Mechanical characterisation of cement-based mortar incorporating rubber aggregates from recycled worn tyres

Cement-based materials are brittle and highly sensitive to cracking, particularly shrinkage cracking. It is well documented that a fibre reinforcement restrains crack opening and thus limits their detrimental effects on the durability and serviceability of structures. However, a better solution to limit brittleness and prevent shrinkage cracking is to design a cimentitious composite exhibiting a high level of deformation before macrocracks appear. The present paper focuses on this challenge. It is based on the use of low-deformation-modulus aggregates, actually rubber aggregates. The results given here concern mortars. A conventional mortar was compared with ones incorporating rubber tyre particles, partly replacing the natural sand aggregates. In all cases, the size of the particles was smaller than 4 mm and two ratios of sand replacement by rubber aggregates were considered: 20% and 30% by volume. The compressive and tensile properties of these cement composites were investigated.The first results show that incorporating rubber particles as aggregates is detrimental to compressive and to tensile strengths. On the other hand, it induces a significant decrease of the modulus of elasticity and is beneficial in terms of strain capacity. Tensile tests on notched specimens show that the pseudo-strain corresponding to the peak load is significantly increased and that the benefit of fibre reinforcement remains unaltered in the case of rubber incorporation. Thus, both fibre reinforcement and rubber incorporation benefits can be drawn simultaneously. It is a promising solution to improve the durability of cement-based structures. Finally, the use of rubber particles obtained from shredded non-reusable tires adds obvious environmental interest to this research programme.     

Influence of mineral additions on the performance of 100% recycled aggregate concrete

A judicious use of resources, by using by-products and waste materials, and a lower environmental impact, by reducing carbon dioxide emission and virgin aggregate extraction, allow to approach sustainable building development. Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), if satisfactory concrete properties are achieved, can be an example of such sustainable construction materials.In this work concrete specimens were manufactured by completely replacing fine and coarse aggregates with recycled aggregates from a rubble recycling plant. Also RAC with fly ash (RA + FA) or silica fume (RA + SF) were studied.Concrete properties were evaluated by means of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity in the first experimental part. In the second experimental part, compressive and tensile splitting strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage, reinforcing bond strength, carbonation, chloride penetration were studied. Satisfactory concrete properties can be developed with recycled fine and coarse aggregates with proper selection and proportioning of the concrete materials.     

基于钢-混凝土组合结构轻量化的粗骨料超高性能混凝土研究进展与应用

粗骨料超高性能混凝土(ultra high performance concrete, UHPC)是实现钢-混凝土组合结构轻量化的重要载体,分析了粗骨料UHPC的性能优势和技术瓶颈,综述了粗骨料UHPC力学性能、体积稳定性、韧性和施工性能的提升原理、技术措施和作用效果,得到诱导、加速胶凝材料水化调控水化产物和微结构,可发挥粗骨料刚性骨架作用,提升常温下力学性能,使其弹性模量可达近60GPa,徐变系数低于0.4;掺加内养护剂、功能性聚合物抑制内部相对湿度下降,采用膨胀剂补偿收缩变形,可降低自收缩超过60%,提高抗裂能力;基于聚合物基体增韧和骨料-纤维协同增韧,提升拉伸韧性,可使粗骨料UHPC拉伸强度达10MPa;采用微纳米材料和选择性吸附聚合物,调控流变性能,可实现施工的高流动与物相均匀分布的统一。介绍了粗骨料UHPC典型应用工程,通过提高钢-混凝土组合结构的刚度、抗裂性能和抗疲劳性能,大幅降低结构自重,有效提升了桥梁的跨越能力。     

Research progress and application of coarse aggregate ultra high performance concrete used for lightweight steel-concrete composite structure

粗骨料超高性能混凝土(ultra high performance concrete, UHPC)是实现钢-混凝土组合结构轻量化的重要载体，分析了粗骨料UHPC的性能优势和技术瓶颈，综述了粗骨料UHPC力学性能、体积稳定性、韧性和施工性能的提升原理、技术措施和作用效果，得到诱导、加速胶凝材料水化调控水化产物和微结构，可发挥粗骨料刚性骨架作用，提升常温下力学性能，使其弹性模量可达近60GPa，徐变系数低于0.4；掺加内养护剂、功能性聚合物抑制内部相对湿度下降，采用膨胀剂补偿收缩变形，可降低自收缩超过60%，提高抗裂能力；基于聚合物基体增韧和骨料-纤维协同增韧，提升拉伸韧性，可使粗骨料UHPC拉伸强度达10MPa；采用微纳米材料和选择性吸附聚合物，调控流变性能，可实现施工的高流动与物相均匀分布的统一。介绍了粗骨料UHPC典型应用工程，通过提高钢-混凝土组合结构的刚度、抗裂性能和抗疲劳性能，大幅降低结构自重，有效提升了桥梁的跨越能力。     

