Sulfate resistance of blended cements containing fly ash and rice husk ash

In this paper, the sulfate resistance of mortars made from ordinary Portland cement containing available pozzolans viz., fly ash and ground rice husk ash (RHA) was studied. Class F lignite fly ash and RHA were used at replacement dosages of 20 and 40% by weight of cement. Expansion of mortar prisms immersed in 5% sodium sulfate solution and the change in the pH values of the solution were monitored. The incorporation of fly ash and RHA reduced the expansion of the mortar bars and the pH values of the solutions. RHA was found to be more effective than fly ash. Examination of the fractured surface of mortar prisms, after a period of immersion, by scanning electron microscopy confirmed that sulfate attack of blended cement mortars was restricted owing to the reductions in calcium hydroxide and C/S ratio of the C–S–H gel in the blended cement mortar. In comparison to Portland cement mortar, less calcium sulfate and much less ettringite formations were found in the mortars made from blended cement containing RHA. The amounts of calcium sulfate and ettringite found in the blended cement mortar containing fly ash were also small but were slightly more than those of RHA mortar. Up to 40% of Portland cement could be replaced with these pozzolans in making blended cement with good sulfate resistance.     

Effects of LOI of ground bagasse ash on the compressive strength and sulfate resistance of mortars

Raw bagasse ash collected from the Thai sugar industry has a high loss on ignition (LOI) of ～20%. When ground and ignited at 550 °C for 45 min, the LOI was reduced to ～5%. These high and low LOI of ground bagasse ashes were blended in the ratios of 1:2 and 2:1 by weight to give ground bagasse ashes with LOIs of 10% and 15%, respectively. Each of these ground bagasse ashes was used to replace Portland cement type I at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of binder to cast mortar.The results showed that the development of compressive strengths of mortars containing ground bagasse ash with high LOI was slower than that of mortar containing ground bagasse ash with low LOI. However, at the later age, both types of ground ash mortars displayed similar compressive strengths. Mortars containing high LOI (～20%) of ground bagasse ash at 20% and 30% by weight of binder could produce higher compressive strengths than a control mortar after 28 and 90 days, respectively. Mortar bars containing ground bagasse ash at 10% showed a greater potential sulfate resistance and displayed a reduce expansion compared to a control mortar. However, mortar bars containing high LOI (larger than 10%) of ground bagasse ashes showed greater deterioration from sulfate attack than the mortar bars containing low LOI (less than 10%) of ground bagasse ashes, especially at high replacement levels (30–40%).     

Development of a high-temperature-resistant mortar by using slag and pumice

The effects of high temperatures up to 900 °C on the mechanical properties and the microstructure of cement-based pumice mortars incorporating different amounts of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were investigated in this study. The residual compressive and flexural strength of mortar specimens were determined after exposure to high temperatures. The results have indicated that the effect of GGBFS incorporation on high-temperature resistance of pumice mortar is shown significantly at 900 °C. At this temperature level, the mortar containing 80% GGBFS exhibited only 23% and 28% compressive strength loss when cooled in air and water, respectively, where as mortars without GGBFS lost almost 70% of their strength. Furthermore, none of the GGBFS incorporated mortar specimens showed compressive strength loss up to 600 °C when cooled in air. The most severe conditions in terms of strength loss due to high temperatures were flexural loading and water cooling case.     

Organo-modified reservoir sludge as fine aggregates in cement mortars

In Taiwan, a considerable amount of reservoir sludge is being increasingly difficult to dispose of in landfills and creates serious disposal problems. Attempts have been made to study the feasibility of using reservoir sludge as a substitute for a portion of fine aggregates in cement mortars. Reservoir sludge in Taiwan mainly composed of smectite clay is first organo-modified by a cationic-exchange reaction. The compressive strengths and permeability ratios of cement mortars with various percentages of organo-modified reservoir sludge (OMRS) particles were measured and then compared to those of plain cement mortars. The experimental results indicate that it could be possible to replace up to 30% by weight of fine aggregates by OMRS particles in a cement mortar for normal practice. Meanwhile, OMRS particles can be used in controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) if their replacement percentage for fine aggregates is higher than 80%. Also, excellent waterproof of cement mortars is achieved when the percentage of OMRS particles is within the range of 5–50%.     

