Identification of bioactive compounds and total phenol contents of cold pressed oils from safflower and camelina seeds

The compositions of fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, sterols, and the total phenol contents of cold pressed oils obtained from five varieties of safflower seeds and ten varieties of camelina seeds cultivated in Turkey were determined. Total phenol contents of safflower oils were higher (272.20–525.30 mg GAE/kg) than camelina seed oils (25.90–63.70 mg GAE/kg). Apigenin, luteolin, tyrosol, syringic acid, 3-hydroxytyrosol, p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid were detected in seed oils. Camelina seed oils were rich in tocopherol (144.11–168.69 mg/100 g). γ-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in camelina seed oils consisting of averagely 80% of total tocopherol, while α-tocopherol was the main compound of safflower seed oils, representing 97.85–98.53% of total tocopherols. β-Sitosterol was the major sterol in both type of seed oils. Its concentration ranged between 92.51–121.83 mg/100 g and 80.52–25.54 mg/100 g in safflower seed and camelina oils, respectively. Camelina seed oils contained 22.31–26.57% linolenic acid, 21.25–24.05% linoleic acid and 19.46–21.47% oleic acid, whereas safflower seed oils mainly consisted of linoleic (28.03–76.85%) and oleic (13.01–62.61%) acids.     

冷、热榨文冠果油品质比较分析

对以河南济源产文冠果为原料生产的冷榨油和热榨油的理化指标、微量元素含量及脂肪酸组成进行对比分析。结果表明:文冠果种子为棕色扁球状,容重0. 936 kg/L,百粒重为119. 7 g;文冠果种仁中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量分别为8. 61%、17. 4%、43. 7%,总糖未检出;热榨文冠果油的过氧化值、皂化值和灰分比冷榨文冠果油的高,而酸价比冷榨文冠果油的低;冷榨文冠果油的铜、锌、锰和铬含量比热榨文冠果油的高,而铁含量比热榨文冠果油的低;热榨和冷榨文冠果油的脂肪酸组成差别不大,主要由10种脂肪酸组成,不饱和脂肪酸含量超过90%,其中亚油酸、油酸含量较高。     

Volatile compounds in pressed ewes' milk cheese with saffron spice (Crocus sativus L.)

Saffron spice has been successfully used as an ingredient in dairy products as a means of diversification. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of saffron on the volatiles' profile of a pressed ewes' milk cheese. This was performed by means of a modern extraction technique based on headspace sorptive extraction. Results showed that safranal was the only volatile that could be identified and quantified from saffron spice. Most volatile compounds were present in all cheeses but at different concentrations. Differences between control and saffron cheeses were observed, but as ripening time increased, these differences were less evident.     

Content of bioactive compounds in pungent spice red pepper (paprika) as affected by ripening and genotype

This work was conducted to investigate changes in the bioactive nutrient content of hot (pungent) paprika as a function of ripening in four of the most important varieties cultivated in Hungary. For the quantitative determination, recent liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were applied. Forty carotenoids were separated, with β‐carotene and lutein of interest from the biological point of view. The major component of vitamin E was α‐tocopherol. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin were the dominant pungency principles. As for vitamin C components, only ascorbic acid could be detected and determined. The results indicated that all the examined compounds were at low level in the mature green fruits, and the onset of climacteric ripening caused their content to grow. In accord with the advance in ripening, carotenoids were being formed even at the overripening stage, while tocopherols, capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid reached their maximum level at the colour break or red stage and then declined. The highest values with regard to carotenoids were estimated in SZ‐178 and F0‐3 cultivars. The best retention of ascorbic acid was found in SZ‐178, which contained 4.86 mg g^?1 dry matter in the dry pods. On the other hand, retention of α‐tocopherol during ripening and natural drying was found to depend on variety. The highest value for vitamin E was recorded in SZ‐178 followed by K‐V₂, which contained the highest level of α‐tocopherol at the red stage of ripening. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of filtering of cold pressed berry seed oils on their antioxidant profile and quality characteristics