混杂纤维增强延性水泥基复合材料力学性能与裂宽控制

为实现纤维增强延性水泥基复合材料高强度与高延性的匹配,在原有材料体系中附加钢纤维,试验研究了混杂聚乙烯醇(PVA)/钢纤维增强延性水泥基复合材料的轴拉、抗压性能.结果表明:随着钢纤维掺量的增加,混杂纤维增强延性水泥基复合材料开裂强度和抗拉强度不断提高,裂纹宽度显著降低,且钢纤维对高强基材的作用效果更加显著;当钢纤维掺量适量时,混杂纤维增强延性水泥基复合材料的极限拉应变得到有效提升,而钢纤维掺量对抗压性能的影响并不显著;PVA纤维和钢纤维混杂可获得高强度、高延性和低裂纹宽度的水泥基复合材料.     

Shrinkage and cracking studies of high performance concrete for bridge decks

Restrained shrinkage cracking is a critical issue that raises the concern of widespread use of high-performance concrete (HPC) in bridge deck. Present studies were undertaken to compare the different HPC and propose concept to use local field data to define a threshold for cracking potential. We developed 18 HPC mixtures, suitable for bridge decks in shrinkage-prone locations, using supplementary cementitious materials - fly ash, slag, silica fume, and metakaolin; and local aggregates with three different w/cm: 0.40, 0.35, and 0.30. Basic properties as well as shrinkage and cracking properties were evaluated. In addition to comparing among HPC performance, a correlation was made between commonly measured parameters such as strength, shrinkage, and modulus of elasticity with cracking onset obtained from ring tests. Finally, field data from no-crack and well performing bridges were used to define a threshold safe limit. This concept can be used for design of HPC mixtures to reduce cracking potential from materials point of view for any other locations.     

Scrap-tyre-rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete

In this research the performance of concrete mixtures incorporating 5%, 7.5% and 10% of discarded tyre rubber as aggregate and cement replacements was investigated. Numerous projects have been conducted on replacement of aggregates by crumb rubbers but scarce data are found on cementitious filler addition in the literature. Hence to examine characteristics of tyre crumb-containing concrete, two sets of concrete specimens were made. In the first set, different percentages by weight of chipped rubber were replaced for coarse aggregates and in the second set scrap-tyre powder was replaced for cement. Selected standard durability and mechanical test were performed and the results were analysed. The mechanical tests included compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. The durability tests included permeability and water absorption. The results showed that with up to 5% replacement, in each set, no major changes on concrete characteristics would occur, however, with further increase in replacement ratios considerable changes were observed.     

水泥稳定碎石基层的抗裂稳定性研究

针对水泥稳定碎石基层在湿度、温度变化时易产生收缩裂缝这一缺陷,在集料、各种水泥基本性能试验结果的基础上,开展了考虑收缩因素的水泥稳定碎石集料级配组成设计研究.对9种集料级配的水泥稳定碎石分别进行无侧限抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、干缩及温缩试验,探求集料级配组成对水泥稳定碎石强度和变形稳定性的影响规律,提出了收缩性能改善、干缩量减少的可供工程使用的水泥稳定碎石集料级配组成设计方案,这对提高水泥稳定碎石基层的抗裂性能具有重要意义.     

The effect of alkali reactivity on the mechanical properties of concrete

The effects of highly reactive aggregate, fused silica, and slowly reactive aggregate, Thames Valley sand, on the mechanical properties of concrete were investigated in this paper. The mechanical properties studied over a period of 12 months were the compressive strength, direct tensile strength, tensile splitting strength, flexural tensile strength (modulus of rupture), static modulus of elasticity and water absorption. The effects of both reactive aggregates on the mechanical properties of concrete were compared with that of sound concrete mix. The results presented in this investigation show that the effect of the reactive aggregates on the mechanical properties varies, depending on the type of reactive aggregate. From this study it appears that the direct tensile and static modulus of elasticity were the best indicators of reactivity.     