矿物掺合料对机制砂浆性能影响

研究了磨细石灰石粉、粉煤灰和矿渣掺合料对机制砂砂浆物理力学性能的影响。当矿物掺量由10%向40%递增,结果表明:矿渣试件7d强度下降,28d强度高于基准试件;砂浆流动性提高但保水性降低。粉煤灰试件、石灰石粉试件的7d和28d强度低于基准试件,石灰石粉试件强度降低尤甚;粉煤灰砂浆流动性先升高而后降低,以20%或者30%为拐点,石灰石粉会显著提高砂浆的保水性,但对砂浆强度有不利影响。矿渣与石灰石粉复合制备的砂浆,其稠度、保水性和强度满足工程实际对砂浆的要求,且优于粉煤灰与石灰石粉复合制备的砂浆。     

粉煤灰和矿粉对水泥胶砂自收缩的影响

试验研究了粉煤灰和矿粉对水泥胶砂自收缩的影响.结果表明:当胶砂比(质量比)为1:0.5,水胶比(质量比)为0.3时,随水化龄期延长,水泥胶砂自收缩增大,早期自收缩发展急剧.粉煤灰降低了水泥胶砂的自收缩,随着粉煤灰掺量(质量分数)增大,水泥胶砂自收缩减小;掺10%和20%粉煤灰水泥胶砂的21 d自收缩较纯水泥胶砂分别下降了21.1%和29.5%.水化早期(5d前),矿粉掺量(质量分数)在10%～20%时,随着矿粉掺量增大,水泥胶砂自收缩降低;掺10%和20%矿粉水泥胶砂的21 d自收缩较纯水泥胶砂分别增加了11.1%和6.6%.     

Freeze–thaw resistance of blended cements containing calcined paper sludge

This work deals with the frost resistance of blended cements containing calcined paper sludge (source for metakaolin) as partial Portland cement replacements. Freeze–thaw tests were performed on blended cement mortars containing 0%, 10% and 20% waste paper sludge calcined at 650 °C for 2 h. Cement mortar specimens were exposed to freezing and thawing cycles until the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity fell below 60%. The performance of the cement mortars was assessed from measurements of weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, mercury intrusion porosimetry and SEM. Failure of the control cement mortar occurred before 40 freeze/thaw cycles, while cement mortar containing 20% calcined paper sludge failed after 100 cycles. After 28 and 62 freezing and thawing cycles, cement blended with 10% and 20% calcined paper sludge exhibited a smaller reduction in compressive strength than the control cement.     

Mixed cement containing fly ash for masonry and plastering work

A class-F fly ash was used in making masonry mortars suitable for brick joints and for plastering. The mortars were made of a locally produced mixed cement and fly ash at 20% and 40% cement replacement with and without the addition of an air entraining agent/plasticiser. The testing programme includes the determination of water demand, relations between water-to-binder ratio and flow, setting time, air content, water retention, compressive strength and flexural strength.The obtained results suggest that fairly coarse grade class-F fly ash can be incorporated into mortars as replacement of the mixed cement for joint and plastering. The main concern is the low water retention which would be minimized by using a better grade/finer fly ash or by incorporation of plasticiser. Mixed cement containing 20–40% fly ash can be used to make Type N or Type S mortars. Furthermore, relations between flow values and water to binder ratio (W/B) of the mixed cement containing fly ash are developed as a practical aid for selection and formulation of mortar for brick construction and rendering/plastering.     

Assessment of phase formation in alkali activated low and high calcium fly ashes in building materials

The alkali activation of one low calcium hard coal fly ash and four high calcium lignite coal fly ashes was studied by means of conduction calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy to assess their potential for mortar and concrete production. The ashes were activated by different additions of sodium silicate with a molar SiO₂/Na₂O ratio of 1.0. Besides the chemical analysis of the hydrated samples, strength tests have been carried out on mortars, applying different curing regimes. The results indicate that a high content of vitreous phase and low calcium content are important factors determining the reactivity and performance of fly ashes in alkali activated systems. In the high calcium fly ashes, less alkali aluminate silicate hydrates and a much more porous microstructure are formed compared to the low calcium fly ash. Consequently, the low calcium fly ash seems to be suited best for the production of building materials.     

