Histological evaluation of hyperpigmentation on female Filipino axillary skin

Females in South East Asia (Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines) show concern about dark areas of skin which develop in their underarms, but little is known about the features differentiating pale and hyperpigmented axillary skin in the general population. To investigate this, a histology study was undertaken in the Philippines to define the aetiology of underarm darkening, which is postulated to be a mild form of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIHP). Punch biopsies were taken from dark and light axillary skin sites of 20 female subjects, of whom seven had hyperpigmented underarms, based on an instrumental (Mexameter MX-18, Courage and Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) measure, and 13 had not. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were undertaken using a range of stains and antibodies, including haematoxylin-eosin for general histopathology, Masson-Fontana for melanin, anti-CD68 for monocytes and macrophages, Van Gieson's technique for fibrosis, anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen for cell mitosis, and the melanocyte-specific immunostains, anti-tyrosinase and anti-tyrosinase-related protein 1. In most cases, dark skin sites from hyperpigmented panelists had increased intensity of Masson-Fontana, anti-tyrosinase and/or anti-TRP1 staining, indicative of melanocyte stimulation and increased melanin production. Furthermore, hair plucking emerged as a key stimulus to increased pigmentation. The trauma of hair plucking slightly increased the number of infiltrating mononuclear cells and macrophages that ingested melanosomes leaking from the damaged epidermis, more so in the skin of hyperpigmented panelists; this, in turn, potentially increases pigmentation. However, cell infiltration was focal, mainly near the plucked follicles, and not indicative of diffuse inflammation. The results from this study support the hypothesis that axillary darkening is mild PIHP, characterized by increased epidermal melanin, following stimulation or mild irritation of skin, with hair plucking as a key factor in this process.     

Tyrosinase inhibition by water and ethanol extracts of a far eastern sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus

BACKGROUND: Tyrosinase plays a key role in hyperpigmentaion and enzymatic browning. The present study was aimed at investigating the inhibitory effects of water and 70% aqueous ethanol extracts of Stichopus japonicus, a sea cucumber long consumed as a tonic food and traditional medicine, on the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase. RESULTS: In the tyrosinase inhibition study, high‐performance liquid chromatography completely separated L ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopachrome from other compounds present in the extracts, and provided more reliable results than the commonly used spectrophotometry. The ethanol extract (IC₅₀ = 0.49–0.61 mg mL^?1) showed higher inhibitory activity than the water extract (IC₅₀ = 1.80–1.99 mg mL^?1). Enzyme inhibition by the extracts was reversible and of mixed type. For both extracts, the dissociation constants for binding to free enzyme were significantly smaller than those for binding to enzyme–substrate complex. Ethyl‐α‐D ‐glucopyranoside (IC₅₀ = 0.19 mg mL^?1), isolated for the first time from sea cucumber, and adenosine (IC₅₀ = 0.13 mg mL^?1), were identified as key tyrosinase inhibitors. CONCLUSION: The sea cucumber extracts were demonstrated to possess considerable inhibitory potency against the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase, suggesting that the sea cucumber may be a good source of safe and effective tyrosinase inhibitors. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

发酵法制曲酸的研究应用

本文概述了曲酸特有的分子结构及产品性质,同时介绍了其在化妆品、食品、医药、生物农药等领域的良好用途。说明曲酸尽快实现工业化生产在我国已迫在眉睫。     

酪氨酸酶酶促乳铁蛋白在丝素表面的接枝

本文利用酪氨酸酶对酪氨酸残基具有催化氧化的特性,进行了酶促乳铁蛋白在丝素表面接枝效果研究。借助酪氨酸含量分析、丝素蛋白溶液黏度测定等,评价了酪氨酸酶的催化接枝效果。研究结果表明,经酪氨酸酶处理后,丝纤维中酪氨酸含量下降;与仅经乳铁蛋白处理相比,酪氨酸酶/乳铁蛋白组合后丝织物的强力、丝素蛋白溶液黏度增加,验证了酶促乳铁蛋白在丝素蛋白表面的接枝反应。此外,乳铁蛋白也会在丝纤维表面吸附,表现为酪氨酸酶/乳铁蛋白处理样与仅乳铁蛋白处理样染色性能较相近。     

马铃薯酪氨酸酶对羊毛的抗菌整理

为了研究生物法对羊毛的改性,文章运用简易方法从马铃薯中提取酪氨酸酶,并以酪氨酸为底物,测试了自制酪氨酸酶的活性,并用它来处理羊毛,以接枝乳铁蛋白,然后利用电镜、红外光谱检测羊毛,并对羊毛进行抗菌整理研究。结果表明,自制的马铃薯酪氨酸酶具有一定活力,通过电镜和红外光谱证明了乳铁蛋白被成功接枝,并具有一定的抗菌性能,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率达76.32%。     