The quality, composition and colour of 11 oils from six different berries were evaluated before and after filtering of the cold-pressed oils. The filtering did not lead to significant compositional or quality differences, except a minor reduction in oxidative stability. Due to their high degree of unsaturation, the peroxide and p-anisidine values were high for all oils. However, the high level of tocopherols and tocotrienols appears to protect the oils during the oil stability test (significant correlation; r = 0.803; p = 0.003). Tocopherol contents between 138 mg/kg (kiwi seed oil, filtered) and 1639 mg/kg (blackberry seed oil, non-filtered) were found. Phenolic compounds, identified and quantified by HPLC, ranged from 90 mg/kg (blackberry seed oil, filtered) to 15,810 mg/kg (strawberry seed oil, filtered). No correlation was found between the quantified phenolic compounds and the oxidative stability of the oils, suggesting that in these oils the tocopherols were the main antioxidants protecting the lipids during storage.     

辛香料精油在食品保藏中的应用研究进展

文章综述了近年来国内外对于辛香料精油在抑菌方面的研究,以及在果蔬采后保藏及肉品保藏方面的应用性研究进展。辛香料精油对多种食源性致病细菌和真菌均具有很好的抑菌效果,是一种高效、安全的食品防腐剂来源。     

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of spice essential oils

Essential oils of anise, bastard cardamom, cinnamon, dill, mace, zedoary, prikhom, and bitter ginger were determined for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Of all, cinnamon oil had the highest antibacterial activity. The most sensitive bacteria was Bacillus cereus (0.5mg/mL minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC). Anise, cinnamon, dill, and prikhom exhibited strong antifungal activity against Rhodotorula glutinis, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Fusarium moniliforme. Two oil combinations: i) cinnamon and mace oils and ii) cinnamon and prikhom oils showed a synergistic effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Salmonella Rissen (0.32–0.38 mg/mL fractional inhibitory concentration index, FICI). Cinnamon, mace, and prikhom oils had strong antioxidant activity with 0.29–5.66 mg/mL IC₅₀, 61.46–68.52% antioxidant activity, 0.22–2.19 mM/mg reducing capacity, and 78.28–84.30% inhibition by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching, ferric reducing (FRAP), and superoxide anion scavenging activity assays, respectively. These oils contained high amount of total phenolics (51.54–140.9 μg gallic acid equivalents/mg oil).     

Headspace solid‐phase microextraction analysis of volatile compounds from spice essential oils in dry flavourings

The composition of volatile compounds in nine spices was analysed by means of headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) from dry flavourings of the spice essential oils, to devise an effective method to determine the content of the essential oils. The HS‐SPME was combined with GC‐MS and GC‐FID for identification and quantification of the volatile compounds. The optimisation of the extraction conditions was carried out by response surface methodology. The evaluation of the analytical parameters indicated that the method had a high precision (coefficient of variations lower than 3%), it was linear (response factors were smaller than 5%) and recoveries were higher than 89%. In the ruggedness test, sample quantity and pre‐extraction time were the factors that stood out as the causing of the greater effects on the analytical results.     

Oxidative stabilization of cold‐pressed sunflower oil using phenolic compounds of the same seeds

It is known that sunflower seeds are rich in phenols, constituting approximately 1–3 g per 100 g of seeds. The principal phenol is chlorogenic acid (CGA), followed by caffeic acid (CA) and lower quantities of several other compounds. On the contrary, it is known that phenols are present only in trace amounts in cold‐pressed sunflower seed oils. In this study, the possibility of improving the oxidative stability of cold‐pressed sunflower oil is evaluated using phenolic substances constitutive of seeds. Phenols, extracted from two different dehulled sunflower seed samples, were identified, measured and added to a cold‐pressed sunflower oil and compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), pure CGA and pure CA. Raw phenolic extract (RPE) was composed of CGA exclusively, whereas CA was present only in traces in its free form was not present. On the contrary, hydrolysable phenol acids (HPAs) were constituted prevalently from CA, released by CGA alkaline hydrolysis. The stabilization effect on oil oxidation at 110 °C was evaluated as 41% and 118% for RPE and HPAs respectively with respect to the control. At 30 °C, no significant differences were recorded between the two seed extracts. Their antioxidant effect was lower than that at 110 °C and evaluated to be, on average 13%. In comparison with BHA, at 30 °C, both seed extracts were more effective than this synthetic phenol; at 110 °C, the antioxidant effect of RPE and BHA was similar, whereas HPA was significantly more effective than BHA. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the phenols present in sunflower seeds can be considered natural antioxidants suitable for stabilizing the oxidation of cold‐pressed sunflower oil, at both low and high temperatures. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

