液超声流量计在海上原油贸易交接计量中的应用

以海上浮式生产储卸油装置(FPSO)原油外输计量系统应用为例,介绍液超声流量计的特点和在海上原油外输贸易交接计量应用中的优势。     

大抓力锚在渤海延长测试中的应用

海上延长测试作业的实施是基于移动式试采平台,并没有铺设海底管道,产出的原油必须通过穿梭油轮运输至陆地,因此如何安全高效的完成油轮系泊是延长测试作业的重要环节。本文通过介绍大抓力锚的结构特点及技术要求,论述大抓力锚系统的安装过程,分析其在渤海某区块延长测试中的应用效果,得出了一种可以推广的“单锚双缆”系泊新技术。该技术以大抓力锚作为单一系泊点,以移动式试采平台作为双缆系泊点,形成一套安全稳定的靠泊方式,并且该方法具有适用性强、工程造价低、靠泊简便快捷、安全性高、可重复利用等优点,对今后的油轮系泊方式提供了借鉴意义。     

海上平台油气集输系统探索与研究

随着我国内陆油田进入中后期,海上油田开采显得尤为重要。海上平台油气集输系统将开采出的原油进行油、气、水的分离、净化、计量和外输。原油进一步处理后得到合格的商品油外输;气体经三甘醇脱水处理后得到合格的成品气外输;污水进污水处理系统处理符合排放标准后排放入海。该系统包括:原油处理系统、气处理系统、水处理系统。通过研究国际先进的海上油气集输方案,提出符合中国海上油气集输系统的集输方案,对将来中国海上油气进一步开发有着重要意义。     

油田集输的安全管理分析

随着我国经济的飞速发展,对石油资源的需要量不断增加,各种油田采油工程越来越多。油田集输是油田开采和生产的重要组成部分,集输站在其中发挥着非常重要的作用,主要负责原油回收、脱水、储存、外输等工序,在石油运输中发挥着非常重要的作用。由于在整个集输过程中,需要储存大量的原油,安全隐患较多,一旦相关安全管理工作没有做到位,就容易导致安全事故的发生。     

两点系泊外输系统在海洋石油开发运用中关键因素研究

本文从海上固定式生产设施油轮外输的实际应用角度出发,分别研究分析了新型两点系泊系统的系泊关键因素和漂浮软管外输连接关键因素,并通过现场实践,提出了改进的相关建议。     

海上平台原油外输泵振动故障探究

原油外输泵作为海上油田开发中广泛应用的动设备,是油田生产主工艺流程中重要的节点,其稳定运行时间直接影响了油田生产效益。目前,海上操作以计划性维修与事后维修为主。缺少预防性维修和预测性维修所需相关技术手段。因此,本文主要就原油外输泵振动故障进行分析,希望可以满足海上平台原油外输泵的监测要求。     

港口原油的储存策略探究

随着我国改革开放和经济发展脚步的不断加快,对于工农业生产重要能源石油的需求量和使用量也在不断增加,这同时也引发了港口石油仓储和运输的发展。近几十年来石油的港口运输呈现出逐年上升的趋势,其运量也逐渐成为港口运输货物之首,传统的石油运输多采取桶装件的运输方式,但是随着专业化石油码头的建立和超级油轮的发展,港口原油储存已经成为石油贸易的主要形式。本文在简单介绍港口原油储存注意事项的基础上,就较为典型的原油存储和运输问题进行了分析,并就相关问题进行了讨论。     

浅析如何降低管道原油输送的输差

由于油田的发展飞速,产量的不断增加,石油管道企业也在快速的发展。原油外输的方式以长输管道外运为主,主要采用石油动态计量方法进行原油交接计量。因此,从石油管道企业的长远利益和发展出发,如何降低管道原油输送的输差,这直接关系着石油管道企业的经济效益。     