Effect of coarse aggregate quality on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete

This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate the effect of four types of coarse aggregates, namely calcareous, dolomitic, quartzitic limestone, and steel slag, on the compressive and tensile strength, and elastic modulus of high strength concrete. The highest and lowest compressive strength was obtained in the concrete specimens prepared with steel slag and calcareous limestone aggregates, respectively. Similarly, the split tensile strength of steel slag aggregate concrete was the highest, followed by that of dolomitic and quartzitic limestone aggregate concretes. The lowest split tensile strength was noted in the calcareous limestone aggregate concrete. The type of coarse aggregate also influences the modulus of elasticity of concrete. Weaker aggregates tend to produce a more ductile concrete than stronger aggregates do.     

Effect of fibres on early age cracking of concrete tunnel lining. Part I: Laboratory ring test

The cracking of concrete structures can drastically reduce their serviceability, specifically by inducing a decrease in bearing capacity while their permeability and diffusivity are being increased. Cracking therefore leads to a faster penetration of liquid, gaseous and aggressive agents, which may reduce the durability and the tightness of the structures. It may be caused by an external loading or else by the self- or external restraint of autogenous, drying and thermal shrinkage. This paper will focus on the latter of these phenomena.In the first part of this study (part I: Laboratory test), ring tests are performed to investigate the sensitivity of concrete to cracking due to both shrinkage strain and fibre type (two organic fibres and one steel fibre have been studied). Results obtained show that the use of polypropylene microfibres does not delay the age at which the first crack appears but does slightly reduce crack opening. Polypropylene and steel macrofibres have a greater effect since cracking is delayed and the crack opening is significantly reduced. Tensile strength results indicate that a portion of the cracking delay may be attributed to the tensile strength increase resulting from fibre reinforcement.     

工程水泥基材料裂缝分布及自愈合后力学性能

在0.3%,0.5%,1.0%,2.0%预加拉伸应变破坏下,进行了2种配比、不同龄期的工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)的裂缝分布、干湿循环自愈合后力学性能的恢复及不同物相的纳米压痕测试.结果表明:ECC具有很多有利于裂缝自愈合行为的特性,其裂缝宽度大都在30μm以下,自愈合后,其最终强度及拉伸应变能力均能达到甚至超过对比试件,裂缝自愈合产物的弹性模量约为34.8GPa,硬度约为1.6GPa,刚度约为0.1mN/nm.     

超高强钢筋ECC梁受弯性能试验及承载力分析

为进一步研究工程用水泥基复合材料(ECC)与超高强钢筋组合成的超高强钢筋ECC梁(UHSRRE梁)的受弯性能,对3根UHSRRE梁、1根普通强度钢筋增强ECC梁(RECC梁)和1根普通强度钢筋增强混凝土梁(RC梁)进行弯曲试验,分析弯曲试验现象、ECC应变、延性性能和特征弯矩,并研究纵筋配筋率对UHSRRE梁承载力的影响。结果表明:UHSRRE梁和RECC梁的控裂能力比RC梁的控裂能力强; 与RECC梁相比,UHSRRE梁并未因采用超高强钢筋而使其控裂能力明显下降; UHSRRE梁截面应变基本符合平均应变的平截面假定,梁受拉区边缘的ECC应变小于ECC单轴受拉极限应变,梁受拉区的ECC始终不退出工作; UHSRRE梁受拉区和受压区边缘ECC应变的最大值、受压区高度和特征弯矩(除开裂弯矩)都随纵筋配筋率增加而变大; 随纵筋配筋率增加,UHSRRE梁的能量延性系数先增后减; 当UHSRRE梁具有适当纵筋配筋率时,其延性性能可优于RECC梁的延性性能。     

