Performance of generic and proprietary corrosion inhibitors in chloride-contaminated silica fume cement concrete

This paper presents the results of a study conducted to evaluate the improvement in corrosion-resistance of chloride-contaminated silica fume cement concrete due to the use of corrosion inhibitors. Three proprietary and one generic corrosion inhibitors were evaluated for their performance in inhibiting reinforcement corrosion in the silica fume cement concrete specimens contaminated with 0.4%, 1%, and 2% chloride concentration, by weight of cement. Some of the specimens were subjected to wetting and drying cycles and reinforcement corrosion was monitored by measuring corrosion potentials and corrosion current density. Another batch of concrete specimens was partially immersed in the chloride solution and reinforcement corrosion was accelerated by impressing an anodic potential of 2 V. The extent of corrosion increased with increasing chloride contamination in the concrete specimens. Incorporation of inhibitor generally decreased the rate of reinforcement corrosion. The rate of reinforcement corrosion in the concrete specimens incorporating an organic inhibitor that was added to the concrete during mixing was the least followed by that in the concrete specimens on which a penetrating corrosion inhibitor was applied. Further, the accelerated impressed current technique was noted to be suitable for quickly screening the performance of corrosion inhibitors.     

Sulfate resistance of plain and blended cements exposed to magnesium sulfate solutions

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of plain and blended cements exposed to magnesium sulfate solutions with varying sulfate concentrations for up to 24 months. Four types of cements, namely Type I, Type V, Type I plus silica fume, and Type I plus fly ash, were exposed to five magnesium sulfate solutions with sulfate concentration of 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 4.0%. The sulfate-resistance was evaluated by visual examination, and measuring reduction in compressive strength. Maximum deterioration, due to sulfate attack, was noted in Type I cement. The performance of Type V, Type I plus silica fume and Type I plus fly ash cements was not significantly different from each other. The enhanced sulfate-resistance noted in the Type I cement blended with either silica fume or fly ash indicates the usefulness of these cements both in sulfate and sulfate plus chloride environments.     

Effect of electric arc furnace dust on the properties of OPC and blended cement concretes

This paper presents results of a study conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and blended cement (silica fume and fly ash) concrete specimens prepared with electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). Concrete specimens were prepared with and without EAFD. In the silica fume cement concrete, silica fume constituted 8% of the total cementitious material while fly ash cement concrete contained 30% fly ash. EAFD was added as 2% replacement of cement in the OPC concrete and 2% replacement of the total cementitious content in the blended cement concretes. Mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, drying shrinkage, initial and final setting time, and slump retention were determined. The durability characteristics were evaluated by measuring water absorption, chloride permeability, and reinforcement corrosion. The initial and final setting time and slump retention increased due to the incorporation of EAFD in both OPC and blended cement concretes. The drying shrinkage of EAFD cement concrete specimens was more than that of concrete specimens without EAFD. The incorporation of EAFD was beneficial to OPC concrete in terms of strength gain while such a gain was not noted in the blended cement concretes. However, the strength differential between the blended cement concretes with EAFD and the corresponding concretes without EAFD was not that significant. The water absorption and chloride permeability, however, decreased due to the incorporation of EAFD in both the OPC and blended cement concretes. The corrosion resistance of OPC and blended cement concrete specimens increased due to the addition of EAFD.     

表面防水处理对氯离子侵蚀混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响

采用半电池电位法对四种不同条件下钢筋混凝土中的钢筋锈蚀情况进行了测定,分析了硅烷溶液防水剂、Cl-及水胶比对钢筋锈蚀的影响.试验结果表明:水胶比越大,钢筋开始锈蚀的时间越早,锈蚀的程度越严重;对于含有初始氯离子并且锈蚀已经发生的钢筋混凝土,表面防水处理不能够有效控制钢筋锈蚀;对于有外界Cl-侵蚀的钢筋混凝土,硅烷溶液防水剂能有效地降低由于Cl-引起的钢筋锈蚀的概率,并且延缓钢筋锈蚀的时间.     

Corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel embedded in concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume

In this study, the mechanical and physical properties of concrete specimens obtained by substituting cement with finely ground pumice (FGP) at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight has been investigated, in addition to analyzing the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steels embedded in these specimens. Besides, with the purpose of determining the effect of silica fume (SF) additive over the corrosion of reinforcing steels embedded in concrete with FGP, SF has been entrained to all series with the exception of the control specimen, such that it would replace with cement 10% by weight. Corrosion experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the corrosion potential of reinforcing steels embedded in the concrete specimens was measured every day for a period of 160 days based on the ASTM C 876 standard. In the second stage, the anodic and cathodic polarization values of the steels were obtained and subsequently the corrosion currents were determined with the aid of cathodic polarization curves. In the study, it was observed that a decrease in the mechanical strength of the specimens and an increase in the corrosion rate of the reinforcing steel had taken place as a result of the FGP addition. However, it was determined that with the addition of SF into concretes supplemented with FGP, the corrosion rate of the reinforcing steel has significantly decreased.     

