranoanthocyanins (anthocyanin-pyruvic acid adducts) were selected as the variables that best described the different color parameters during aging in bottle. However, differences were found between varieties in relation to the type of anthocyanin pigment selected for describing each color parameter, finally indicating the importance of the grape variety factor in the definition of the wine chromatic characteristics.