天然气/氢气燃烧特性研究

在定容燃烧弹中研究了不同氢气掺混比例、燃空当量比和初始压力下的大然气／氢气混合气的燃烧特性,建立了适合用于容弹计算的准维双区模型。研究结果表明：在各种当量比和初始压力下,随着掺氢比例的增加,混合气的质量燃烧速率明显增加,燃烧持续期和火焰发展期娃著缩短。随着掺氢比例的增加,短的燃烧持续期所对应的当量比范围变宽,稀混合气和浓混合气条件下天然气掺氢对火焰发展期缩短的效果更明显。化学计量比附近（1．0—1．1）掺氢燃烧对燃烧最大压力值影响不大,浓混合气（燃空当量比大于1．1）和稀混合气燃烧时,随着掺氢比例的增加,最大燃烧压力值增加。     

稀燃天然气掺氢发动机的热效率与排放特性

为了分析在天然气中掺入不同体积比的氢气对发动机经济性和排放性的影响,在一台6缸火花点火天然气发动机上开展了体积掺氢比在不同工况下对热效率和排放特性影响的试验研究.结果显示掺氢可以拓宽发动机的稀燃极限,提高燃烧速度,使得最佳转矩点火提前角(MBT)相对推迟;在点火提前角不变的情况下掺氢对热效率没有明显优势,而且会使NOx排放升高.而在MBT时,掺氢可以一定程度上提高发动机的指示热效率,降低未燃CH4和CO的排放,改善NOx与未燃碳氢(主要为CH4)的trade-off关系.掺氢的优势还体现在可以让发动机高效的工作在更稀的情况下,从而有利于降低NOx的排放和传热损失.     

氢内燃机燃烧过程的数值模拟

基于三维CFD仿真软件FIRE,建立单缸进气歧管喷射的氢内燃机三维仿真模型,在验证仿真模型的有效性的基础上,重点研究了点火提前角和当量燃空比对氢内燃机燃烧及排放的影响。分析结果表明,推迟点火提前角,缸内最高压力不断增大。提高当量比会使燃烧放热率升高,燃烧持续期缩短,但过大的当量比易发生异常燃烧。延迟点火并配合稀燃技术可以降低NOx排放。     

利用定容燃烧弹研究天然气掺氢混合燃料直喷燃烧循环变动

利用定容燃烧弹开展了天然气掺混0%～40%氢气混合燃料直喷燃烧循环变动研究,高压气体燃料(8.0 MPa)喷入定容燃烧弹模拟直喷发动机燃烧条件.在整体当量比为0.6和0.8下,试验采集了火焰发展图片和燃烧过程容弹内压力,从火焰发展图片和燃烧特征参数两个方面分析了掺氢和混合气分层分布对天然气直喷燃烧循环变动的影响.结果表明:燃烧循环变动起始于火焰发展初期阶段.随着掺氢比增加,火焰形态更规则且更集中于点火电极.同时,由于直喷燃烧方式混合气分层分布,能够实现低循环变动的稳定稀燃.循环变动随着掺氢比的增加而减小,这种趋势在稀燃工况((b=0.6)下更加明显.在直喷燃烧方式下,由于混合气分层分布减弱了火焰发展初期阶段对后续燃烧过程的影响,因此燃烧特征参数间呈现相互独立的关系.     

喷氢时刻对缸内直喷掺氢汽油机燃烧及排放的影响

在汽油机中掺烧少量氢气,能够利用氢气点火能量低、火焰传播速度快的优势提高混合气的燃烧速度,降低CO和HC排放.而缸内直喷氢气可以通过调整喷氢时刻,使氢气富集在火花塞附近,引燃混合气,实现稀薄混合气的快速燃烧,进而提高混合气的做功能力.在1,800,r/min、过量空气系数为1.5的稀燃工况下,选取了75、90、105、120和135°,CA BTDC 5种喷氢时刻,研究了喷氢时刻对缸内直喷掺氢汽油机燃烧及排放的影响.结果表明:掺烧10%能量分数的氢气时,在105°,CA BTDC下氢气富集作用最好、动力性最强,缸压峰值最多提高16.2%,,热效率最多提高2.1%,,但NO_x平均升高17.3%,;在120°,CA BTDC和135°,CA BTDC下氢气扩散使得混合气均匀程度提高,HC和CO排放均处于最低水平,分别最多降低38.5%,和44.4%,.     