Properties of cement kiln dust concrete

This paper reports results of a study conducted to assess the properties of cement kiln dust (CKD) blended cement concretes. Cement concrete specimens were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% CKD, replacing ASTM C 150 Type I and Type V. The mechanical properties of CKD concrete specimens were evaluated by measuring compressive strength and drying shrinkage while the durability characteristics were assessed by evaluating chloride permeability and electrical resistivity. The compressive strength of concrete specimens decreased with the quantity of CKD. However, there was no significant difference in the compressive strength of 0 and 5% CKD cement concretes. A similar trend was noted in the drying shrinkage strain. The chloride permeability increased and the electrical resistivity decreased due to the incorporation of CKD. The performance of concrete with 5% CKD was almost similar to that of concrete without CKD. Therefore, it is suggested to limit the amount of CKD in concrete to 5% since the chloride permeability and electrical resistivity data indicated that the chances of reinforcement corrosion would increase with 10% and 15% CKD.     

Application of machine learning technique for predicting and evaluating chloride ingress in concrete

The degradation of concrete structure in the marine environment is often related to chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement steel. Therefore, the chloride concentration in concrete is a vital parameter for estimating the corrosion level of reinforcement steel. This research aims at predicting the chloride content in concrete using three hybrid models of gradient boosting (GB), artificial neural network (ANN), and random forest (RF) in combination with particle swarm optimization (PSO). The input variables for modeling include exposure condition, water/binder ratio (W/B), cement content, silica fume, time exposure, and depth of measurement. The results indicate that three models performed well with high accuracy of prediction (R²≥ 0.90). Among three hybrid models, the model using GB_PSO achieved the highest prediction accuracy (R² = 0.9551, RMSE = 0.0327, and MAE = 0.0181). Based on the results of sensitivity analysis using SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) and partial dependence plots 1D (PDP-1D), it was found that the exposure condition and depth of measurement were the two most vital variables affecting the prediction of chloride content. When the number of different exposure conditions is larger than two, the exposure significantly impacted the chloride content of concrete because the chloride ion ingress is affected by both chemical and physical processes. This study provides an insight into the evaluation and prediction of the chloride content of concrete in the marine environment.     

Sulfate attack and reinforcement corrosion in plain and blended cements exposed to sulfate environments

The extensive use and addition of mineral admixtures and the recent modifications in the physicochemical characteristics of portland cements have introduced a large number of variables that need to be addressed. Furthermore, the effect of cations associated with sulfate ions on these variables is inconclusive and extensively debated in the literature. On the other hand, the exposure of many reinforced concrete structures to sulfate-bearing environments has brought attention to the role of sulfate ions in the corrosion of reinforcing steel. Unfortunately, there is very little data on this aspect. The following subjects are addressed: (i) the effect of sulfate cation type on strength and expansion; (ii) the role of sulfate ions in reinforcement corrosion; (iii) the role of plain and blended cements in both sulfate attack and reinforcement corrosion; and (iv) a comparison of the performance of concrete made with the above-cited cements with that of small (25 mm cube) cube mortar specimens.     

矿物掺和料对玄武岩纤维水泥砂浆强度发展的影响

研究了粉煤灰和硅灰对玄武岩纤维增强水泥基材料强度发展规律的影响,分析了粉煤灰和硅灰复掺对水泥砂浆中玄武岩纤维耐腐蚀性的影响.结果表明：玄武岩纤维对水泥基材料的早期抗折强度具有增强作用,后期增强效果下降,甚至会降低基体强度;粉煤灰和硅灰可显著延长玄武岩纤维对水泥砂浆抗折强度增强效果的时效.XRD图谱和显微结构分析表明,粉煤灰和硅灰复掺后降低了水泥基体中Ca(OH)2晶体的含量和玄武岩纤维的腐蚀程度,改善了玄武岩纤维和水泥基体之间的界面性质.     

