氯盐环境下混凝土内钢绞线的锈蚀特性试验研究

预应力钢筋的锈蚀特性是研究预应力混凝土结构耐久性失效及防治的基础，为此，分别采用内掺盐和外浸盐两种方式在自然气候条件下作了如下三组混凝土内钢筋锈蚀的对比试验：钢绞线与热轧带肋钢筋、钢绞线与热轧光圆钢筋、钢绞线中心钢丝与热轧光圆钢筋。通过对锈蚀过程中锈蚀电流密度的测试以及试验完毕后的破形观察与称重对比和分析，得到如下结果：钢筋外表面锈蚀程度在面向保护层侧明显严重于背向保护层侧；钢绞线及其中心钢丝外表面锈蚀相对最不均匀，具有严重的局部锈蚀——坑蚀形态，带肋钢筋次之，光圆钢筋相对最均匀、全面；钢绞线内表面发生类似于空气中的相对全面、均匀的锈蚀；钢绞线的平均外表面锈蚀率小于热轧带肋钢筋的与热轧光圆钢筋的，但严重的局部锈蚀对其受拉性能极其不利。另外，还对上述锈蚀特性进行了电化学机理分析。     

基于涡流热成像的锈蚀钢筋混凝土表面温度变化试验研究

电涡流红外热成像检测技术是一种新兴的无损检测技术,其利用混凝土内部钢筋锈蚀程度不一样导致钢筋的发热效率不一样,使传导至混凝土表面的温度变化速率不一样的原理来判定混凝土内部钢筋锈蚀程度。通过试验研究了锈蚀钢筋混凝土在不同锈蚀时间、钢筋直径、混凝土强度及保护层厚度等影响因素下的表面温度变化规律。结果表明,不同钢筋直径,不同保护层厚度,不同混凝土强度的钢筋混凝土试件的表面温度增长速率都随锈蚀时间的增加而增大,即钢筋混凝土表面温度增长速率与钢筋锈蚀时间正相关;锈蚀时间越长、钢筋直径越大,混凝土表面温度增长速率越快,相反,混凝土强度越低、保护层越小,混凝土表面温度增长越快,即锈蚀时间和钢筋直径与混凝土表面温度增长速率成正比,混凝土强度和保护层厚度与混凝土表面温度增长成反比。     

Numerical simulation of the probability of corrosion initiation of RC elements made of reinforcing steel with improved corrosion performance

Abstract

Steel reinforcing bars in concrete are protected from corrosion by a thin oxide film that is created on the steel surface in the highly alkaline environment of the concrete. Corrosion process begins once this oxide film is destroyed, for example, by chloride ions penetrating from the element surface into the concrete and to the steel rebar. Critical chloride concentration is highly variable owing to numerous factors such as the type of reinforcing steel used. The TransChlor® software is used to simulate the time history of chloride ion ingress and corrosion initiation into a typical reinforced concrete structural element with four different types of reinforcing steel, namely, carbon steel, ferritic stainless steel (1.4003) with rolling skin, duplex stainless steel (1.4462) and ferritic stainless steel (1.4003) with pickled surface. A climate model is used to simulate two different exposure conditions of the structural element, namely direct and mist exposure, representatives for winter conditions in mountainous and lowland areas. A probabilistic method is applied to consider uncertainty of material properties in the model. The results show that reinforcing steel bars with enhanced corrosion performance significantly improve the durability of reinforced concrete.     

Tensile and low cycle fatigue behavior of corroded reinforcing steel bars S400

The results of an experimental study for assessing the degradation of the tensile properties of reinforcing steel bars grade S400 caused by accelerated laboratory salt spray are presented. Furthermore, low cycle fatigue tests, which simulate earthquake loading conditions, have been carried out on uncorroded (reference) material as well as pre-corroded steel bars and the results are presented and commented upon. The results of the tensile tests have shown an appreciable property degradation with advancing corrosion. The low cycle fatigue resistance of the steel bars was found to be closely dependent upon the level of corrosion. Furthermore, the tests indicate that the material degradation may be more severe than thought when taking mass loss as a measure of corrosion damage.     

