Flexure strengthening of lightweight reinforced concrete beams using carbon fibre-reinforced polymers

A series of 40 lightweight reinforced concrete (LWRC) beams of 1400 mm length and a rectangular cross section of 150 × 200 mm were cast, strengthened and then tested under four-point bending test to study the effectiveness of using externally applied carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites as a method of increasing the flexural strength of under-reinforced LWRC beams. Parameters investigated include reinforcement ratio, ρ; ρ = 0.55ρ_b and ρ = 0.27ρ_b, CFRP sheet length; 600, 800 and 1000 mm, CFRP sheet width; beam width and half-beam width. Three types of strengthening schemes were used: jacketing covers the beam from bottom and two sides with total width of 500 mm, sheets at the tension side with width equal to beam width and sheets with width equal to half-beam width. Test results showed a limited increase in ultimate load-carrying capacity accompanied with some reduction in mid-span deflection for the strengthened beams. Among the strengthening schemes investigated, jacketing was the most effective for strength enhancement (about 41%) with respect to control beam; however, it reduced ductility significantly. An analytical model was proposed for predicting the ultimate load-carrying capacity of LWRC beams strengthened with CFRP composites.     

折线先张法预应力混凝土梁长期变形试验研究

通过对两根置于室内近似标准环境、一根置于室外自然环境中的长7.5 m折线先张法预应力混凝土梁长期加载,对跨中挠度进行了600d的量测,绘制了跨中长期挠度及长期挠度系数时程曲线,对其影响因素进行分析.采用Datafit软件对长期挠度系数时程规律进行了数值分析,建立了以混凝土徐变“先天理论”为基础的长期挠度系数工程实用表达式.对该公式进行了精度分析表明误差在±10％以内,并指出了其该类梁长期挠度增大系数终值ηθ可取为2.15,可供折线先张法预应力混凝土梁进行长期挠度预测时参考.     

预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受剪性能试验研究

FRP筋是一种新型预应力筋材,具有轻质、高强、耐腐蚀、抗疲劳等优点,但是其横向剪切强度相对较低,这会影响预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的受剪承载力。通过27根混凝土梁的受剪试验,研究了预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的剪切破坏形态,以及各种参数对其受剪承载力的影响,并与钢绞线预应力混凝土梁的受剪试验结果进行了比较。研究结果表明：预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的剪切破坏形态有两种：斜压破坏和剪压破坏;剪跨比和配箍率是影响预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受剪承载力的主要因素;有粘结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的受剪承载力比无粘结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁要大15%左右;通过引入反映预应力筋种类和粘结条件的2个参数,提出了预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的简化受剪承载力计算式,计算结果与试验数据吻合较好。     

部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受弯承载力计算公式

部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁中,CFRP筋在梁的两端为有黏结形式,而中间部分为无黏结形式。国内外已有研究表明:与有黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁相比,部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁具有较好的延性;与无黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁相比,部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁对锚具的依赖性大为减小。基于构件整体变形协调与截面内力平衡条件,建立部分黏结预应力CFRP筋极限应力增量的简化分析模型,提出可考虑不同无黏结段长度比例影响的、部分黏结预应力CFRP筋极限应力增量计算公式,并在此基础上推导不同破坏模式下部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受弯承载力的计算公式,公式计算值与试验结果吻合良好。     

Bond between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC): Experimental study

Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars are currently used to reinforce concrete in an attempt to overcome the corrosion issue encountered with ordinary steel. In order to exploit more efficiently their tensile capacity, it is interesting to use CFRP bars as prestressing tendons. This application requires a high quality concrete matrix. The advantageous characteristics of UHPFRC, such as high strength, good ductility and durability, mean that a UHPFRC structure prestressed with CFRP bars may be lighter and require less maintenance. Since the flexural behaviour of prestressed concrete members reinforced with CFRP bars is highly dependent on the bond between the two materials, an experimental program was carried out in order to investigate the bond of CFRP bars embedded in UHPFRC. Two types of surface, smooth and sand-coated, were investigated. Pullout tests were performed to examine the effect of varying parameters such as embedment length, bar diameter and concrete age. The results clearly show that the bond strength of macroscopically smooth bars embedded in UHPFRC is close to that of sand-coated bars. It was also found that ultimate bond strength decreases with bar diameter and with embedment length. Moreover, the bond strength can be expected during early age (3 days). A post-test examination revealed that damage occurred only in the outer layers of the CFRP bars.     