材料组成对海洋工程混凝土氯离子渗透性能的影响

以混凝土28d和90d龄期电通量为指标,研究了水灰比、矿物种类与掺量等材料组成对海洋工程混凝土结构抗氯离子腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,90d龄期的混凝土电通量比28d龄期的小;水灰比越大,混凝土的电通量也越大,混凝土内部氯离子浓度也越高,应尽可能减少海洋工程混凝土的用水量;掺入粉煤灰可提高抗氯离子侵蚀性能,且适合的掺量在35%左右;硅灰的抗氯离子侵蚀性能较好,但成本较高,合适掺量在3%为宜;双掺粉煤灰硅灰能充分利用两者的优势,使混凝土的抗氯离子侵蚀性能得到较大提高。     

Effect of dust in coarse aggregates on reinforcement corrosion in concrete

This paper reports results of a study conducted to investigate the effect of dust, contributed by the coarse aggregates, on the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. The concrete specimens were prepared with up to 10% dust in the coarse aggregates. Two other batches of reinforced concrete specimens were also prepared. In one batch of specimens the aggregates were washed with raw water (total dissolved solids: 3338 ppm) while the dust in the second batch was removed by vacuum suction. Reinforcement corrosion was monitored by measuring corrosion potentials and corrosion current density. The results indicated that up to 10% dust in the coarse aggregates did not cause any corrosion of the reinforcing steel. Similarly, reinforcement corrosion was not noted in the concrete specimens prepared with coarse aggregates washed with raw water or cleaned with vacuum suction.     

硅粉对纤维橡胶再生混凝土抗压性能影响试验

以普通混凝土和橡胶再生混凝土为研究对象,通过掺入硅粉和纤维材料研究强化环保型混凝土抗压性能的方法。用再生混凝土100%等体积代替粗骨料,用橡胶颗粒20%等体积代替细骨料,内掺10%（质量分数）或外掺3%（质量分数）硅粉以及掺入聚丙烯纤维或钢纤维,制备了4组12个混凝土立方体试件,通过轴压试验研究了混凝土试件的破坏模式、抗压强度和工作性能。结果表明:与单一掺入硅粉相比,硅粉和聚丙烯纤维的复合掺入能进一步强化混凝土的抗压性能;硅粉的掺入可以强化浆体与橡胶颗粒间的界面性能,提高钢纤维橡胶再生混凝土的抗压强度;硅粉和纤维材料对混凝土的工作性能有负作用,其复合掺入时建议采用适量的减水剂。     

矿物掺合料对碱矿渣混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响

氯离子渗透是造成混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的主要原因之一。本文采用ASTM C1202规定的氯离子渗透试验方法,研究了粉煤灰和硅灰等量取代矿渣对碱矿渣混凝土氯离子渗透性能的影响。研究表明,在其它条件相同时,碱矿渣混凝土氯离子渗透性随粉煤灰掺量增加而提高,随硅灰掺量增加而降低。从控制碱矿渣混凝土抗氯离子渗透性的角度出发,粉煤灰替代矿渣量宜控制在50%以内。     

利用Wiener过程探究镁水泥混凝土中涂层钢筋在盐类环境下的腐蚀寿命

采用氯盐溶液和硫酸盐溶液浸泡镁水泥钢筋混凝土构件,使构件中的涂层钢筋加速锈蚀,并利用电化学工作站进行电化学试验;以腐蚀电流密度作为钢筋耐久性退化指标,建立一元Wiener过程预测模型进行钢筋腐蚀寿命预测.结果 表明:在氯盐溶液环境下,镁水泥混凝土构件中的钢筋受腐蚀问题较之硫酸盐溶液环境更为突出,且涂层在2种盐溶液环境中均对钢筋起到了较好的防护效果;在氯盐溶液环境中,涂层钢筋在1500 d附近进入中等腐蚀阶段,在硫酸盐溶液环境中,涂层钢筋在22000 d进入中等腐蚀阶段.     

Effect of silica fume on cement hydration and temperature rise of concrete in tropical environment

Investigated herein is the effect of temperature on heat development in cement pastes and concretes with and without silica fume cured at relatively high temperatures often encountered in tropical environment. With an initial temperature of 30°C, adiabatic temperature rise of the concrete with 8% silica fume as cement replacement was similar to that of the control Portland cement concrete up to about 18 h. After 24 h, however, the temperature of the silica fume concrete was lower than that of the control concrete. Since the concrete with 8% silica fume had a higher 28-day compressive strength (72.5 MPa) than the control concrete without silica fume (59.2 MPa), the concrete with silica fume is likely to have a lower temperature rise as compared with the control concrete of equivalent 28-day strength by reducing cementitious materials content with the same water content. The extent of heat evolution in the silica fume pastes was generally greater at lower temperatures of 20-50°C, but less at 65°C than in the control paste. At the relatively high curing temperatures, the degree of cement hydration in the paste with silica fume was lower than that in the control cement paste at early ages. However, the pozzolanic reaction started even before 24 h after water was added.     