稀燃条件下甲醇汽油发动机燃烧和排放特性的试验研究

在一台汽油缸内直喷(GDI)增压发动机上,研究了稀燃条件下燃用不同甲醇汽油混合燃料的燃烧特性和排放特性。试验结果表明:稀燃条件下,随混合气浓度逐渐变稀,当量燃油消耗率呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,并且随着甲醇比例的增加,当量燃油消耗率增加,但均低于原机。在混合气逐渐变稀的过程中,燃烧时缸压峰值和燃烧温度总的变化趋势是逐渐降低,而燃烧持续期和循环变动率逐渐升高。稀燃条件下,CO排放量逐渐降低,碳氢化合物排放呈先降低后增加的趋势。NO_x排放量总的变化趋势是先增大后逐渐降低,随着甲醇体积分数的增加,NO_x的排放量逐渐降低,且3种甲醇、汽油混合燃料的NO_x和CO排放量都低于汽油燃料。     

缸内直喷混合燃料发动机的性能研究

采用了一套定压配比燃料供给系统,通过向缸内直接喷射混合气,经电控系统精确控制喷射量,对天然气掺氢的发动机性能进行分析研究。结果表明,发动机燃用天然气掺氢燃料通过定压配比直喷技术,可以提高充气效率,与纯天然气发动机相比能够提高发动机动力和排放性能。     

氢燃料发动机燃烧与排放控制研究进展

围绕氢燃料作为车用发动机理想代用燃料这一主题,全面论述氢燃料发动机混合气的形成规律和点火技术;剖析氢发动机的异常燃烧机理和NOx的排放机理;分析影响氢燃料发动机排放的主要因素;总结异常燃烧和NOx排放的控制技术。     

天然气掺氢发动机的性能研究

以台架试验的方法,对不同负荷与点火提前角下天然气掺氢发动机的经济性和排放特性进行了研究,试验中使用了掺氢比为0%～40%的天然气掺氢混合燃料。试验结果表明,随着掺氢比的增加,燃气消耗率呈降低趋势,发动机的经济性得到明显的改善;在不同负荷下,随着掺氢比的增加,NOx与CO的排放都呈增加趋势,CH4的排放呈降低趋势。掺氢比一定时,随着点火提前角和掺氢比的增加,NOx、CH4与CO排放都呈增加趋势,优化点火提前角可以改善天然气发动机的排放。     

混氢体积分数对汽油机性能影响的试验研究

在一台加装了电控氢气喷射系统的发动机上就过量空气系数为1.1时进气混氢体积分数对发动机性能的影响进行了试验研究。在发动机转速为1 400 r/min的条件下,调整了氢气的喷射脉宽,使氢气占进气的体积分数依次为01、%、3%4、.5%和6%。试验结果表明:混氢后发动机制动热效率升高,在混氢体积分数为6%时,发动机制动热效率比纯汽油机时平均提高14.53%;滞燃期与快速燃烧持续期缩短;缸压峰值增加,缸压峰值位置所对应的曲轴转角提前;发动机循环变动降低。在混氢体积分数较小时,CO排放随混氢比的增加而减少,但混氢体积分数为6%时的发动机CO排放有所升高;混氢后发动机HC排放减少,但NOx排放有所增加。     

Performance and emission characteristics of a turbocharged CNG engine fueled by hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas with high hydrogen ratio

This paper investigates the effect of high hydrogen volumetric ratio of 55% on performance and emission characteristics in a turbocharged lean burn natural gas engine. The experimental data was conducted under various operating conditions including different spark timing, excess air ratio (lambda), and manifold pressure. It is found that the addition of hydrogen at a high volumetric ratio could significantly extend the lean burn limit, improve the engine lean burn ability, decrease burn duration, and yield higher thermal efficiency. The CO, CH₄ emissions were reduced and NO_x emission could be kept an acceptable low level with high hydrogen content under lean burn conditions when ignition timing were optimized.     

