红葡萄酒颜色研究

颜色对于红葡萄酒的感官质量起着重要作用,红葡萄酒中的呈色物质主要是花色苷,花色苷类物质的浓度与组成决定葡萄酒颜色的深度与稳定性.红葡萄酒的颜色受多方面因素影响,如酿造红葡萄酒的原料质量、栽培措施、发酵条件、稳定工艺、酵母菌、添加物(有机酸、色素酶、单宁等)及陈酿与贮存等.从多方面对有关红葡萄酒颜色的研究进行了阐述,并对我国红葡萄酒生产中存在的一些问题进行了讨论.     

红葡萄酒花色苷结构和颜色的关系研究进展

花色苷是红葡萄酒颜色的主要物质基础.本文根据花色苷结构,对其进行了分类,即基本花色苷(非酰化花色苷)、酰化花色苷、吡喃花色苷和聚合花色苷;并对其结构和颜色的关系进行了综述讨论,为葡萄酒颜色机理的研究提供参考.     

陶坛储存对红葡萄酒颜色的影响

采用4种不同的储存容器(橡木桶、无釉陶坛、有釉陶坛和不锈钢罐)对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒进行处理,通过对比分析不同储存容器储存过程中样品总花色苷、游离花色苷和颜色参数的变化,研究陶坛储存对葡萄酒颜色的影响。研究表明,随着储存的进行,所有样品的总花色苷和游离花色苷含量均不断下降,其中有釉陶坛下降幅度最大,对花色苷的影响较大,橡木桶下降幅度在4种储存容器中最小。此外,橡木桶与无釉陶坛花色苷的变化趋势基本相同。不同处理样品颜色变化具有较大差异,其中有釉陶坛颜色变化较为明显,黄色色调较深,无釉陶坛颜色变为砖红色,黄色色调较有釉陶坛稍浅,橡木桶和不锈钢罐颜色变化相对较小。该研究为开发新的葡萄酒储存容器提供了数据支撑及理论依据。     

贺兰山东麓年轻红葡萄酒的CIELab颜色空间特征

采用CIELab系统方法得到宁夏贺兰山东麓年轻红葡萄酒的颜色空间参数,并研究花色苷与颜色参数的相关性。以贺兰山东麓产区2012年份不同品种的10 个年轻红葡萄酒为材料,采用紫外分光光度计和pH示差法计算得出CIELab颜色空间参数以及总花色苷含量,通过相关性分析对葡萄酒各个颜色参数和总花色苷进行研究。结果表明：不同葡萄酒样品的明度L*、红度a*、黄度b*、饱和度Cab和色调角Hab等空间参数不同,表现出不同的颜色特征;总花色苷含量在161.2～287.8 mg/L,与参数L*、a*、Cab均呈显著相关性,决定年轻红葡萄酒的明度、色度及饱和度。     

酚类物质对红葡萄酒颜色影响的研究进展

颜色作为红葡萄酒的重要感官指标,提供了葡萄酒的品质、类型以及储存期的稳定性,也成为了消费者选购葡萄酒的重要因素。酚类物质作为红葡萄酒的"骨架结构",对葡萄酒的风味、口感以及颜色等都起着决定性的作用。因此,系统的对影响红葡萄酒颜色的酚类物质进行总结归纳,以及对其对红葡萄酒的颜色影响进行研究具有重要的参考意义。     

桑叶葡萄和刺葡萄果皮中酚类物质的组成分析

采用超声波辅助法,利用甲醇从桑叶葡萄和刺葡萄果皮中提取花色苷,利用乙酸乙酯从两种葡萄果皮中提取非花色苷,液质联用定性定量分析两种葡萄果皮中花色苷及非花色苷酚的组成。桑叶葡萄果皮共检测出花色苷20种,非花色苷酚6种。刺葡萄果皮中共检测出花色苷6种,非花色苷酚15种。刺葡萄果皮中主要的花色苷是花翠素3,5-二葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素3,5-二葡萄糖苷,而桑叶葡萄果皮以二甲花翠素3,5-二葡萄糖苷和3'甲基花翠素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷为主。两种野生葡萄果皮中主要的非花色苷酚是阿魏酸酒石酸酯及其衍生物,阿魏酸己糖酯和槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖苷,刺葡萄果皮中非花色苷酚的含量比桑叶葡萄中的多。     

河西走廊新引品种红葡萄酒酚类物质及颜色分析

该试验以7个河西走廊新引红葡萄品种(系)作为材料通过小容器发酵工艺酿造干红葡萄酒,测定了酒样的基础理化指标,总酚、单宁、花色苷、黄酮醇、黄烷醇和酒石酸酯的含量,以及CIELab颜色参数,对新引品种葡萄酒的酿酒特性进行了分析,以期为新引红葡萄品种的推广种植提供理论基础。结果表明,未经人工调酸,新引葡萄品种酒样的总酸含量为6.71～9.64 g/L,陈酿1年后卡本内·维洛斯酒样总酸变化较小,或能助力解决目前西北产区葡萄原料酸度不足的问题。此外,马瑟兰酒样的黄酮醇和酒石酸酯的含量较高,分别为354.81、311.85 mg/L,具有保持颜色稳定的潜力。与此同时,卡本内·维洛斯、莱博、小味尔多和赤霞珠169酒样酚类物质含量较高,其中卡本内·维洛斯酒样总酚含量为2 349.70 mg/L,单宁含量为818.57 mg/L,具有良好的陈年潜力。     