渤海埕北采油平台加热锅炉特殊垢的化学清洗

海底石油的开采涉及到现代技术的一系列问题,如原油开采出海面后由于粘度大、流动性差,往往不能顺利地输送到油轮中,直接影响生产。渤海石油总公司针对这个问题,特地为(土日土)北采油平台装配了两台从西德引进的加热锅炉,通过蒸气加热升温来提高原油的流动性,基本上解决了海上原油的运输问题。但这种加热锅炉经长期使用后,由于加热器密封圈损坏引起原油泄漏不断渗进锅炉加热系统,从而使锅炉内部逐渐生成一层油垢。同时,由于锅炉用水一般都来自海底,含盐度很大,因此这类垢型不同于一般油垢,而是以原油垢为主的一种特殊垢。为了提高加热锅炉的热效率,满足生产要求,渤海石油总公司决定委托塘沽清洗公     

浅谈海上溢油事故应急处置的经验与思考

随着国民经济的快速发展,我国对石油能源的需求不断增加,海上石油开发、运输和存储活动日益增多,海上溢油事故的风险与日俱增,海上溢油事故应急的形势愈加严峻。本文介绍了湄洲湾港的现状及对油轮溢油的应急处置经过,分析了该区域对类似事故应急处置的主要经验和不足,提出加强和改进辖区水域油轮溢油事故现场应急处置的几点建议。     

A Lagrangian relaxation approach for a multi-mode inventory routing problem with transshipment in crude oil transportation

An inventory routing problem in crude oil transportation is studied, in which crude oil is transported from a supply center to multiple customer harbors to satisfy their demands over multiple periods. In the problem, a heterogeneous fleet of tankers consisting of tankers owned by a distributor and tankers rented from a third party, a pipeline, and multiple types of routes are considered; both inventory level and shortage level at each customer harbor are limited. The objective is to determine for each period over a given time horizon the number of tankers of each type to be rented/returned at the supply center, the number of tankers of each type to be dispatched on each route, and the quantity of crude oil flowing through the pipeline that minimizes the total logistics cost.After formulating the problem as a mixed integer programming problem, a Lagrangian relaxation approach is developed for finding a near optimal solution of the problem. The approach is also applied to a variant of the problem in which both fully and partially loaded tankers are allowed in the transportation of crude oil. Numerical experiments show that this approach outperforms an existing meta-heuristic algorithm, especially for the instances of large sizes.     

A multi-level simulation approach for the crude oil loading/unloading scheduling problem

An integrated approach for refinery production scheduling and unit operation optimization problems is presented. Each problem is at a different decision making layer and has an independent objective function and model. The objective function at the operational level is an on-line maximization of the difference between the product revenue and the energy and environmental costs of the main refinery units. It is modeled as an NLP and is constrained by ranges on the unit's operating condition as well as product quality constraints. The production scheduling layer is modeled as an MILP with the objective of minimizing the logistical costs of unloading the crude oil over a day-to-week time horizon. The objective function is a linear sum of the unloading, sea waiting, inventory, and setup costs. The nonlinear simulation model for the process units is used to find optimized refining costs and revenue for a blend of two crudes. Multiple linear regression of the individual crude oil flow rates within the crude oil percentage range allowed by the facility is then used to derive linear refining cost and revenue functions. Along with logistics costs, the refining costs or revenue are considered in the MILP scheduling objective function. Results show that this integrated approach can lead to a decrease of production and logistics costs or increased profit, provide a more intelligent crude schedule, and identify production level scheduling decisions which have a tradeoff benefit with the operational mode of the refinery.     

A MILP-based column generation strategy for managing large-scale maritime distribution problems

This paper presents a novel column generation algorithm for managing the logistics activities performed by a fleet of multi-parcel chemical tankers. In our procedure, for providing elementary routes, the conventional dynamic programming routes-generator is replaced by an efficient continuous-time MILP-slave problem. The performance of the decomposition method is evaluated by solving several examples dealing with the operations of a shipping company operating in the Asia Pacific Region. Computational results show that the proposed approach outperforms a pure exact optimization model and an alternative heuristic solution method reported in the literature.     

