Concrete made from ceramic industry waste: Durability properties

Concrete which contains waste products as aggregate is called ‘Green’ concrete. Use of hazardous waste in concrete-making will lead to green environment and sustainable concrete technology and so such concrete can also be called as ‘Green’ concrete. Concrete made with ceramic electrical insulator waste as coarse aggregate shows good workability, compressive, tensile and flexural strengths and modulus of elasticity. Further, study of its durability will ensure greater reliability in its usage. Permeation characters are used widely to quantify durability properties of concrete. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the permeation characteristics [volume of voids and water absorption (ASTM C642-06), chloride penetration (ASTM C1202-10), and sorption] of concrete with ceramic electrical insulator waste coarse aggregate (hereafter it is called recycled aggregate concrete) of six different water–cement ratios in comparison with those of corresponding conventional concrete mixes. From the results it has been observed that there is no significant change in the basic trend of permeation characteristics of this recycled aggregate concrete when compared to the conventional concrete. This recycled aggregate concrete possesses higher permeation characteristic values than those of conventional concrete. These values decrease with decrease in water–cement ratio for both the recycled aggregate concrete and the conventional concrete.     

再生骨料高性能混凝土收缩徐变对比试验研究

用不同粗骨料(石灰石碎石、再生粗骨料)、细骨料(河砂、人工砂、再生细骨料)两两相组合,共配制6组高性能混凝土进行对比试验,测试抗压强度、弹性模量、收缩和徐变4个性能指标并进行显著性分析。结果表明,骨料类型对高性能混凝土抗压强度的影响不明显,但对弹性模量、收缩和徐变性能都有显著影响。粗骨料对弹性模量和收缩性能的影响较为显著,细骨料对徐变的影响较为显著。再生粗骨料混凝土收缩、徐变早期发展较慢,而中后期的发展速度明显快于普通混凝土;再生细骨料混凝土收缩、徐变的发展速度始终远快于普通混凝土。在此基础上,提出了考虑粗、细骨料类型和骨料种类的高性能混凝土收缩和徐变的预测模型。     

泵送高强轻骨料混凝土的抗离析性能

为减少泵送高强轻骨科混凝土在振捣过程中轻骨科的上浮现象，使用5种不同轻骨科，根据混凝土拌合物振捣后的上、下层拌合物密度差异和粗骨科质量差异计算分层度。作为评价拌合物抗振捣分离性指标，对比轻骨科混凝土与普通混凝土的抗离析性，并研究轻骨科体积含量、振捣时间和轻骨科特性(包括外形、表面光滑度、吸水率)对低水胶比的泵送高强轻骨科混凝土抗离析性的影响。结果表明，轻骨科混凝土与普通混凝土的抗离析性差异不大；轻骨科特性对抗离析性影响明显；采用表面多孔而粗糙、呈碎石形、含水率高的陶粒，减少粗骨科体积含量、减少振捣时间有助于减少分层度；振捣后拌合物上、下层粗骨料质量分层度可比较敏感地反映混凝土的抗离析性。     

再生细骨料混凝土的抗渗透性

通过ASTM C1202法测定再生细骨料混凝土的渗透性。实验结果表明:颗粒整形再生细骨料混凝土的抗渗透性略高于相应的简单破碎再生细骨料混凝土;再生细骨料混凝土的抗渗透性均随着细骨料取代率的增大而降低;粉煤灰掺量为30%时可使混凝土渗透性降低36.1%;胶凝材料用量每增加100kg/m3,混凝土渗透性降低约27.6%。再生细骨料混凝土具有较好的抗渗性。     

Determining the specific gravities of coarse aggregates utilizing vacuum saturation approach

The current method of specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate testing is based on the AASHTO T 85 and ASTM C-127 standards. This approach involves the soaking of the coarse aggregate samples for 15h (AASHTO T 85) and 24 ± 4 h (ASTM C-127), and drying the aggregate to its saturated-surface dry (SSD) state with the aid of a dry absorbent cloth. The attainment of the SSD condition of the coarse aggregate is very subjective, and the total test duration makes it inconvenient for use in construction quality control and quality assurance testing (QC/QA).The objective of this paper is to determine the specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregates using a new proposed approach utilizing vacuum saturation. In lieu of the conventional soaking period of 24 ± 4 h, this proposed research approach employs the use of 10, 20 and 30 min of vacuum saturation at 30 mm Hg (4.0 kPa) pressure. In this paper, the soaking time is 24 ± 4 h for all the AASHTO method. It is also believed that the 24 ± 4 h shall give better soaking and therefore more accurate test results would be achieved. Vacuum saturating the coarse aggregates aims at removing all the entrapped air within the sample mass, in addition to forcing water into the effective pores of the coarse aggregates. This method is applied to a wide range of coarse aggregates including trap rock, limestone, gravel, steel slag, crushed concrete, and the results are compared statistically with those of AASHTO T 85. Results from the experiments indicate that the vacuum saturation method can replace the AASHTO T 85 for coarse aggregate specific gravity testing at 10, 20 or 30 min of vacuum saturation. A significant finding was that the AASHTO T 85 underestimates the full absorption potential of highly absorptive aggregates when compared to this proposed vacuum saturation approach.     