Carbonation-induced reinforcement corrosion in silica fume concrete

This study presents the results of carbonation depth and carbonation-induced reinforcement corrosion in concrete samples with silica fume additions of up to 20% and water/binder ratios ranging from 0.30 to 0.80. The behavior of the additions is determined by the w/b ratios. For w/b ratios lower or equal to 0.45–0.50, carbonation processes in these materials are controlled by the porosity of the material and the consumption of Ca(OH)₂ has a negligible effect on carbonation. For higher w/b ratios, the consumption of Ca(OH)₂ plays a significant role. At the same time, the results of reinforcement corrosion indicate that the effect of silica fume additions depends on their concentration. In concentrations equal to or lower than 10%, silica fume will not reduce corrosion resistance and it may actually increase it when used in concentrations below this level. When used in concentrations greater than 10%, silica fume increases the potential for carbonation-induced reinforcement corrosion.     

Performance evaluation of rebar in chloride contaminated concrete by corrosion rate

The presence of chloride ions in reinforced concrete (RC) plays a major role in reinforcement corrosion and hence for the durability and service life of RC structures. With growing concern towards the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, the use of electrochemical techniques for their performance evaluation has become an important topic of durability study. This paper illustrates the findings of an experimental investigation carried out on large number of specimens for evaluating the performance of different types of rebar in chloride contaminated concrete made with different types of cement through different corrosion rate techniques. The specimens were prepared with three types of cement and three types of steel. From the results of corrosion rate, it was observed that the values of corrosion rate obtained by linear polarization resistance (LPR) technique with guard ring arrangement were in close agreement with those obtained by gravimetric method. On the other hand the corrosion rate values obtained by AC impedance spectroscopy were slightly lower than those obtained by LPR measurement. Further, correlations between different corrosion rate techniques were also obtained. From the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was observed that chloride content has the strongest effect on corrosion rate as compared to other factors.     

Effect of silica fume on cement hydration and temperature rise of concrete in tropical environment

Investigated herein is the effect of temperature on heat development in cement pastes and concretes with and without silica fume cured at relatively high temperatures often encountered in tropical environment. With an initial temperature of 30°C, adiabatic temperature rise of the concrete with 8% silica fume as cement replacement was similar to that of the control Portland cement concrete up to about 18 h. After 24 h, however, the temperature of the silica fume concrete was lower than that of the control concrete. Since the concrete with 8% silica fume had a higher 28-day compressive strength (72.5 MPa) than the control concrete without silica fume (59.2 MPa), the concrete with silica fume is likely to have a lower temperature rise as compared with the control concrete of equivalent 28-day strength by reducing cementitious materials content with the same water content. The extent of heat evolution in the silica fume pastes was generally greater at lower temperatures of 20–50°C, but less at 65°C than in the control paste. At the relatively high curing temperatures, the degree of cement hydration in the paste with silica fume was lower than that in the control cement paste at early ages. However, the pozzolanic reaction started even before 24 h after water was added.     

Effect of silica fume on the concrete-steel bond

Silica fume is used as an admixture to concrete to improve the engineering properties. Additions of silica fume improve the bond between concrete and steel reinforcing bars. The authors describe a laboratory study which explores the ultimate pullout load of steel reinforcing bars from concrete enhanced with silica fume. Les fumees de silice utilisees comme adjuvant ameliorent les proprietes techniques du beton et notamment l'adherence entre le beton et les fers d'armature. Les auteurs decrivent une etude de laboratoire qui porte sur la resistance a l'arrachement des fers d'armature dans du beton traite aux fumees de silice.     

氯离子侵蚀效应对RC桥墩抗震性能的影响

为研究混凝土桥梁结构在服役期内由于环境氯离子侵蚀效应引起钢筋、混凝土锈蚀退化等导致结构抗震性能退化的规律,以某多跨钢筋混凝土连续梁桥为例,采用OpenSees软件建立非线性动力分析模型,根据已有研究成果并基于概率方法研究了墩柱截面主筋和箍筋锈蚀的开始时间和锈蚀率大小,进而建立了钢筋的直径及屈服强度退化模型;针对考虑纵筋锈蚀、考虑箍筋锈蚀、同时考虑纵筋和箍筋锈蚀3种情况,分别分析了材料退化对桥墩抗震性能的影响。结果表明:同等条件下箍筋锈蚀比纵筋锈蚀更早;随着时间的推移,氯离子侵蚀效应会导致桥墩抗震能力下降,结构的抗震需求明显增加;与以往只考虑纵筋锈蚀的情况相比,同时考虑箍筋和纵筋锈蚀时桥墩抗震性能退化更严重。