混凝土徐变对CFRP加固混凝土梁的影响

对混凝土徐变对普通CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁和预应力碳纤维加固钢筋混凝土梁的影响进行了定性的分析,指出了现有规范中未考虑混凝土徐变对加固效果影响的不足,提出了减小徐变影响的一些措施。     

Mechanical properties of pultruded carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates at elevated temperatures

The use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is becoming increasingly widespread in civil infrastructure for strengthening and repair applications as well as whole FRP members and structures. A question which, however, continually arises from all stake-holders is the performance of FRP materials under elevated temperatures. An accurate understanding of the material properties and behaviour of FRP at such high temperatures is crucial, and they are necessary pieces of information that are surprisingly scarce in the literature. This paper therefore presents the mechanical properties of pultruded carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates at elevated temperatures. More specifically, CFRP pultruded plate coupons were tested at steady and transient states for temperatures ranging from approximately 20 to 700 °C. The tests showed that, for the temperature ranges 20-150 °C and 450-706 °C, reductions of the tensile strength of the pultruded CFRP plate occurred. Between these temperature ranges, the tensile strength decreased by a small amount, while at 300 °C the ultimate strength was approximately 50% of the room-temperature strength. In addition, the tensile strength of the plate was as low as 7% of the room-temperature tensile strength at the approximate peak temperature of 700 °C. Finally, an equation that relates the tensile strength of the plate to the entire tested temperature range which has been calibrated with all the test data is proposed.     

Shear behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete beams prestressed with external carbon fiber-reinforced polymer tendons

The ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) are well-accepted high-performance materials in the field of civil engineering. The combination of these advanced materials could contribute to improvement of structural performance and corrosion resistance. Unfortunately, only limited studies are available for shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with FRP bars, and few suggestions exist for prediction methods for shear capacity. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with glass FRP (GFRP) and prestressed with external carbon FRP (CFRP) tendons. The failure mode of all specimens with various shear span to depth ratios from 1.7 to 4.5 was diagonal tension failure. The shear span to depth ratio had a significant influence on the shear capacity, and the effective prestressing stress affected the crack propagation. The experimental results were then applied to evaluate the equations given in different codes/recommendations for FRP-reinforced concrete structures or UHPC structures. The comparison results indicate that NF P 18-710 and JSCE CES82 could appropriately estimate shear capacity of the slender specimens with a shear span to depth ratio of 4.5. Further, a new shear design equation was proposed to take into account the effect of the shear span to depth ratio and the steel fiber content on shear capacity.     

Stiffness of reinforced concrete beams with external tendons

In recent years, external prestressing has become a primary method for strengthening existing concrete structures and has been increasingly used in the construction of newly erected ones, particularly segmental bridges. Analysis of externally prestressed members is more difficult than that of members with internal bonded tendons. This is because external tendons are unbonded to the concrete and the stress in such tendons depends on the deformations of the whole member and is assumed uniform at all sections. In this paper, a simple analytical model is outlined for predicting the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete members with external tendons under service loads. The analysis accounts for various factors that affect the flexural behavior including eccentricity variations of external tendons and span-to-depth ratios. Good agreement has been found between the predicted results and those in the literature.     