油轮到达时间不确定条件下的原油调度优化

原油调度是炼油企业生产的第一个环节,它直接影响后续生产过程的稳定性和经济性.文中采用连续时间建模方法.建立了油轮到达时间不确定条件下的原油从到港、卸载、储存、调合到进料全过程的随机规划机会约束调度优化模型,模型的优化目标是最小化给定调度时界内的总操作费用.采用直方图法对油轮迟到时间进行回归,得到油轮迟到时间的概率密度函数和分布函数,并引入置信水平,将模型中的不确定性约束转化为确定性约束,使得油轮到达时间不确定条件下的随机规划机会约束模型转变为可以求解的确定性混合整数非线性规划模型.针对原油调度模型的特点,采用广义Benders分解算法将原模型分解为两个混合整数线性规划问题和一个非线性规划问题进行迭代求解.避免了直接求解混合整数非线性规划问题的复杂性.最后,将建立的模型和算法应用于背景企业的原油调度过程,结果表明模型和算法都有良好的实用性.     

炼油企业全厂调度优化系统的设计与开发

生产调度优化对于炼油企业提高经济效益、增强市场响应速度有着重要的作用。本文设计并开发出一款图形化炼厂生产调度优化软件,采用MVC架构技术,实现了调度优化建模的图形化,可以方便组态炼油厂调度模型;将开源优化代码Coin-OR移植为调度优化软件的求解器,实现了求解器与图形化建模接口的连接;丰富的报表输出,让现场操作工可以各种形式获得调度优化结果;完善的内部模型数据管理和丰富的外部数据接口,包括原油性质指标库和原油评价数据库接口、成品油性质指标库等。仿真结果表明,该软件能够优化出符合炼厂生产实际的调度优化排产方案。     

成品油管道启泵方案优化研究进展

在成品油通过管道输送的费用中,泵站耗电费用占运行费用的很大一部分,所以以能耗费用为目标函数通过优化手段进行启泵方案的优化不仅可以节约成本、使经济效益提高,还可以降低能耗、减少碳的排放。从启泵方案优化的算法以及所建立了模型的类型两方面出发,基于国内外相关领域前人的研究成果,对目前成品油管道启泵方案优化的研究进行总结、评述。之后剖析成品油管道启泵方案优化研究中的子问题,并对其中的一些重要问题的处理方式进行梳理、评价和思考,最后针对此研究方向值的提高和改善的方面进行总结。     

基于遗传算法的原油混合优化研究

对原油混合优化问题进行了研究,在模型建立过程中综合考虑了原油的储运调度约束和混合原油属性约束,并计入了装置加工的可变成本,使之更加符合生产实际,采用遗传算法来求解模型,通过实例分析,证明了模型和算法的有效性。     

长距离输油工艺参数的优化设计

在长距离输油管道高昂的运行费用中,能源费用占有非常大的比重,而输油工艺参数设计是否合理,决定了输油成本的大小。本文主要运用加剂原油管道优化设计数学模型对输油工艺参数进行优化设计,在减阻剂价格适当的情况下,应当采用加减阻剂的输油工艺,降低输压,以求最大限度的降低能耗,从而实现降低原油输送成本的目的。     

基于序的原油调合调度问题

原油在线调合调度对于平稳混炼原油性质、保障先进控制的实施和优化炼油计划具有重要的意义。原油调合调度问题由于既包括顺序变量又包括连续变量,不存在明确的问题结构,复杂度高,传统的优化方法效率低,不能满足在线实时的要求。本文针对问题的两层结构提出了基于序的求解方案,利用实际原油性质数据的仿真结果表明,基于序的求解算法可以大幅度提高计算效率。     

Refinery continuous-time crude scheduling with consideration of long-distance pipeline transportation

In reality, crudes from unloading storage tanks at a docking berth may experience long-distance pipeline transportation to refinery charging tanks before their processing by crude distillation units. Such pipeline transportations cause significant transport delay and crude holdup that will substantially affect plant production performance. Unfortunately, current short-term crude scheduling studies have never systematically considered these issues. In this work, a new continuous-time crude scheduling model has been developed, which addresses the long-distance pipeline transportation and other realistic considerations such as brine settling and multiple jetties for crude unloading. The feeding of crudes into pipeline, and crude movements inside pipeline, as well as crude discharging to the receiving charging tanks are combined with the continuous time formulation of crude scheduling. The efficacy of the developed scheduling model has been demonstrated by three case studies including one industrial size example. An outer-approximation (OA) based iterative algorithm (Karuppiah et al., 2008) is implemented to successfully solve the case studies.