Flowing ability of the mortars formulated from self-compacting concretes incorporating rice husk ash

This paper presents the flowing ability of the mortars formulated from various self-compacting concretes (SCCs) incorporating rice husk ash (RHA). The mortars were produced with different RHA contents and water–binder (W/B) ratios, as used in their parent SCCs. The flowing ability of the mortars was determined with respect to the flow spread at various dosages of a polycarboxylate based high-range water reducer (HRWR). The effects of RHA, W/B ratio, and HRWR on the flowing ability of mortars were observed. The mortar flowing ability decreased with the higher RHA content and W/B ratio, but increased with the greater HRWR dosage. However, the excessive HRWR dosages were not conducive to the mortar flowing ability due to the segregation problem in the form of bleeding. The overall mortar flowing ability results were useful to examine the suitability of RHA, and to fix the HRWR dosages for different SCCs.     

砂浆组成与其收缩性能的关系

研究了石灰膏、粉煤灰及聚合物（羧基丁苯乳胶）等掺合料对砂浆收缩性能的影响，探讨了不同组分砂浆的收缩机理，提出了降低砂浆收缩率的一些措施．     

预拌砂浆技术的研究

以砌筑砂浆、抹灰砂浆、地面砂浆为主要品种的预拌商品砂浆具有广阔的市场发展前景。提出预拌砂浆技术研究的工作重点,通过掺入羟乙基甲基纤维素醚和粉煤灰后对砂浆性能的测试,探明两者在不同掺量下对砂浆性能的影响,为开发确保工程质量、满足不同性能要求的预拌砂浆提供参考。     

矿粉对沥青胶浆的性质影响及作用机理

利用常规分析方法及流变测试技术,对普通石油沥青胶浆与SBS改性沥青胶浆进行性能评价和机理探讨.试验发现,沥青胶浆的力学强度和黏弹性变化源于其组成之间的相互作用,2种沥青胶浆在黏弹性组成上有差异,并导致不同的应力响应特点;在高温高频状态下,沥青胶浆内部损耗行为随着粉胶比的增加而提高,胶浆体系更容易被破坏;从沥青胶浆的结构稳定性和损耗特性入手,如相位角的变化,可以更好地研究矿粉对沥青胶浆的影响机制;可利用多应力重复蠕变回复试验中的不可回复柔量差,进行沥青胶浆的最大粉胶比判断.     

矿物掺合料对干粉砂浆物理性能及孔结构的影响

研究了石灰石、矿渣和粉煤灰3种矿物掺合料分别对干粉砂浆的工作性能和力学性能的影响,并探讨了掺有掺合料时干粉砂浆的宏观力学性能和其微观孔结构之间的关系。结果表明:粉煤灰在掺量小于30%时能够提高砂浆的流动度,但掺量再继续增大时,砂浆流动度反而下降;掺入矿渣粉略能提高砂浆的流动度;石灰石粉在一定程度上降低砂浆流动度;同时石灰石粉能够提高砂浆的保水率,而矿渣粉和粉煤灰却降低砂浆的保水率。随着石灰石、矿渣和粉煤灰掺量的增加,砂浆28 d强度均有不同程度的降低,影响顺序为石灰石>粉煤灰>矿渣;与空白样相比,内掺占水泥质量50%的石灰石粉和矿渣粉时,28 d砂浆硬化体的总孔隙率分别增加10.2%、7.7%,而掺等量粉煤灰时总孔隙率则基本不变。以石灰石替代50%的水泥时,28 d砂浆硬化体中d>100 nm的多害孔增加24.0%,而以粉煤灰替代50%的水泥时,砂浆中多害孔基本不变,以等量的矿渣粉替代时d>100 nm的多害孔减少6.5%。     

阿利特-硫铝酸钡钙水泥砂浆抗渗性能研究

研究了矿渣、粉煤灰和沸石粉对阿利特-硫铝酸钡钙水泥砂浆抗渗性能和抗Cl-渗透性能的影响.采用XRD,SEM对28 d砂浆的水化产物物相组成和形貌进行了分析、观察;用压汞法对硬化砂浆的孔结构进行了分析.结果表明:在阿利特-硫铝酸钡钙水泥浆体中,掺和料的加入可以提高结构的致密性、抗渗性能和抗Cl-渗透性能,3种掺和料对砂浆抗渗透性能的作用效果为:矿渣>粉煤灰>沸石粉,对抗Cl-渗透性能的作用效果为:矿渣>沸石粉>粉煤灰.     