疲劳损伤锈蚀预应力混凝土梁受力性能研究

对经历不同疲劳加载历程的锈蚀预应力混凝土梁进行静力加载，研究了疲劳损伤锈蚀预应力混凝土梁的受力性能。采用三维激光扫描技术获得了锈蚀预应力筋几何模型。试验结果表明：不均匀锈蚀诱发预应力筋在截面积最小且存在明显锈坑处发生脆性断裂；疲劳损伤后锈蚀预应力混凝土梁初始刚度发生退化，变形能力明显降低，具有脆性破坏特征；随疲劳损伤程度的增加，锈蚀预应力钢丝的变形能力降低；普通钢筋屈服平台缩短，极限应变降低。     

预应力碳纤维布加固混凝土梁有限元分析

利用碳纤维布(CFRP)加固钢筋混凝土构件是一种先进的工程加固技术,已经在土木工程中得到了较为广泛的应用。本文应用ANSYS软件对碳纤维加固预应力和非预应力梁体受弯进行仿真,来分析和研究碳纤维加固混凝土梁的受力机理和加固效果,并给出了相应的荷载挠度曲线。结果表明应用预应力碳纤维的梁体明显优于普通碳纤维布加固的受损梁,不仅提高了结构各阶段的承载力而且降低了梁破坏时的挠度。     

碳纤维布在加固钢筋混凝土梁中的应用

介绍了碳纤维布的性能特点及其在加固钢筋混凝土梁中的应用,对钢筋混凝土梁的破坏形态进行了分析,采用了碳纤维布加固技术对其加固,达到了良好的效果。     

Finite element modeling of concrete beams prestressed with external tendons

In this study, a numerical model based on the finite element method incorporating an arc-length solution algorithm for materially and geometrically nonlinear analysis of concrete beams prestressed with external tendons is established. The second-order effects are taken into account. The effects of external tendons are expressed by equivalent nodal loads of the beam element and therefore analysis of externally prestressed concrete beams can be conducted with the ordinary bonded concrete beams. The section tangent stiffness matrix is derived by the layered approach, and then the nonlinear beam flexural theory is utilized to determine the element tangent stiffness matrix. An updated normal plane arc-length solution algorithm is used to trace the nonlinear response of the beams from zero loads up to ultimate loads. This algorithm can deal well with the changes of response during loading, so that the possible limit points on the load–deflection response prior to the ultimate limit state can be easily passed. Results predicted by the analysis are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

预应力CFRP筋混凝土T梁受力性能试验研究

本文对配置部分粘结和完全粘结预应力CFRP筋的部分预应力混凝土T梁进行了受力性能试验研究。根据试验结果对预应力CFRP筋混凝土T梁的受力过程、破坏模式、部分粘结筋应力增量以及裂缝分布等进行了较为详细的研究,对基于能量耗散的观点引入的延性指标进行了探讨,提出承载力计算公式,并对预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的破坏模式、开裂弯矩、极限弯矩以及部分粘结筋的应力进行了预测。试验研究结果表明:部分粘结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁与完全粘结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁相比,前者具有更好的变形能力和延性性能而两者的极限承载能力相差较小;为避免CFRP配筋结构由于CFRP筋拉断而发生灾难性的破坏,CFRP配筋梁期望发生混凝土压碎破坏;采用本文方法计算得到预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁的破坏模式、开裂弯矩、极限弯矩以及CFRP筋的极限应力与试验结果吻合较好,计算结果具有较高的精度。     

碳纤维布加固混凝土梁的可靠度分析

在大量检测验证的基础上,得到了结构加固用碳纤维布力学指标的统计参数,基于结构可靠度理论方法,通过钢筋混凝土梁采用碳纤维布加固前后的可靠指标计算比较分析,研究了碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁的可靠度水平的变化。同时讨论了各随机变量均值及变异系数对碳纤维布加固混凝土梁可靠指标的影响趋势及程度,为碳纤维布加固混凝土受弯构件的应用范围提供了基础判据,按照这个思路,可以对不同类型FRP材料加固不同构件的可靠度进行分析。     

碳纤维(CFRP)布加固老化混凝土梁试验性能研究

近年来,碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)由于其轻质、高强等特性被广泛使用于大型混凝土基础设施的加固、修复和改造中,推动了CFRP材料在土木工程领域中的应用。通过室内试验对经不同碳纤维布加固的六根已老化的混凝土梁进行力学性能研究,对比加固前后不同CFRP加固方案下梁的极限承载力增长规律、挠度特征以及破坏方式,分析碳纤维布加固部位、锚固方式、加固长度及其他因素对加固效果的影响规律,研究成果对于已建混凝土结构碳纤维的加固设计及施工具有指导意义。     