Properties of concrete prepared with crushed fine stone,furnace bottom ash and fine recycled aggregate as fine aggregates

This paper presents the results of a study to compare the properties of concretes prepared with the use river sand, crushed fine stone (CFS), furnace bottom ash (FBA), and fine recycled aggregate (FRA) as fine aggregates. Two methods were used to design the concrete mixes: (i) fixed water–cement ratio (W/C) and (ii) fixed slump ranges. The investigation included testing of compressive strength, drying shrinkage and resistance to chloride-ion penetration of the concretes. The test results showed that, at fixed water–cement ratios, the compressive strength and the drying shrinkage decreased with the increase in the FBA content. FRA decreased the compressive strength and increased the drying shrinkage of the concrete. However, when designing the concrete mixes with a fixed slump value, at all the test ages, when FBA was used as the fine aggregates to replace natural aggregates, the concrete had higher compressive strength, lower drying shrinkage and higher resistance to the chloride-ion penetration. But the use of FRA led to a reduction in compressive strength but increase in shrinkage values. The results suggest that both FBA and FRA can be used as fine aggregates for concrete production.     

拆除混凝土的再生试验研究

采用合理的技术措施回收拆除混凝土 ,再生出性能良好的混凝土集料 (简称再生集料 ) ,可用于生产新混凝土。结果表明 ,与天然集料相比 ,再生集料密度较低 ,吸水率较高。采用再生粗集料配制混凝土时 ,强度和抗冻性均良好 ,但收缩较大。而再生细集料则对混凝土的抗压强度产生显著影响。     

再生细骨料对混凝土塑性收缩开裂性能影响

参考国际建筑官员协会ICBO标准,采用平板约束试验、自制的混凝土塑性应力测试装置以及压汞法,分析了再生细骨料粒径、取代率以及混凝土水灰比、砂率等对再生细骨料混凝土塑性应力、孔结构及塑性收缩开裂性能的影响.结果表明：随着再生细骨料粒径范围的减小,再生细骨料混凝土塑性收缩开裂风险逐渐降低;再生细骨料取代率的增加,使得再生混凝土塑性收缩开裂风险增大;再生细骨料混凝土水灰比对其抗塑性收缩开裂性能至关重要,过大或过小均会提高其塑性收缩开裂风险;选择适当的砂率可以控制再生细骨料混凝土的塑性收缩开裂程度.     

破碎陶粒表面处理与其对混凝土性能的影响

目前,大部分陶粒的形状和吸水性能均难以满足混凝土工作性能要求.采用粒形较差和粒径较大的陶粒,通过破碎获得级配较好的粗集料和细集料,采用表面憎水处理减小其吸水性,并将经破碎和表面改性后的陶粒用于配制混凝土.结果表明:陶粒通过破碎后可获得公称粒径为5～16mm连续颗粒级配的破碎陶粒,经表面憎水处理后,破碎陶粒1h吸水率从13.5%降低至3.2%,采用经憎水处理的破碎陶粒配制的混凝土,相对原状陶粒和预湿破碎陶粒,在相同坍落度下的用水量和坍落度损失相当,但泌水率降低、强度提高较多;陶粒破碎后还可获得公称粒径为0～5mm颗粒级配的陶砂,表面憎水处理后,陶砂1h吸水率从22.0%降到20.5%,降低程度不明显,但仍可用于配制次(全)轻轻集料混凝土.     

Lightweight concrete incorporating pumice based blended cement and aggregate: Mechanical and durability characteristics

This paper presents the development of lightweight volcanic pumice concrete (VPC) using pumice based ASTM Type I blended cement (PVPC) and aggregates (both coarse and fine). The performance of VPC mixtures was evaluated by conducting comprehensive series of tests on fresh and hardened properties as well as durability. Fresh and mechanical properties of VPC mixtures such as slump, air content, compressive strength, tensile strength, density, and modulus of elasticity are described. The durability characteristics were investigated by drying shrinkage, water permeability, mercury intrusion porosimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and microhardness tests. The variables in the study include: % replacement (0%, 50%, 75% and 100% by volume) of normal weight coarse gravel aggregate by coarse lightweight volcanic pumice aggregate (VPA), replacement (100% by volume) of fine aggregate (sand) by fine VPA, constant (0.45)/variable (0.37–0.64) water-to-binder ratio by mass, variable (1.3–3.7) aggregate-to-binder ratio by mass and cement types (ASTM type I cement and PVPC). The investigation suggests the production of lightweight VPCs for structural applications having satisfactory strength and durability characteristics. The use of PVPC induces the beneficial effect of reducing the drying shrinkage and water permeability of VPC mixtures. The presence of coarse/fine/both VPA is also associated with lower permeability due to the development of high quality interfacial paste-aggregate transition zone and the progressive internal curing in VPCs. Development of non-expensive and environmentally friendly VPC with acceptable strength and durability characteristics (as illustrated in this study) can be extremely helpful for the sustainable construction and rehabilitation of volcanic disaster areas around the world.     