冷榨与热榨紫苏粕营养成分分析

对冷榨和热榨工艺制油后剩余的紫苏粕,进行常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、部分矿物质的测定和比较分析,探讨不同制油工艺对紫苏粕品质的影响并明确紫苏粕的基本营养成分。结果表明：在水分含量上,冷榨紫苏粕比热榨紫苏粕高。在粗灰分和粗蛋白质含量上,冷榨紫苏粕比热榨紫苏粕低。在紫苏粕干基上分析,冷榨紫苏粕的粗脂肪、粗纤维、氨基酸（除蛋氨酸外）含量均比热榨紫苏粕的各成分含量高。冷榨与热榨紫苏粕中脂肪酸组成相同,冷榨紫苏粕大部分脂肪酸含量相对较高。紫苏粕具有高蛋白质、高纤维的特点;氨基酸种类齐全,总含量较高,必需氨基酸占比大;不饱和脂肪酸占比大,必需脂肪酸含量也高,α-亚麻酸、亚油酸含量尤其丰富;K元素含量高且富硒,重金属不超标,因而,紫苏粕营养全面且丰富,具有较高的价值,是可开发利用的宝贵资源。     

苍耳籽油的制取

苍耳籽经清理、预榨、浸出、粕蒸烘等工艺流程后,即可制取苍耳籽油,苍耳籽油在工业上有广泛的用途。     

冷榨亚麻籽油的流变特性研究

通过低温压榨亚麻籽获得冷榨亚麻籽油（cold—pressed flaxseed oil,CFO）,并分析其主要理化指标,着重研究CFO的静态、动态流变特性,同时分别采用Casson、Herschel-Bulkley和Bingham模型对其流体行为进行拟合,并采用Arrhenius方程分析其粘度热动力学参数。研究结果表明：在剪切速率为0．1～200s“下,CFO由非牛顿流体逐渐转化为牛顿流体;当剪切速率大于10s^-1时,CFO呈牛顿流体;同时分析得出CFO的粘度活化能为3095．4cal／mol;CFO的粘度、剪切应力、损耗模量、塑性稠度系数、高剪切极限粘度和稠度系数随着温度升高而降低,但是温度变化对CFO的贮能模量影响不显著;另外通过比较3个流变模型得出Bingham模型适用于CFO。     

冷榨脱皮菜籽油氧化稳定性研究

油菜籽是我国最重要油料作物之一,冷榨脱皮菜籽油是绿色、无污染食用油脂产品。该研究采用Schaal烘箱加速法,以TBHQ、PG、VE为抗氧化剂、V_C为增效剂,及过氧化值为试验指标,研究光线、温度等对冷榨脱皮菜籽油抗氧化性能影响。结果表明,光线、温度对冷榨脱皮菜籽油氧化过程均有影响,且温度影响显著;TBHQ对冷榨脱皮菜籽油具有良好抗氧化效果,V_C具有协同增效作用,而PG和VE则无显著作用。     

Analysis of the aroma compounds of the essential oil of seeds of the spice plant Zanthoxylum rhetsa from southern India

 The compounds of the essential oil of seeds of the spice plant Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Rutaceae) which give the seeds their characteristic odour were analysed using GC/FID and GC/MS. Monoterpenes were identified as the main components of this oil. The monoterpene hydrocarbons sabinene, limonene, pinenes, para-cymene and terpinenes, as well as the monoterpene alcohols terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol, are dominating constituents and therefore responsible for the characteristic odour of the seeds of this spice plant from southern India. Received: 20 October 1997     

Bioactive compounds in lipid fractions of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp) seeds for use in food