Fatigue performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP sheets

The paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical study involving the static and accelerated fatigue testing performance of nine reinforced concrete beams externally strengthened with different number and configuration of CFRP sheets. The beams were tested for the stress ranges of 0.25f_y–0.35f_y, 0.45f_y–0.65f_y, 0.65f_y–0.90f_y, and 0.45f_y–0.90f_y. After validating a nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) with experimental test results, NLFEA was extended to provide a better understanding of the effect of fatigue stress range, number of CFRP layers, and the CFRP contact area with concrete on the performance of the reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The stress ranges have a significant effect on the permanent deflection at mid-span especially for the stress range of 0.45f_y–0.90f_y. Cyclic fatigue loading produced a time-dependent redistribution of the stresses that lead to a sudden drop in concrete stresses and a mild increase in steel and CFRP sheet stresses as fatigue life was exhausted. In addition, the authors recommend fatigue design considerations for calculating the reduction in the stiffness and ultimate load capacity due to fatigue loading.     

Creep behaviour of CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams

The strengthening of reinforced concrete structures with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates has shown excellent performance and, as a result, this technology is rapidly replacing steel plate bonding techniques. The numerous studies that have been carried out to date on FRP-strengthened concrete elements have mainly focussed on the static and short-term responses; very little work has been done regarding the long-term performance. This paper addresses this issue, and presents results from a series of experiments on the time-dependent behaviour of carbon FRP-strengthened concrete beams. Twenty-six reinforced concrete beams with dimensions 100 × 150 × 1800 mm, with and without bonded CFRP laminates, were investigated for their creep behaviour. Different reinforcement ratios were used to evaluate the contribution of the external reinforcement on the creep resistance of the beams. High levels of sustained load were used in order to determine the maximum sustained load that can be applied without any risk of creep failure. The applied sustained loads varied from 59% to 78% of the ultimate static capacities of the un-strengthened beams. For most of the long-term tests, the applied sustained loads were higher than the service loads. This was done to account for the fact that strengthening is typically required when a structure is expected to carry increased service loads. The main parameters of this study were (i) the level of sustained load and (ii) the strengthening scheme. The results confirm that FRP strengthening is effective for increasing the ultimate capacities of the beams; however, there is virtually no improvement in performance with regard to the long-term deflections.     

CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁耐火性能试验研究

采用厚型防火涂料和硅酸钙防火板对3根CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁进行了不同方法的防火保护,在ISO834标准升温条件下进行耐火性能对比试验。分析了不同防火方法及端部锚固性能对高温下CFRP加固梁的温度场变化规律、跨中挠度、破坏形态及耐火极限的影响。试验研究表明:采用50mm厚防火涂料和40mm硅酸钙防火板对加固梁进行三面U型防火保护,耐火极限均可达到2.0h;提高CFRP的端部锚固性能可有效地改善加固梁的耐火性能;防火涂层中增设钢丝网片约束防火涂料、防止开裂和脱落效果明显。试验结果分析表明:CFRP加固混凝土梁防火保护的重点并非是CFRP材料本身,而是钢筋混凝土梁;可以通过延缓钢筋与混凝土材料的温度增长来推迟加固梁达到极限状态的时间,从而获得较好的耐火性能。     

Structural behaviour of babadua reinforced concrete beams

The strength and deformation characteristics of concrete beams reinforced with babadua bars ranging from 2.87 to 12.13% were examined from tests performed on the beams. The beams were tested to failure mostly under third-point loading. Collapse of the beams occurred mostly through either flexural failure of concrete in compression or diagonal tension failure. The experimental failure loads averaged, respectively, 6.40 and 2.62 times the theoretical flexural strength and theoretical shear strength of the unreinforced concrete section. Also, the experimental failure loads were only approximately 1.18 times the theoretical flexural strength of the reinforced concrete and 1.05 times the theoretical shear strength of the concrete sections taking into consideration the resistance of the tension reinforcement.