天然酪氨酸酶抑制剂研究进展:种类及其构效关系

酪氨酸酶广泛存在于生物体中,是调节生物体内黑色素合成的一个关键酶。然而,不正常的黑色素生成,会带来许多不利的影响。利用酪氨酸酶抑制剂对酪氨酸酶的活性进行抑制,进而抑制黑色素的产生,在医药、食品和化妆品等领域,是一种行之有效的方法。本综述对国内外报道的天然酪氨酸酶抑制剂进行系统的总结,并对它们的构效关系进行讨论,为开发酪氨酸酶抑制剂提供科学的参考。      

响应面优化千日红酪氨酸酶抑制活性成分的提取工艺

本文研究了千日红粗提物对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用并采用响应面法优化千日红中酪氨酸酶抑制剂的提取工艺。在单因素实验的基础上,探讨了提取温度、提取时间、液料比和乙醇浓度等因素为影响因子,应用Box-Benhnken中心组合法进行4因素3水平试验设计,以酪氨酸酶抑制率率为响应值,进行响应面分析,优化千日红中酪氨酸酶活性抑制组分的提取工艺。结果表明,最佳提取条件:提取温度为80℃、提取时间为3 h、液料比为60 mL/g(V/M)、乙醇浓度为50%(V/V)。在此条件下,RSM模型预测千日红乙醇粗提物对酪氨酸酶的抑制率为54.94%,实测千日红乙醇粗提物对酪氨酸酶的抑制率为(53.86±2.11)%,与预测值无显著性差异(p0.05)。     

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Rosa roxburghii fruit and identification of main bioactive phytochemicals by UPLC‐Triple‐TOF/MS

The content of bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Rosa roxburghii were determined. Yellow fruits of cultivated R. roxburghii showed the highest phenolic content (154.81 mg gallic acid g^?1), and the green fruits of wild R. roxburghii showed higher content of flavonoid and triterpenoid. Rosa roxburghii fruits from different cultivars and maturity stages all demonstrated as good antioxidant agents and tyrosinase inhibitors, with IC50 value about twice of the positive standard in the DPPH assay and triple of the standard in the tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay. Nineteen compounds, mainly ellagic acids and its derivatives, flavonoids and their glycosides were identified by UPLC‐Triple‐TOF/MS analysis. As the first study of bioactive phytochemicals of R. roxburghii by UPLC‐MS, the present research may provide valuable information for fulfilling the potential of R. roxburghii in the functional food area.     

基于Au纳米团簇荧光猝灭特性检测酪氨酸酶活性

目的 建立基于Au纳米团簇荧光猝灭特性检测酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase, TYR)活性的方法。方法 以谷胱甘肽为模板合成Au纳米团簇(Au nanoclusters AuNCs), 通过荧光猝灭检测TYR活性。结果 酪氨酸酶活力范围在11.55~69.30 U/mL时, 荧光猝灭减半时间(quenching time of half fluorescence intensity, QTHFI)与酪氨酸酶活力线性相关, r2为0.98, 检出限为1.28 U/mL. 结论 利用Au纳米团簇荧光特性检测酪氨酸酶活力的新方法可行。     

Production of an Alcoholic Beverage by Fermentation of Whey Permeate with Kluyveromyces fragilis II: Aroma Composition

Whey permeate was used for an alcoholic fermentation with Kluyveromyces fragilis (CECT 1123). The aim of the present study was the production of an alcoholic beverage of low alcoholic proof with acceptable concentrations of fusel alcohols. The effects of temperature and agitation on the concentration of volatile compounds was assayed in batch cultures. In addition, the production of acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and fusel alcohols was studied in continuous culture because of interest in a continuous industrial process. Final concentrations of fusel alcohol were slightly lower at higher temperatures, while the specific production rate increased with temperature. Concentrations were suitable, in all cases, for a beverage. When agitation was assayed, an important increase in fusel alcohol concentrations was found at higher agitations. In continuous culture, the acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and fusel alcohol concentrations were normal for an alcoholic beverage.     

Screening of plant extracts for human tyrosinase inhibiting effects

Screening for tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors potentially useful for control of skin pigmentation has been hampered by the limited availability of human TYR. To overcome this hurdle, we have established human embryonic kidney (HEK293)‐TYR cells that constitutively express human TYR. In the current study, we assayed human TYR inhibition activities of 50 plant extracts using the lysates of transformed HEK293‐TYR cells. The strongest inhibition of human TYR was shown by the extract of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunberg, followed by the extract of Morus bombycis Koidzumi. The former extract did not inhibit mushroom TYR activity whereas significant inhibition was observed with the latter extract, demonstrating the importance of using human TYR in the screening for human TYR inhibitors. Upon liquid‐liquid partitioning of the extract from V. bracteatum, the active constituents were enriched in the ethyl acetate fraction, and the subsequent preparatory thin‐layer chromatography identified p‐coumaric acid (PCA) as the main active constituent. The hypo‐pigmentation of PCA was verified in the MelanoDerm? Skin Model. This study demonstrates that transformed HEK293‐TYR cells could expedite the discovery of human TYR‐specific inhibitors from natural sources which might be useful in the control of skin pigmentation.     