含氯盐混凝土碳化过程钢筋锈蚀阈值与使用寿命预测

采用10倍水溶解钢筋周围混凝土粉末的方法制取混凝土孔溶液,研究了含氯盐混凝土碳化过程中使钢筋锈蚀的游离氯离子与氢氧根含量比值阈值,结果发现,置于普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土、大掺量工业废渣普通水泥混凝土及硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土使钢筋锈蚀[Cl-][OH-]阈值分别是0.386、0.348和0.138;测得的[Cl-][OH-]阈值比以往他人取得的0.60的结果低;应用[Cl-][OH-]碳化经时模型预测含氯盐混凝土使用寿命明显低于不含氯盐混凝土,其中大掺量工业废渣含氯盐水泥混凝土由于可碳化物少和碳化对游离氯离子释放双重效应使其使用寿命较普通水泥混凝土低,研究结果对大气环境下含氯盐混凝土使用寿命预测和耐久性设计具有参考意义。     

钢筋锈蚀的原因与预防措施

阐述了混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的研究背景，分析了钢筋锈蚀的主要原因、过程以及锈蚀后钢筋混凝土构件的力学性能，并提出了钢筋锈蚀应采取的预防措施。     

混凝土强度对混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的影响

混凝土保护钢筋不被腐蚀.人们普遍认为钢筋混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀随混凝土强度变化.为研究钢筋腐蚀率随混凝土强度的变化规律,通过浇筑20个钢筋混凝土试件,养护至4种不同龄期后将钢筋腐蚀相同的时间.电解液腐蚀方法用于诱导腐蚀以便加快腐蚀速度.钢筋的理论腐蚀量根据法拉第定律计算,实际腐蚀率根据钢筋腐蚀前后的重量损失计算.试验数据显示当混凝土强度为23～35MPa时,钢筋腐蚀率随混凝土强度增大有下降趋势,但混凝土强度为27～30MPa时,钢筋腐蚀率反而随混凝土强度增大而升高.     

Spatial variability of pitting corrosion and its influence on structural fragility and reliability of RC beams in flexure

A stochastic process for assessing the effect of spatial variability of pitting corrosion on structural reliability and fragility is developed for singly reinforced simply supported reinforced concrete (RC) beams in flexure. A distribution of pitting corrosion is inferred from existing literature. The RC beam is discretised into a series of elements and maximum pit depths are generated for each reinforcing steel bar in each element. The analysis considered various member spans, loading ratios, bar diameters and number of bars in a given cross-section. Comparisons made with general corrosion showed that pitting corrosion is more critical for smaller diameter reinforcing steel bars. It was also found that up to a three-fold increase in 50-year probabilities of failure were observed if spatial variability of pitting corrosion are included in the analysis when compared to probabilities of failure based on the mid-span limit states only. This strongly suggests that the inclusion of spatial variability of pitting corrosion can lead to significant decreases in structural reliability for flexural RC members.     

海洋环境下混凝土中钢筋的防腐蚀设计

海洋环境下钢筋的锈蚀是影响混凝土结构耐久性的重要原因。通过简单分析海洋环境混凝土中钢筋锈蚀机理，提出了采用钢筋阻锈剂、环氧树脂涂层钢筋、热浸镀锌钢筋、不锈钢钢筋、纤维塑料筋，外加电流阴极保护法和牺牲阳极保护法等钢筋的防腐蚀方法。并综合分析比较了这些方法的工程适用性。     

Effect of degree of corrosion on the properties of reinforcing steel bars

This paper reports results of a study conducted to assess the effect of degree of corrosion of reinforcing steel bars on their mechanical properties. Reinforcing steel bars, 6 and 12 mm in diameter, that were corroded in reinforced concrete specimens were removed and tested in tension. Results indicated that the level of reinforcement corrosion does not influence the tensile strength of steel bars, calculated on the actual area of cross-section. However, when the nominal diameter is utilized in the calculation, the tensile strength is less than the ASTM A 615 requirement of 600 MPa when the degree of corrosion was 11 and 24% for 6- and 12-mm diameter steel bars, respectively. Furthermore, reinforcing steel bars with more than 12% corrosion indicates a brittle failure.     