天然气发动机的研究现状

天然气能降低发动机的有害物排放,是一种比较理想的发动机代用燃料。稀燃天然气发动机具有较高的热效率和较低的NOx排放。均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧也是提高稀燃天然气发动机热效率的方法之一,并有很低的NOx排放。本文综述了稀燃天然气发动机和HCCI天然气发动机的研究进展,尤其是燃烧室形状、点火系统、充量分层、加氢等对天然气发动机性能的影响及天然气HCCI发动机的燃烧与排放特点。     

微型燃气轮机改烧氨气/氢气混合燃料的数值模拟研究

通过数值模拟对某80 kW微型燃气轮机环形低氮燃烧室进行适当的改造并对其燃烧及NO_x生成特性进行研究。研究结果表明：将烧天然气燃料的燃烧室改烧氨/氢混合燃料,在输出功率相同时燃料体积流量增大,通过增加燃料进气喷嘴的直径来降低燃料的进气速度;当掺氢比为0.3时,该结构的燃烧室燃烧不充分,燃烧效率达不到要求;当掺氢比在0.35～0.5、燃料华白数在19.9～21.7范围内变化时,该燃烧室可以实现高效稳定的燃烧,性能接近燃烧天然气燃料;氨/氢混合燃料中掺氢比增大,则NO_x排放量也快速增大;由于燃料型NO_x排放量占主导地位,该微型燃气轮机燃烧室不能实现低NO_x燃烧,NO_x排放远超国家标准,需要加装脱硝装置才能实际应用。     

湍流射流点火对天然气发动机燃烧特性影响的试验研究

湍流射流点火（Turbulent Jet Ignition,TJI）是一种有效的燃烧增强技术,可提供更高的点火能量,使发动机稳定着火,且可以提高燃烧压力和燃烧速率,缩短燃烧持续期,是实现发动机稀薄燃烧的有效手段。基于一台带有预燃室的点燃式单缸试验机,开展了TJI模式下天然气发动机性能的试验研究。首先,研究了不同过量空气系数下TJI对天然气发动机动力性能、排放性能及燃烧特性的影响,并与火花塞点火（Spark Ignition,SI）模式进行对比;其次,在稀燃条件下分别探究了进气增压和预燃室喷氢对天然气发动机动力性、经济性及燃烧过程的优化作用。结果表明：TJI的使用可有效拓展天然气发动机的稀燃极限,且燃烧滞燃期和燃烧持续期均更短,放热率更高;过量空气系数1.5为甲烷TJI最佳稀燃工况,此时燃油消耗率最低,且可实现氮氧化物近零排放;此外,采用进气增压的方式可以提高TJI发动机在高负荷下的经济性;TJI模式下,相较于预燃室喷甲烷,预燃室喷氢气可进一步缩短滞燃期和燃烧持续期,提高放热率,达到提升TJI性能的效果。     

稀燃及废气再循环提高增压汽油机热效率的对比研究

在一台直列4缸增压直喷汽油机上针对万有特性最低油耗工况点,进行了稀薄燃烧与废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)提高发动机热效率的对比试验研究。试验结果表明:稀薄燃烧及EGR均能有效降低发动机燃油消耗率,稀释率分别为33%和19%时,采用稀燃和EGR时的最高有效热效率绝对值分别增加2.8%和1.7%,其中稀燃的有效热效率达到了39.9%,稀燃实现更高热效率主要归因于较低的传热损失和未燃损失。从燃烧角度来看,稀燃及EGR稀释都延长了燃烧滞燃期及持续期,但同样稀释率下稀燃的滞燃期更短,稀燃更高的稀释极限实现了更低的传热损失;但EGR抑制爆震,提前燃烧相位,使采用EGR时的排气能量损失低于稀燃。从排放角度来看,稀燃及EGR在高稀释率下均显著降低NO_x排放,而受益于高氧气浓度,相同稀释率下稀燃的HC及CO排放均低于采用EGR时,从而使稀燃的未燃损失更低。     

Study on the extension of lean operation limit through hydrogen enrichment in a natural gas spark-ignition engine