Determination of fine aggregate angularity in relation with the resistance to rutting of hot-mix asphalt

Rutting in asphalt pavements continues to create problems for pavement agencies. One factor that has been identified in determining asphalt pavement rutting susceptibility is the fine aggregate angularity (FAA) in the asphalt aggregate mix. The aim of this study is to investigate the angularity of fine aggregate produced in Turkey and to draw the attention of design engineers to this subject. To examine the relative effect of angularity of fine aggregate on the passing time through an orifice, material was obtained from 30 different sources which represent a wide range of materials used in Turkey. This collection offered a variety of geometric irregularities. The aggregates included 4 natural sands and 26 crushed aggregates. ASTM C128 “Specific Gravity Test of Fine Aggregate” and AFNOR P18-564 “Determination of Flow Rate of Fine Aggregate” which has been adopted by AFNOR were performed on each sample. Rutting tests were then performed on four different aggregate samples which had different FAA values and which were crushed by different crusher types. Test results bring to light that factors like the mineralogical properties of the fine aggregate and the crusher type must be considered in determining the angularity of fine aggregate. Also rutting test results showed that higher FAA values increased resistance to rutting of hot-mix asphalt.     

Mechanical properties modeling of recycled aggregate concrete

The variability observed in the composition of construction and demolition (C&D) waste is a problem that inhibits the use of recycled aggregates in concrete production. To contribute in this field, a research was carried out varying water/cement ratio and substitution percent of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates. The experimental program used samples of main Brazilian C&D waste sources, which are concrete, mortar and red ceramic bricks as well as tiles. Results of concrete compressive strength and elastic modulus were statistically analyzed and modeled. The study shows that for both concrete properties, recycled coarse aggregate was more influential than recycled fine aggregate. However, the use of fine recycled red ceramic increased concrete strength. Coarse recycled red ceramic aggregate and fine recycled concrete aggregate exercised the largest and the smallest influence, respectively, in concrete properties.     

不同粗细骨料组合下的混凝土耐硫酸腐蚀研究

为比较不同粗细骨料组合对混凝土耐硫酸腐蚀性能的影响,对水灰比为0.45、尺寸为100×200的4种骨料组合（青石+黄砂,青石+大理砂,大理石+黄砂,大理石+大理砂）混凝土试件进行耐硫酸加速腐蚀试验。将混凝土试件浸泡于pH值为0.95左右的硫酸溶液中进行为期194 d的12次跟踪监测,根据检测数据计算得到了混凝土的腐蚀深度,按线性方程斜率从大到小对4种骨料组合混凝土硫酸腐蚀速率进行了排序。结果表明:含有大理石或大理砂骨料的混凝土比含青石和黄砂骨料的混凝土耐硫酸腐蚀性能高;腐蚀层受扰动情况下,腐蚀深度与腐蚀时间呈线性关系;大理石细骨料比大理石粗骨料更有利于减小腐蚀深度。     

Natural Aggregates at Makkah Governate, Western Saudi Arabia

 Natural coarse and fine aggregates which accumulated along six selected wadis in the region of Makkah were assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The six wadis were Numan, Al-Yamanyah, Al-Shamyah, Hwarah, Alaf and Faydah. More than 440 aggregate samples were collected and their physical, mechanical and chemical properties determined. Petrographic studies on the gravel samples were undertaken to characterise the aggregate types. The results were compared with ASTM and British Standard specifications. The aggregates were generally within the acceptable limits for use in concrete although there were the relatively high values of chloride, sulphate and total dissolved salts in the fine aggregates in Wadis Alaf, Hwarah and Faydah. Nine fine aggregate samples representing upstream, midstream and downstream deposits from these saline wadis were washed in distilled waters after which the aggregates were within the acceptable limits for structural concrete. There were indications of material which could cause alkali-silica in the coarse aggregate at Wadi Faydah. The study proved reserves of 12.5 million m³ of coarse aggregate and 23 million m³ of fine aggregate. Received: 27 May 1998 · Accepted: 18 February 1999     

大流动性再生粗集料混凝土配合比设计方法

采用相同砂浆体积(EMV)方法配制再生粗集料混凝土,可节省水泥及细集料的用量,其强度及弹性模量与对比天然集料混凝土(NAC)相近,但由于新拌砂浆含量小而使其流动性能变差.给出了EMV方法的改进方法及具体设计步骤,并应用该改进方法配制2种不同来源再生粗集料的大流动性再生粗集料混凝土(FRAC),测定其坍落度、干湿表观密度、立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度以及弹性模量.结果表明:采用改进EMV方法可配制出满足和易性要求的FRAC,而且与传统方法配制的FRAC相比,其各项性能指标更接近对比NAC.     