混凝土中低合金钢筋腐蚀产物的微结构分析

通过电迁移法加速了混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀进程,并利用背散射电子(BSE)图像和X射线能谱(EDS)对比研究了钢筋-混凝土界面区低合金钢筋和普通低碳钢筋腐蚀产物的微观形貌与分布规律.此外,分析了钢筋的表面状态(含氧化皮和无氧化皮)对其耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:在加速腐蚀作用下,钢筋-混凝土界面区均由腐蚀层、局部点蚀区及腐蚀填充浆体组成;其中,含氧化皮的低碳钢筋腐蚀最严重,表现为生成更厚且分布更广的腐蚀层;而无氧化皮的低合金钢筋的腐蚀层较薄且结构更致密,并在点蚀区出现局部Cr元素富集现象,证实其具有最好的耐蚀性能.     

Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in saturated calcium hydroxide solutions acidified by acid rain components

Aggressive air pollutants are known to attack concrete and threaten its integrity and decreasing the pH value. The compounds produced by the reaction of concrete hydration products with these aggressive agents cause the pH of concrete matrices to decrease, depassivating the surface of reinforcing steel and leading to the corrosion process. The effect of sodium nitrite and sodium molybdate as corrosion inhibitors was therefore analyzed in a saturated calcium hydroxide solution polluted with sulfuric and nitric acids (acid atmosphere). Both compounds exhibited significantly inhibitory effects, depending on the concentration. At low concentrations (0.013% total solution mass), sodium molybdate proved more efficient than sodium nitrite, but their inhibitory effect was found to be similar at high concentrations (0.040% total solution mass).     

迁移型阻锈剂对混凝土中钢筋的长期影响

采用含有迁移型阻锈剂(MCI)的模拟混凝土孔溶液模拟施用MCI的钢筋混凝土,利用孔溶液中阻锈剂浓度的递减模拟MCI向外部扩散,利用孔溶液中pH值的递减模拟混凝土的碳化,以研究MCI对混凝土中钢筋的长期影响。考虑MCI的类型(醇胺类的N,N-二甲基乙醇胺DMEA和氨基羧酸类的乙二胺四乙酸四钠EDTA-4Na)和浓度(0.1 mol·L^-1和0.05 mol·L^-1)的影响,并采用电化学阻抗谱测试、动电位极化曲线测试研究钢筋阻抗和腐蚀速率随MCI浓度和溶液pH值的变化情况。研究结果表明:初始模拟孔溶液中的MCI浓度对DMEA的耐久性能有一定的影响,最初采用的MCI浓度越高,钢筋表面吸附层越致密,越不易受溶液中MCI浓度降低的影响,而EDTA-4Na对钢筋的阻抗有削弱作用,当溶液中EDTA-4Na浓度降低时反而出现了阻抗增加现象; 当pH值降低时,DMEA在钢筋表面的吸附层有脱附现象,钢筋的阻抗降低,腐蚀电流密度增大,EDTA-4Na的阻锈作用增强,钢筋的阻抗增大,腐蚀电流密度降低; DMEA的阻锈性能较稳定,当溶液中MCI浓度和pH值降低时钢筋始终处于钝化状态; EDTA-4Na不能提供稳定的阻锈作用,钢筋大部分时期处于脱钝状态。     

钢筋的局部和整体粘结特性

难以建立精确的钢筋局部粘结应力-滑移关系有两个原因：一是由于钢筋被包在内部，很难用应变仪量化给定钢筋长度的应变变化从而直接测定局部应力-滑移关系。另一方面是钢筋的屈服，它一般发生在剥离之前并显著影响钢筋的性能。为了克服定量测量局部应力-滑移关系的困难，通过纤维增强聚合物包裹钢筋混凝土结构的整体荷载滑移响应来获取理论上的局部粘结应力-滑移关系，研究对钢筋嵌入长度的影响。     

氯氧镁钢筋混凝土中涂层钢筋腐蚀的电化学特性

通过Z350电化学工作站,研究了氯氧镁钢筋混凝土中裸露钢筋和涂层钢筋在不同环境中的开路电位、极化电阻及腐蚀电流密度,并且利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对腐蚀产物进行分析.结果表明:锌美特(XMT)涂层在不同环境中可以很好地保护钢筋免受腐蚀,氯氧镁钢筋混凝土中涂层钢筋在水、氯盐溶液和硫酸盐溶液中的腐蚀电流密度是裸露钢筋的1/35,1/43和1/19;氯氧镁钢筋混凝土中裸露钢筋表面存在疏松多孔的层状和块状腐蚀产物,而涂层钢筋表面只存在点蚀.由此可见,XMT涂层对氯氧镁混凝土中的钢筋有一定的防腐效果.     

