Production of Turkish delight (lokum)

An old Turkish aphorism tells one to “eat sweetly and speak sweetly”. Sweets have always been an important component of the Turkish cuisine. The origin of Turkish delight (lokum) dates back to the time of the Ottoman. The beginning of the production of lokum is estimated to be in the 14th and 15th centuries, and its production had reached today’s form in the 19th century. In the earlier production of lokum, honey and pekmez were used as sweeteners instead of sugar, and flour was used to hold water and give texture instead of starch. From the end of the 18th century, sugar was being used. Afterwards when floor was replaced by starch, lokum became famous. Lokum is produced by mixing sugar, corn starch and water in certain fractions, and by adding fruits or nuts to the mixture. This mixture is heated for a certain time at a certain temperature in an open vessel or steam jacketed tank with an agitator. Heating time is changed from 1 to 2 h according to the vessel’s type. Hot lokum fluid is dripped onto a wooden table or steel tray, which has some starch on it, with lower edges, and after sprinkling some starch lokum is cut into small pieces. Powdered sugar is added on these lokum pieces and they are stored and sold. In the 19th century, lokum was brought to England by a English tourist, then it was called “Turkish delight” in Europe, “Lokoum” in France and Balkans, and lokumania in Greece and in Cyprus, and then lokoum took their place in the international candy literature.     

Effects of process stages on Turkish delight/lokum microbiological quality

The sources of microbiological contamination at the lokum production lines of two local confectionaries were determined. Surface samples from the production lines were evaluated by standard and ATP bioluminescence methods. Microbial loads of raw materials were also determined. The trays and cutting knives were found to be the primary contamination sources, and personnel hands were found to be the secondary contamination sources, while all of them were found to be the secondary sources when the standard swab method was applied. Raw materials were not sources of contamination, because of their microbiological loads and the following high‐temperature cooking stages. The microbial loads of lokum also were not high, due to product contents and the processes applied to lokum. There is a need for further studies related to the effects of process steps on the physical and the chemical quality of lokum. Training for workers in food safety at the confectionaries is also needed.     

Essential oils of Turkish anise seeds and their use in the aromatization of raki

The objectives of this study were the characterization of Turkish anise seeds, their essential oils, and investigations into the suitability of the direct use of these oils in the production of raki, a traditional Turkish distilled liqueur. The moisture, protein, ash, acid-insoluble ash, nonvolatile ethyl ether and ethanol extracts, and essential oil contents of anise seeds were determined, as were the specific gravity, refractive index, solidification point and chemical composition of anise essential oil. Finally a series of raki samples were produced, on a laboratory scale, using rectified anise essential oils obtained in this study as well as those imported and these were compared with traditionally produced rakis by a specially trained panel. The results of sensory analyses were quite promising for the use of anise essential oil as a direct flavouring additive to Turkish raki.

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Ätherische Öle türkischer Anissamen und deren Eignung für die Herstellung von Raki

Zusammenfassung Arbeitsziele waren die Charakterisierung türkischer Anissamen, ihrer ätherischen Öle und Untersuchungen zu deren Anwendbarkeit bei Herstellung von Raki, einem traditionellen türkischen alkoholischen Getränk. Zu diesem Zweck wurden der Feuchtigkeitsund Proteingehalt, der Anteil an Asche, deren säuereunlöslicher Anteil, die Äthyläther- und Äthanolextrakte und der Gehalt an ätherischen Ölen lokal vorkommender Anissamen, ferner die spezifische Dichte, der Brechungsindex und die chemische Zusammensetzung bestimmt. Die rektifizierten Öle wurden dann im Labormaßstab zur Raki-Herstellung genutzt. Die Produkte wurden auf ihre sensorischen Qualitäten hin untersucht sowie mit traditionell hergestelltem Raki verglichen. Die Ergebnisse sind vielversprechend im Hinblick auf eine kommerzielle Nutzung.

     

Evaluation of sorption properties of Turkish tarhana powder

Moisture adsorption isotherms of commercial tarhana powder, a popular Turkish food used in soup making, were determined at 10 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C. Gravimetric static method was applied at 0.08–0.92 water activity range. The data was fitted to Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer(GAB), Oswin, Hendersonand Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)equations. Mean relative deviation (%E) was used to compare the goodness of fit. The BET was found the best equation for the range of water activity 0.08–0.58. The GAB equation was found adequate and gave similar result with the Oswinequation at 10 °C and 20 °C, while the Oswinequation was better for characterizing the adsorption behavior of tarhana sample for the whole range of temperature and water activity studied.     