西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术研究西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化.结果表明:在葡萄成熟过程中共检测到27种非花色苷酚类物质,其中黄酮醇类物质舍量最高,黄烷-3-醇类次之.各类非花色苷酚类的含量在转色开始逐渐上升,到转色后1～2周达到最大值,随后缓慢下降;采摘前2周,除了酚酸类物质含量趋于稳定、白藜芦醇含量下降之外,其它非花色苷酚类物质含量再次升高.     

艾佐迈对赤霞珠红葡萄酒中非花色苷酚的影响

利用HPLC-MS技术研究艾佐迈施肥对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中非花色苷酚类物质的影响。结果表明:施用艾佐迈矿质肥料能提高赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中苯甲酸和黄酮醇类物质的含量,说明艾佐迈矿质肥料可以促进赤霞珠葡萄果实生长发育过程中酚酸类和黄酮醇类物质的积累。     

甜红葡萄酒花色苷增色稳定应用研究

花色苷、单宁是形成葡萄酒色泽的主要成份。乙醛也是酒中的天然成份。这三种物质在适宜数量比例、温度和酸度条件下会发生缩合,形成新的更稳定的衍生物色素,而且酒中的乙醇可使这种分子量更大的色素保持溶解状态。对于兑制型的甜葡萄酒,通过添加葡萄皮色素、微量乙醛和与色素同量或更高摩尔比的儿茶酚,在pH3.5、室温下暗置一个月,可获得色泽更稳定的紫红色的艳丽酒色。     

Comparison of phenolic and chromatic characteristics of dry red wines made from native Chinese grape species and vitis vinifera

The phenolic and chromatic characteristics of dry red wines made from native Chinese species (Vitis amurensis and its hybrids, and V. davidii) and V. vinifera were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography/triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry and spectrophotometer, respectively. V. amurensis and its hybrids wines had higher phenolic percentage of non-coumaroylated 3, 5-O-diglucosidic anthocyanins, V. davidii wines had higher phenolic percentage of coumaroylated 3, 5-O-diglucosidic anthocyanins, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, V. vinifera wines had higher phenolic percentage offlavan-3-ols and 3-O-monoglucosidic anthocyanins. Wines of native Chinese species had relatively higher blue % value and lower red % value. By the use of principal component analysis and Pearson correlation analysis, specific phenolic compounds could be recognized as phenolic fingerprints of different wines, which not only play an important role in wine differentiation, but also explain their chromatic differences.     

Development changes of anthocyanins in Vitis vinifera grapes grown in the Douro Valley and concentration in respective wines

Grapes of Touriga Nacional and Touriga Francesa red Vitis vinifera varieties have been sampled from two vineyard sites at different altitudes during three consecutive vintage years (1997, 1998 and 1999) in the Douro Valley. The total anthocyanidin monoglucosides (AMGs) detected by HPLC/DAD and the red colour of grape skin extracts were monitored during the last month of maturation. Microvinifications were performed with the grapes studied and the resulting Port wines were analysed. Malvidin 3‐glucoside and its acylated esters were the major AMGs irrespective of cultivar at harvest date. Vineyard altitude, together with other variables, was found to be an important factor contributing to the amount of anthocyanin compounds found in grapes of Touriga Nacional and Touriga Francesa. Overall, the climatic conditions observed at higher vineyard sites appeared to be advantageous, resulting in larger amounts of AMGs in grapes. The same outcome was obtained in the resulting wines, which showed higher levels of AMGs when made from grapes grown at higher altitude, especially for Touriga Francesa. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Practical interventions that influence the sensory attributes of red wines related to the phenolic composition of grapes: a review

The phenolic composition of red wines is complex and intimately involved in colour, taste, mouth‐feel and aroma. There have been significant advances in knowledge of compounds with relatively simple structures, but understanding of those with more complex and probably diverse structures is challenging. A number of phenolic compounds may form temporary complexes with anthocyanins and/or be involved in reactions that lead to relatively stable coloured compounds. A wide range of phenolic compounds is implicated in the oral sensory attributes of red wines. Of particular importance are flavan‐3‐ols, including proanthocyanidins (PAs). The generally observed decline in the extractability of PAs during berry ripening is due to binding with cell wall material, which may occur within the developing berry and also from tissues brought into contact during processing. Studies have shown that exposure/reduced vigour results in an increasing proportion of skin PAs being extractable during wine making. Temperature and light influence anthocyanin with temperature probably being more important and the most sensitive stage being 1–3 weeks after véraison. Skin PAs are extracted earlier than those from seeds during wine‐making. Recent results suggest some rearrangement of skin and/or seed PAs occurs during vinification which involves the cleavage of large polymers or the aggregation of small ones. The polymeric material is particularly influential in wine astringency and is transformed by incorporation of anthocyanins into tannin‐like compounds during wine‐making and storage. Although some grape‐derived phenolic compounds contribute to the aroma of red wines, likely of greater importance are the effects of nonvolatile phenolics on the volatility of a diverse range of aroma compounds. Advances in analytical techniques are likely to provide greater insights into the structures and conformations of phenolic polymers and the role of cell wall material in relation to phenolic extraction and reaction during vinification. In relation to aroma, much more research is required to reveal the details of the interactions involving phenolics with volatile compounds. It seems likely that the ability to influence the relative extraction and subsequent reaction of skin and seed phenolics is important in the production of full colour, aromatic and long‐lived wines.     