混合应用天然与再生骨料混凝土的基本性能

对配合比相同和坍落度相同两种情况下,不同再生骨料掺入量混凝土的基本性能进行了系统的试验研究。试验中再生骨料的掺入量分别为0,25％,50％,75％和100％。试验结果表明,在配合比相同的情况下,随着再生骨料掺入量的增加．混凝土的工作性能以及回弹值、抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗折强度和弹性模量均有不同程度的降低。在坍落度相同的情况下,随着再生骨料掺入量的增加．混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度和弹性模量也均降低且较配合比相同的情况下降低更多。最后根据本文的试验结果,建议了两种情况下不同再生骨料掺入量混凝土的基本力学性能计算公式。并进一步对比了两种情况下得到的计算公式．结果表明,两种情况下得到的公式均可以用来描述不同再生骨料掺入量混凝土的基本力学性能。     

含小型粗骨料UHPC板抗弯性能研究

研制新型的含小型粗骨料UHPC板,提升传统大跨径组合梁斜拉桥普通混凝土桥面板的抗弯性能。通过对含小型粗骨料UHPC进行基本材料性能研究,以及对含小型粗骨料UHPC板试件进行抗弯试验,材性试验探究含小型粗骨料UHPC材料的本构关系、弹性模量和终凝后的干燥自收缩等,发现在UHPC中添加小型粗骨料后,UHPC在抗压性能方面得到提高,减小终凝后的干燥自收缩,但会降低一定的抗弯拉强度和韧性;含小型粗骨料UHPC板试件的抗弯试验探究了试件的荷载 挠度关系与弯矩 最大裂缝宽度关系。发现UHPC板试件具有较高的开裂强度,结构破坏呈现出多裂缝发展。抗弯试验、有限元分析和承载力公式计算结果表明：含小型粗骨料UHPC板具有较好的抗弯、抗裂性能,但计算承载能力时应充分考虑添加小型粗骨料后对结构拉伸性能降低的影响。     

柔性抗裂砂浆性能综合评价与成分优化

增加砂浆的柔韧性是提高抹面砂浆抗裂性能的重要措施,通过正交试验分析了橡胶粉、聚合物、纤维对砂浆柔性性能的影响,研究了用抗压强度、抗折强度、压折比、收缩率和弹性模量综合评定砂浆抗裂性能的方法,指出橡胶粉掺量为胶凝材料重量的7%、聚合物为0.4%、纤维为0.7%时抗裂砂浆的综合性能最优.     

不同取代率再生粗骨料混凝土的力学性能

系统研究了坍落度相同的情况下再生粗骨料取代率对混凝土基本性能的影响.试验中再生粗骨料的掺入量分别为0,30%,50%,70%和100%,通过调节用水量使各组混凝土达到相同的坍落度.主要研究了达到相同坍落度时混凝土的用水量以及再生粗骨料取代率对混凝土坍落度、立方体抗压强度、棱柱体抗压强度、峰值应变和泊松比、弹性模量、劈裂抗拉强度以及抗折强度的影响.试验结果表明,再生粗骨料取代率对上述各性能指标均有一定影响,但程度不同.同时发现,除劈裂抗拉强度和抗折强度外,普通混凝土各基本力学性能指标间的关系不适用各种再生骨料取代率的混凝土.     

高性能纤维增强水泥基复合材料(HPFRCC)的制备及其力学性能研究

采用常规的材料及通用的工艺力法,通过加入不同纤维、降低水胶比、去除粗骨料等方法配制抗压强度接近100 MPa的高性能纤维增强水泥基复合材料,并进行抗压强度、抗折强度、抗拉强度、静力弹性模量等力学性能试验,结果表明:高性能纤维增强水泥基复合材料不但具有较高抗压强度,其韧性及变形能力良好,适应现代工程结构的发展需要。     

EVA废胶粒对轻集料混凝土性能影响的试验研究

测试和分析EVA废胶粒掺量对轻集料混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比、干燥收缩值、表观密度、导热系数的影响程度和规律.     

再生粗骨料取代率对混凝土基本性能的影响

系统研究了相同水灰比情况下再生粗骨料取代率对混凝土基本性能的影响。试验中再生粗骨料取代率分别为0，30％，50％，70％和100％，保持混凝土的水灰比不变。主要研究了再生粗骨料取代率对混凝土立方体坍落度、抗压强度、棱柱体抗压强度、峰值应变和泊松比、弹性模量、劈裂抗拉强度以及抗折强度的影响。试验结果表明，再生粗骨料取代率对上述各性能指标均有一定影响，但程度不同。同时发现，除抗折强度外，普通混凝土各基本力学性能指标问的关系均不适用各种再生骨料取代率混凝土。