对羟基肉桂酸对酪氨酸酶催化反应的抑制机理

本文研究了对羟基肉桂酸(HCA)对酪氨酸酶催化单酚底物L-酪氨酸和催化二酚底物L-多巴的抑制能力,并利用紫外-可见光谱、荧光光谱以及分子对接技术探究了其抑制机理。结果表明对羟基肉桂酸对酪氨酸酶催化单酚底物L-酪氨酸比催化二酚底物L-多巴具有更强的抑制作用,半抑制浓度分别为0.096 mmol/L和0.500 mmol/L;紫外-可见分析发现对羟基肉桂酸能与Cu2+发生螯合,使光谱发生明显红移。进一步通过荧光光谱分析得到,对羟基肉桂酸在酪氨酸酶溶液中并没有出现荧光淬灭反而随着对羟基肉桂酸浓度的增大荧光强度变强,说明对羟基肉桂酸被酪氨酸酶催化氧化成对应的醌类物质。利用分子对接技术揭示了对羟基肉桂酸通过氢键和疏水作用竞争性地占据了单酚和二酚底物的空间位置,并与酪氨酸酶中双核铜离子螯合,从而抑制酪氨酸酶催化L-酪氨酸和L-多巴氧化的活性机理。     

植物中酪氨酸酶的筛选及不同抑制剂对其活性的影响

以新鲜马铃薯、红富士苹果、红蛇果、秀珍菇和紫茄子为研究对象,从中分别提取酪氨酸酶并测定其酶活力,发现紫茄子中提取的酪氨酸酶具有最大酶活力。因此选紫茄子中提取的酪氨酸酶做进一步研究。选邻苯二酚作为茄子酪氨酸酶底物,进一步研究了有机类、无机类和天然类三大类抑制剂对酪氨酸酶催化活性的影响,并测定了这些抑制剂的IC50值。     

银耳多糖醇沉级分对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用

采用分步醇沉法得到4种银耳多糖级分--STP 20、STP 40、STP 60、STP 80,分析其得率、纯度和相对分子质量及纯化STP 60的单糖组成,研究其对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用及作用类型。结果表明,STP 60的得率和纯度均为最高,分别为19.28%和81.12%;4种银耳多糖级分均具有一定酪氨酸酶抑制作用,其中STP 60的抑酶作用最大,质量浓度1 mg/mL时对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率为37.55%;STP 60对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用属于非竞争性可逆抑制。银耳多糖在美白类化妆品中具有潜在应用价值。     

咖啡酸激活酪氨酸酶催化反应的动力学研究

在30℃,pH6.8的Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4缓冲体系中,采用酶动力学方法研究了咖啡酸对酪氨酸酶单酚酶和二酚酶活力的激活效应.实验结果表明,咖啡酸对酪氨酸酶单酚酶和二酚酶活性均有激活作用,对单酚酶和二酚酶活力的相对激活率达到50%的咖啡酸浓度(IC50)分别为0.27mmol/L和1.35mmol/L.咖啡酸能消除单酚酶催化反应的迟滞时间,对二酚酶的激活作用表现为混合性激活,当咖啡酸浓度为0、0.50、1.0、1.50mmol/L时,米氏常数Km分别为0.31、0.25、0.20、0.15mmol/L.     

Inhibition of Aldose Reductase Activity by Extracts from Hops

The inhibitory effect of beer on aldose reductase was investigated. Components present in beer strongly inhibited aldose reductase. Inhibition activity was observed primarily in the methanol‐soluble fraction of the beer and active components were identified to be of hop origin. Further, a component was identified as iso‐α‐acids, which are well known as main bitter components of beer. The inhibition rate of iso‐α‐acids was similar to quercetin, which is known to be a strong inhibitor of aldose reductase activity.     

酱油对酪氨酸酶抑制作用的研究

酪氨酸酶是合成黑色素过程的关键酶,通过测定酱油对酪氨酸酶活性的影响来确定其对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用及抑制机理。结果表明:酱油对酪氨酸酶具有较强的抑制作用,酶抑制率达到50%时(IC50)酱油固形物含量浓度为19.8g/L。酱油对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用动力学行为表现为可逆混合性抑制类型。