Phenolic characterisation of red wines from different grape varieties cultivated in Mendoza province (Argentina)

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the chemical composition of wine and its association with the grape variety/cultivar is of paramount importance in oenology and a necessary tool for marketing. Phenolic compounds are very important quality parameters of wines because of their impact on colour, taste and health properties. The aim of the present work was to study and describe the non‐flavonoid and flavonoid composition of wines from the principal red grape varieties cultivated in Mendoza (Argentina). RESULTS: Sixty phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids/derivatives, stilbenes, anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and dihydroflavonols, were identified and quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD/ESI‐MS). Marked quantitative differences could be seen in the phenolic profile among varieties, especially in stilbenes, acylated anthocyanins and other flavonoids. CONCLUSION: The polyphenolic content of Malbec wines was higher compared with the other red varieties. Dihydroflavonols represent a significant finding from the chemotaxonomic point of view, especially for Malbec variety. This is the first report on the individual phenolic composition of red wines from Mendoza (Argentina) and suggests that anthocyanins, flavanols and phenolic acids exert a great influence on cultivar‐based differentiation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

刺葡萄酒发酵过程中几类多酚成分的含量变化分析

该文以两种湖南刺葡萄品种（米葡萄和甜葡萄）为原料酿造的干红葡萄酒为研究对象,并利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS）技术分析在其酿造过程中酚类物质的含量变化。结果显示,在刺葡萄干红葡萄酒样品中共检测到六大类酚类物质共33种,其中包括7种黄酮醇类物质、5种黄烷-3-醇类物质、3种羟基苯甲酸类物质、3种羟基肉桂酸类物质、7种非酰化花色苷类物质、8种酰化花色苷类物质。在整个酿造过程中,两种刺葡萄酚类物质的变化基本一致,苹乳发酵结束后酚类物质均明显上升。其中米葡萄酒的黄酮醇、黄烷醇含量高于甜葡萄酒,而甜葡萄酒的其他四种酚类物质含量比米葡萄酒高。     

Time course of the colour of young red wines from Vitis vinifera L. during ageing in bottle

The colour characteristics of red wines from Vitis vinifera L. cv Tempranillo, Graciano and Cabernet Sauvignon (vintage 2000) from Navarra (Spain), was studied during 26 months of ageing in bottle through the evaluation of the wine visible spectrum and of several colorimetric indices (colour intensity, %red, %yellow, %blue, %dA and tint) and CIELAB variables (L*, C*, h, a* and b*). During ageing in bottle, the spectrum of Tempranillo wine (pH 4.3) mainly changed in the absorbance range between 420 and 500 nm, whereas Graciano (pH 3.5) and Cabernet Sauvignon (pH 3.6) wines registered a decrease in absorbance in the interval between 500 and 560 nm. The time course of the different wine colour parameters was found to fit either a second‐order polynomium or a linear model, depending on the grape variety employed. CIELAB variables could be described in terms of their colorimetric index counterparts, showing b* and h relative greater errors. Although the wine total chromatic changes in CIELAB units registered after 26 months of ageing in bottle indicated changes perceivable by the human eye (ΔE* ≥ 2.7) for the three varieties studied, Graciano and Cabernet Sauvignon wines showed a more balanced colour evolution than Tempranillo wine.     

Astringency,bitterness and color changes in dry red wines before and during oak barrel aging: An updated phenolic perspective review

To understand effects of using oak barrels on the astringency, bitterness and color of dry red wines, phenolic reactions in wines before and after barrel aging are reviewed in this paper, which has been divided into three sections. The first section includes an introduction to chemical reactivities of grape-derived phenolic compounds, a summary of the phenolic reactions that occur in dry red wines before barrel aging, and a discussion of the effects of these reactions on wine astringency, bitterness and color. The second section introduces barrel types that determine the oak barrel constituents in wines (primarily oak aldehydes and ellagitannins) and presents reactions between the oak constituents and grape-derived phenolic compounds that may modulate wine astringency, bitterness and color. The final section illustrates the chemical differences between basic oxidation and over-oxidation in wines, discusses oxygen consumption kinetics in wines during barrel aging by comparing different oxygen consumption kinetics observed previously by others, and speculates on the possible preliminary phenolic reactions that occur in dry red wines during oak barrel aging that soften tannins and stabilize pigments via basic oxidation. Additionally, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) addition during barrel aging and suitability of adopting oak barrels for aging wines are briefly discussed.