An experimental study aimed at investigating the extension of lean operation limit through hydrogen addition in a SI engine was conducted on a six-cylinder throttle body injection natural gas engine. Four levels of hydrogen enhancement were used for comparison purposes: 0%, 10%, 30% and 50% by volume. The effects of various engine operating conditions on engine's lean burn capability were also examined. Test results were then analyzed from a combustion point of view. The results show that engine's lean operation limit could be extended through adding hydrogen and increasing load level (intake manifold pressure). Effect of engine speed on lean operation limit is smaller. At low load level increase in engine speed is beneficial to extending lean operation limit but this is not true at high load level. The effects of engine speed are even weaker when the engine is switched to hydrogen enriched fuelling. Spark timing also influences on lean operation limit and both over-retarded and over-advanced spark timing are not advisable. It is also observed there existed a limiting value imposed on spark-90% MFB burn duration if lean operation limit is not to be exceeded and interestingly, this limiting value was independent on hydrogen enhancement level and engine operating conditions examined in this study.     

Comparison of the effects of EGR and lean burn on an SI engine fueled by hydrogen-enriched low calorific gas

A naturally aspirated spark ignition (SI) engine fueled by hydrogen-blended low calorific gas (LCG) was tested in both exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and lean burn modes. The “dilution ratio” was introduced to compare their effects on engine performance and emissions under identical levels of dilution. LCG composed of 40% natural gas and 60% nitrogen was used as a main fuel, and hydrogen was blended with the LCG in volumes ranging from 0 to 20%. The engine test results demonstrated that EGR operations at stoichiometry showed a narrower dilution range, inferior combustion characteristics, lower brake thermal efficiency, faster nitrogen oxides (NO_x) suppression, and higher total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions for all hydrogen blending rates compared to lean burn. These trends were mainly due to the increased oxygen deficiency as a result of using EGR in LCG/air mixtures. Hydrogen enrichment of the LCG improved combustion stability and reduced THC emissions while increasing NO_x. In terms of efficiency, hydrogen addition induced a competition between combustion enhancement and increases in the cooling loss, so that the peak thermal efficiency occurred at 10% H₂ with excess air ratio of 1.5. The engine test results also indicated that a close-to-linear NO_x-efficiency relationship occurred for all hydrogen blending rates in both operations as long as stable combustion was achieved. NO_x versus combustion duration analysis showed that adding H₂ reduced combustion duration while maintaining the same level of NO_x. The methane fraction contained in the THC emissions decreased slightly with an increase in hydrogen enrichment at low EGR or excess air dilution ratios, but this tendency was diminished at higher dilution ratios because of the combined dilution effects from the inert gas in the LCG and the diluents (EGR or excess air).     

Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas: A review

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most important and successful alternative fuels for vehicles. Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas have been reviewed by NG/gasoline bi-fuel engine, pure NG engine, NG/diesel dual fuel engine and HCNG engine. Compared to using gasoline, bi-fuel engine using NG exhibits higher thermal efficiency; produces lower HC, CO and PM emissions and higher NOx emission. The bi-fuel mode can not fully exert the advantages of NG. Optimization of structure design for engine chamber, injection parameters including injection timing, injection pressure and multi injection, and lean burn provides a technological route to achieve high efficiency, low emissions and balance between HC and NOx. Compared to diesel, NG/diesel dual fuel engine exhibits longer ignition delay; has lower thermal efficiency at low and partial loads and higher at medium and high loads; emits higher HC and CO emissions and lower PM and NOx emissions. The addition of hydrogen can further improve the thermal efficiency and decrease the HC, CO and PM emissions of NG engine, while significantly increase the NOx emission. In each mode, methane is the major composition of THC emission and it has great warming potential. Methane emission can be decreased by hydrogen addition and after-treatment technology.     

氢气／柴油发动机NOx和微粒排放特性的数值模拟

在柴油引燃氢气／柴油发动机中,氢气的引入会对氢气／空气混合气氛围中的柴油雾化特性和燃烧特性产生直接的影响,进而对发动机的排放产生影响．应用改进的KIVA．3V程序,对氢气／柴油发动机的N0x和微粒排放特性进行了模拟研究,分析了氢气的引入对氢气／柴油发动机N0。和微粒排放的影响．结果表明：低负荷时,氢气替代部分柴油后,发...