Progress in micellar casein concentrate: Production and applications

Micellar casein concentrate (MCC) is a novel ingredient with high casein content. Over the past decade, MCC has emerged as one of the most promising dairy ingredients having applications in beverages, yogurt, cheese, and process cheese products. Industrially, MCC is manufactured by microfiltration (MF) of skim milk and is commercially available as a liquid, concentrated, or dried containing ≥9, ≥22, and ≥80% total protein, respectively. As an ingredient, MCC not only imparts a bland flavor but also offers unique functionalities such as foaming, emulsifying, wetting, dispersibility, heat stability, and water-binding ability. The high protein content of MCC represents a valuable source of fortification in a number of food formulations. For the last 20 years, MCC is utilized in many applications due to the unique physiochemical and functional characteristics. It also has promising applications to eliminate the cost of drying by producing concentrated MCC. This work aims at providing a succinct overview of the historical progress of the MCC, a review on the manufacturing methods, a discussion of MCC properties, varieties, and applications.     

板栗粉的加工

介绍了板栗粉(板栗生粉、板栗熟粉)的加工工艺,提出了板栗粉的产品质量标准,并对板栗粉的用途作了介绍。     

醇法生产花生浓缩蛋白的工艺条件研究

以脱脂花生蛋白粉为原料,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化乙醇浸提法生产花生浓缩蛋白的工艺条件,并通过放大实验进行验证。结果表明,花生浓缩蛋白生产的最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数65%,料液比1∶8,浸洗温度60℃,浸洗时间40 min,浸洗次数3次。在最佳工艺条件下所得花生浓缩蛋白产品的蛋白质含量为72%,氮溶解指数为42%。100 g放大实验所得花生浓缩蛋白产品的蛋白质含量为70%,氮溶解指数为40%。     

保健南瓜粉生产工艺研究

以南瓜为主要原料,经软化、磨浆、均质、杀菌、喷雾制成金黄色的保健南瓜粉,并描述了南瓜对糖尿病人血糖控制的机理作用.     

醇法大豆浓缩蛋白的生产实践

结合醇法大豆浓缩蛋白及功能性醇法大豆浓缩蛋白生产实践,介绍了醇法浓缩蛋白生产及综谷物理改性工艺生产功能性醇法大豆浓缩蛋白的生产工艺、主要设备及生产中存在的问题及改进措施。     

酱油粉的生产与发展

酱油粉是指以鲜酱油为基础原料再添加其他辅料,利用原料风味的协同作用,配合调香、调色、调鲜之后,进行喷雾干燥而制成的一种固体粉末酱油。该文论述了酱油粉的发展历程及国内外的发展情况、酱油粉的发展现状、发展中存在的问题以及未来的发展趋势。     

醇法大豆浓缩蛋白的生产及功能性改性

对醇法大豆浓缩蛋白的生产及功能性改性进行了介绍。从原料豆粕的处理及质量要求出发,详细介绍了醇法大豆浓缩蛋白的生产工艺及相关指标要求,应注意的问题;从环保和食品安全方面考虑,选择物理改性,对醇法大豆浓缩蛋白进行功能性改性,并对其工艺及设备进行了介绍,相关问题进行了讨论。我国生产醇法大豆浓缩蛋白,醇提工艺基本相同,但使用的浸出器和脱溶设备不同。通过对醇法大豆浓缩蛋白进行功能性改性,针对不同产品的用途对生产过程进行过程控制和产品质量控制,可分别生产出食用级和饲用级大豆浓缩蛋白。为大豆蛋白的生产提供帮助。     

醇法大豆浓缩蛋白加工工艺及实践

简述了以色列Hayes工程公司开发的醇法制取功能性大豆浓缩蛋白工艺及操作要点。以含水酒精为溶剂,采用同油脂浸出十分相似的工艺,脱除低温脱脂大豆粕(白豆片)中的可溶性碳水化合物,得到蛋白干基含量在65%以上的大豆浓缩蛋白商业化产品;而后在碱性条件下采用同提取分离蛋白相似的办法,对大豆浓缩蛋白进行高压均质、热处理及喷雾干燥,得到功能性大豆浓缩蛋白产品。另外,介绍了相关产品的质量标准和功能性检测方法,以及近几年来的工艺改进情况。     