Seeds are considered to be agro-industrial residues, which can be used as source of macronutrients and/or raw material for extraction of vegetable oils, since they present great quantities of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize the lipid fractions and the seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp) varieties Nova Caravela, Mini Paulista, Menina Brasileira, and Moranga de Mesa aiming at using them in food. The chemical composition of the seeds was performed according to the official methods of American Oil Chemists' Society and Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Total carotenoids and phenolic compounds were determined by spectrophotometry, while the levels of tocopherols were analyzed by high efficiency liquid chromatography. It was noted that the seeds contain high amounts of macronutrients that are essential for the functioning of the human organism. As to total carotenoids, Mini Paulista and Menina Brasileira pumpkin varieties presented significant amounts, 26.80 and 26.03 μg/g, respectively. Mini Paulista and Nova Caravela pumpkin varieties showed high amounts of total phenolic compounds in the lipid fractions and in the seeds. It was also found that γ-tocopherol is the isomer that stood out in the lipid fractions and in the seeds, mainly in Menina Brasileira. Finally, the consumption of these seeds and use of lipid fractions provide the supply of large quantities of compounds that are beneficial for health and that may be potentially used in food, besides representing an alternative to better use of agro-industrial residues. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Bioactive compounds, besides presenting basic nutritional functions, provide metabolic and physiological health benefits when consumed as part of the usual diet. Therefore, there is a growing interest in vegetable oils of special composition, such as the ones extracted from fruit seeds. The seeds of Cucurbita sp are shown to be promising sources of oils, and especially the Cucurbita moschata and maxima species have not yet been fully elucidated. For this reason, it becomes important to investigate the chemical composition and lipid fractions of these seeds, aiming to use them in food.     

冷榨人参籽油与热榨人参籽油的品质比较

测定了人参籽的化学成分,并比较了冷榨人参籽油与热榨人参籽油的理化指标、感官指标和脂肪酸组成的差异.结果表明,人参籽的粗脂肪含量为50.52％,热榨对人参籽油的理化指标和感官质量影响较大,降低了人参籽油的品质,但两种提取方法获得的人参籽油的脂肪酸组成基本相同.人参籽油主要含有油酸和亚油酸,其中油酸含量极高,在94.41％ ～94.70％之间,不饱和脂肪酸总量在99％以上.     

The most important bioactive components of cold pressed oil from different pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds

The composition and content of certain bioactive components of the cold pressed oil obtained from six samples of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivated in Serbia were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The composition and content of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols, and the total content of squalene were determined. The results indicate oil's excellent quality, with high contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (37.1 ± 0.70–43.6 ± 0.69 g/100 g of total fatty acids), total tocopherols (38.03 ± 0.25–64.11 ± 0.07 mg/100 g of oil), sterols (718.1 ± 6.1–897.8 ± 6.8 mg/100 g of oil) and especially squalene (583.2 ± 23.6–747 ± 16 mg/100 g of oil). High content of squalene, phytosterols and monounsaturated fatty acids recommend the use of this type of the oil in the nutritional and medical purposes.     

冷榨核桃油氧化稳定性研究

选择了不同温度、光照及加入TBHQ抗氧化剂的条件下,以冷榨核桃油储存期间过氧化值和酸值变化为评价指标,对其氧化稳定性进行评价,结果表明:经50d储存,冷榨核桃油酸值和过氧化值都有不同程度的升高,不同温度下过氧化值、酸值升高变化趋势为:50℃>室温25℃避光>5℃;见光条件下的过氧化值、酸值升高变化趋势为:室温25℃见光>室温25℃避光;不同温度下加入抗氧化剂的过氧化值、酸值变化趋势为:50℃>室温25℃避光>5℃;采用Rancimat仪评价几种抗氧化剂提高核桃油的氧化稳定性值结果为:TBHQ>VE>BHT>空白样。     

冷榨花生饼制备花生多肽的研究

对影响花生蛋白水解制备花生多肽的各种影响因素,如酶制剂的筛选,酶解工艺参数等进行了系统地研究.通过正交实验,得到最佳工艺参数是pH值7.0、温度42℃、加酶量6 500 U/g原料、酶水解时间8 h、底物浓度10%.