酿酒车间环境对预应力构件耐久性的影响

针对白酒制造业的生产环境对钢筋混凝土构件的物理化学综合作用。造成混凝土酥松剥落，钢筋锈蚀的现状，进行了调查分析，经有关专家研究论证，对其成因及防护措施达成共识并进行了阐述，提出了几条针对性建议，并指出设计，施工及酿酒业对该现状应引起足够重视，采取相应对策。     

On the accuracy of diffusion models for life-cycle assessment of concrete structures

In durability analysis and life-cycle assessment of concrete structures transport of chlorides and other aggressive agents is generally described by using Fick’s laws of diffusion. This model is frequently applied in a simplified one-dimensional (1D) form. However, in practical applications the diffusion process is more properly described by two- or three-dimensional patterns of concentration gradients. In this paper, the accuracy of the 1D modelling of diffusion and its impact on the life-cycle assessment of concrete structures under corrosion is evaluated in deterministic and probabilistic terms with respect to more accurate two-dimensional (2D) formulations. The influence of the diffusion modelling on the time-variant corrosion damage of concrete cross-sections is studied with reference to the local damage of the reinforcing steel bars and the global deterioration of bending moment–curvature capacity curves. The results show that 2D diffusion models may be necessary for a realistic life-cycle assessment of concrete structures under corrosion, since 1D models can lead to significant inaccuracies depending on the geometrical aspect ratio of the cross-section, location of reinforcing steel bars and exposure conditions.     

一种新型压型钢板-混凝土双向组合板的承载力研究

本文阐述的新型压型钢板-混凝土双向组合板完全抛开了传统的做法,采用压型钢板条和钢筋组成构架浇筑而成.这种独特构造的显著特点是首创、新颖和实用性,既节省钢材,又便于加工制作.而且该板型不仅能够在纵横两个方向承担荷载和弯矩,真正实现了双向板的功能;又根除了通常组合板普遍存在的纵向抗剪失效带来的破坏,改善和提高了钢板和混凝土...     

有机阻锈剂对应力加载HRB400钢筋锈蚀行为的影响

研究了氨基醇有机阻锈剂对应力加载HRB400钢筋在混凝土模拟孔隙液中锈蚀行为的影响,并采用动电位扫描、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)分析了氨基醇有机阻锈剂抑制应力加载HRB400钢筋锈蚀的作用机制.结果表明：随着加载应力的增大,HRB400钢筋锈蚀加重,但氨基醇有机阻锈剂可以作用于应力加载HRB400钢筋表面,增大其吸附层厚度,抑制混凝土模拟孔隙液中Cl-对HRB400钢筋基体的破坏,具备阻锈效果.     

腐蚀对反复荷载下钢筋与混凝土粘结性能的影响

反复荷载可导致钢筋与混凝土之间粘结的严重退化,尤其在混凝土中的钢筋受到腐蚀后。试验研究了不同腐蚀率的钢筋腐蚀对反复荷载作用下的粘结-滑移特性的影响。研究参数包括钢筋腐蚀率和侧向约束。先用加速腐蚀方法将埋置于混凝土中受侧向约束和无侧向约束的钢筋腐蚀至不同的腐蚀程度,再测定其在反复荷载作用下的粘结应力-滑移特性。试验结果显示,较低的钢筋腐蚀有助于减小反复荷载作用下粘结损失的幅度,但这种影响随着腐蚀率增大而减弱。卸载阶段的粘结应力水平仅为加载阶段的3/4。较之于受约束试件,无约束试件的粘结强度随腐蚀率减小更为显著。建立了粘结退化率来表示荷载作用下的粘结损失。较高腐蚀率主要在前5个加载循环引起较大的粘结退化,腐蚀的影响随荷载作用而减弱,同时,反复荷载作用下的粘结应力-滑移曲线与加载历史有关。