Characteristics of mortar and concrete containing fine aggregate manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles

This paper presents the development of lightweight aggregate concrete using fine aggregate that is manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Investigations on waste PET lightweight aggregate concrete included three phases: examination of the properties of waste PET lightweight aggregates (WPLA), analysis of the properties of mortar when WPLA was used as fine aggregate, and analysis of the properties of concrete when WPLA was used as fine aggregate. The results of the first phase showed that the WPLA had a density of 1390 kg/m³, a water absorption of 0% and a bulk density of 844 kg/m³. WPLA fineness modulus (F.M.), however, was 4.11, which is higher than the F.M. of river sand. This is because the WPLA was single graded. The results of the second phase showed that for the mortar, in which the WPLA was used as a fine aggregate, the flow value increased, while the compressive strength decreased proportionally to the addition of WPLA with elapsed time. In addition, the amount of water absorption by unit area was higher than for the control mortar (without WPLA) when the WPLA content was either 40% or 60%. For the third phase, the results showed that the slump of the WPLA concrete increased as the WPLA content increased regardless of the water-cement ratio (W/C). In comparison to the control concrete, the 28-day WPLA concrete compressive strength decreased by 5%, 15% and 30%, with an increase of WPLA content of 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively. In addition, for a W/C of 0.49, the structural efficiency (compressive strength/density ratio) of the concrete containing 25% of WPLA was higher than that for the control concrete.     

再生骨料混凝土配合比设计参数研究

通过再生骨料混凝土配合比试验,研究再生粗骨料材料性质对再生骨料混凝土配合比设计中水灰比、单方用水量和砂率等参数的影响;通过对试验结果的统计分析,建立了考虑再生骨料取代率影响的水胶比计算公式,考虑再生骨料吸水率和取代率影响的再生混凝土单方用水量计算公式,以及考虑再生骨料空隙率、取代率和表观密度影响的再生混凝土砂率计算公式。结果表明:再生骨料取代率、空隙率和吸水率对再生骨料混凝土配合比设计参数的影响较大;所得公式形式简单,反映了再生粗骨料的特点,提高了再生骨料混凝土配合比设计的精度,为再生混凝土配合比设计提供依据和参考。     

复合骨料和高强复合骨料混凝土研究

复合骨料系混凝土中的普通骨料被轻骨料取代而成。试验采用三种轻骨料：圆球型和碎石型高强页岩陶粒以及一种陶砂，通过复合骨料中轻骨料取代量对基准高强混凝土的物理力学性质影响的试验研究，确定复合骨料中轻骨料最佳取代量，结果表明，在与基准混凝土保持相同配合比的条件下，复合骨料混凝土的抗压强度能达70MPa以上，与基准高强混凝土强度相当或略高。     

Experimental investigation on aggregate interlocking concrete prepared with scattering–filling coarse aggregate process

To secure good flowability and segregation resistance of the fresh concrete mixture, the volume fraction of the coarse aggregate in the conventional plastic concrete is controlled at a relatively low level. A new type of coarse aggregate interlocking concrete was prepared with a new invented concrete placing method named as scattering–filling aggregate process. The strength of concrete prepared with this method obviously increases whereas the shrinkage ratios of them decrease significantly with the extra adding aggregate volume ratio from 10% to 30%. These concretes with high strength and low shrinkage can be prepared with much lower cement dosage compared to the conventional process. The SEM observation indicated that the interfacial transition zones at the interface of the added aggregate are much tighter than those of the original aggregate. The interlocking and homogeneous distribution of the coarse aggregate and the water absorption of the extra added coarse aggregate contribute to the strength improvement and performance modification.     

基于孔隙率的多孔轻集料植被混凝土配合比研究

根据陶粒形态、成分较均一,呈球体或椭球体的特点,推导出多孔轻集料植被混凝土理论计算公式,并提出一种新的多孔轻集料植被混凝土配合比设计方法,即以孔隙率为主要设计参数,通过公式计算出包裹轻集料的水泥浆厚度和质量,调整水泥浆的水灰比,配置具有一定强度且不流淌的多孔轻集料植被混凝土。