Correlations between the solubility and surface characteristics of milk protein concentrate powder particles

The solubility of high-protein milk protein concentrate (MPC) may decrease significantly during storage, particularly at relatively high temperatures and humidity. The objective of this study was to seek correlations between the solubility loss of MPC during storage and various surface characteristics determined on the basis of simultaneous nanoscale topographical imaging and nanomechanical mapping of MPC particle surfaces using atomic force microscopy. A control MPC and a calcium-depleted MPC were stored at 45°C and 66% relative humidity for up to 60 d. The solubility of the control MPC was 56% at the beginning of the storage and gradually decreased to 10% at the end of the 60-d storage. The calcium-depleted MPC exhibited more rapid decreases from almost 100% at the beginning of the storage to 18% after storage for 45 d, after which we observed no significant difference in solubility between the control and calcium-depleted MPC. Averaged or root mean squared roughness values calculated using topographical images were found to have no correlation with the solubility. Deformation, Derjaguin-Muller-Toropov modulus, and adhesion images revealed the presence of individual casein micelles and larger clusters of aggregated casein micelles at MPC particle surfaces, whereas we observed no correlation between the solubility and averaged values of these nanomechanical properties. Furthermore, Derjaguin-Muller-Toropov modulus and adhesion images showed that the peripheral edges of individual casein micelles and their clusters had significantly higher values of the corresponding nanomechanical properties than other regions in the images, indicating the occurrence of the fusion of casein micelles. The surface area coverage or the percent area of the fused regions in an image revealed significant negative linear correlations with the solubility for both the control and calcium-depleted MPC. The present results support the hypothesis that the fusion of casein micelles at MPC powder particle surfaces is a causative factor for the solubility loss of MPC during storage and in turn suggest that the solubility loss may be alleviated by inhibiting the formation of a crust or skin on powder particle surfaces.     

鸡精（粉）的生产技术

介绍了鸡精（粉的生产技术。以盐、甜味剂、风味增强剂、香辛料、填充剂等为原料，严格控制混合和湿度，选用合理的搅拌设备，生产出味好、方便的鸡精（粉）。     

乳清浓缩蛋白纳米纤维的制备及其界面性质

乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC)相比β-乳球蛋白和乳清分离蛋白(WPI)成分更为复杂,其热聚合形成纤维聚合物的条件不同于β-乳球蛋白和WPI的形成条件.在pH值为1.8,90 ℃热处理10h的条件下,蛋白质量分数为3％的WPC可形成良好的纤维聚合物.通过测定表观度、乳化性和起泡性,比较乳清浓缩蛋白纤维聚合物与常规聚合物界面性质的差异,结果表明,纳米纤维聚合物具有较低的表观度,乳化性能和起泡性能有显著改善.     

低热脱脂奶粉的生产现状

综述了我国脱脂奶粉的的市场和生产现状,提出了向低热脱脂奶粉发展的方向,论述了加工条件对脱脂奶粉蛋白变性程度的影响以及国际上对奶粉热分级的规定和乳粉加工中乳清蛋白热变性及聚合物产生机理的研究进展。     

Production of agglomerated fat-filled milk powder

The production of fat-filled milk powder as an agglomerated product and the determining factors for wettability and flow properties are discussed. The melting point of the used fat with its effect on the content of free fat in the milk powder is examined with the importance of homogenization of the concentrate emphasized. Results are considered of a modified method of agglomerating fat-filled milk powder and figures given showing the influence of inlet and outlet temperatures on milk powder, also a flow diagram of spray drying plant for production of agglomerated fat-filled milk powder. (Editor's summary)     

Rehydration process of milk protein concentrate powder monitored by static light scattering

Static light scattering (SLS) was applied to monitor the rehydration process of milk protein concentrate (MPC) powder. The size distribution and volume concentration of the suspended powder particles were measured to quantify the dissolution kinetics of MPC powder. The results obtained showed that the low solubility index reported for MPC85 (85% protein) powder at room temperature was the consequence of slow dissolution kinetics rather than the presence of a large amount of insoluble material in the rehydrated powder. The rehydration process of MPC85 powder occurs in two overlapping steps: the disruption of agglomerated particles into primary powder particles and, simultaneously, the release of material from the powder particles into the surrounding aqueous phase. The latter process appeared to be the rate-limiting step of dissolution of MPC85 and was accelerated by an increase of the solvent temperature.