乳胶粉改性地聚合物砂浆的弯曲行为

采用4种乳胶粉掺量、4种地聚合物基体配制乳胶粉改性地聚合物砂浆.研究了乳胶粉掺量和基体组成对乳胶粉改性地聚合物砂浆抗弯强度和抗弯韧性的影响.结果表明:3%(质量分数,下同),6%和10%乳胶粉掺量使粉煤灰一偏高岭土地聚合物砂浆的抗弯强度分别提高了1.8,1.9和2.9倍;抗弯韧性分别增加了1.6,2.5和3.2倍.当乳胶粉掺量为6%时,基体组成对地聚合物砂浆抗弯强度的影响达到最小,此时粉煤灰-偏高岭土地聚合物砂浆的抗弯强度最低,约为4.55 MPa,煤矸石地聚合物砂浆的抗弯强度达到了8.31 MPa;粉煤灰地聚合物砂浆与粉煤灰一偏高岭土地聚合物砂浆的抗弯韧性几乎相同,煤矸石地聚合物砂浆的抗弯韧性最大,约是前两者的1.4倍,粉煤灰一矿粉地聚合物砂浆的抗弯韧性最低.     

提升水泥砂浆耐酸性能的防护技术研究

采用普通硅酸盐水泥、磨细矿渣和粉煤灰等原材料配制了水胶比和矿物掺合料掺量不同的4种砂浆试件,并使用环氧防护涂层对其中1种砂浆进行表面防腐涂刷。将成型的砂浆试件分别浸泡于不同pH值的硫酸溶液中。对比研究了各龄期砂浆的质量变化率和强度变化率以及不同砂浆在侵蚀试验后的表面微观形貌。结果表明,硫酸溶液对水泥砂浆有严重的腐蚀作用,在pH值较低的强酸溶液中,通过降低水胶比的方式并不能显著提升砂浆的抗酸侵蚀能力;含大掺量矿物掺合料的砂浆,其耐酸腐蚀性能有明显提升;pH≥3的中强酸和弱酸环境对水泥基材料的侵蚀作用会有明显减弱;采用环氧涂层可较大幅度提升水泥砂浆的耐酸腐蚀性。     

硅灰和偶联剂对PB-g-PS胶乳改性水泥砂浆的性能影响

质量比为50/50的聚丁二烯接枝聚苯乙烯(PB-g-PS)胶乳用于改性水泥砂浆。考察了硅灰和偶联剂含量对胶乳改性水泥砂浆的流动度、抗压和抗折强度以及吸水量的影响。研究表明:改性砂浆的流动度随偶联剂含量的增加而增加,随硅灰的含量增加而降低;适量偶联剂和硅灰能降低改性砂浆的毛细孔吸水量;胶乳的加入使抗压强度降低,部分改性砂浆的抗折强度有所提高,偶联剂和硅灰的加入极大地改善了砂浆的力学性能,改性砂浆的抗压、抗折强度最大值分别为31.25、8.18 MPa。利用SEM观察了改性砂浆的结构,改性砂浆结构更加致密,界面结构得到改善,并观察到了带状和树枝状的聚合物膜结构。综上所述,硅灰、偶联剂和胶乳三者可以复合改性水泥砂浆。     

聚丙烯纤维、801胶、海菜粉、粉煤灰对加气混凝土墙体抹面砂浆性能的影响

在确定抹面砂浆胶砂比情况下,通过正交试验和工程验证试验,研究聚丙烯纤维、801胶、海菜粉、粉煤灰对砂浆保水性、密度、抗折强度、抗压强度、粘结强度和收缩率的影响,并给出加气混凝土墙体抹面砂浆配合比设计建议。     

海水海砂拌合砂浆高温损伤分析

采用天然海水海砂配制了水灰比分别为0.40和0.47的砂浆,研究了其在不同高温作用后的力学性能退化及微观结构损伤。通过三点弯曲及单轴压缩试验,测得了海水海砂拌合砂浆(SSM)抗折与抗压强度随温度变化情况。结合数字图像相关法(DIC)实时捕捉了三点弯曲荷载作用下SSM变形发展过程。通过热重分析测得了海水拌合水泥净浆随温度失重情况; 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察并分析了高温后净浆的微观结构损伤情况。结果表明:SSM高温后抗折与抗压强度随温度升高出现先增长后降低的趋势,抗折强度相比抗压强度退化更严重; 建立的抗折与抗压强度退化公式与试验吻合较好; DIC结果显示在同等应力水平作用下,温度越高,SSM跨中应变发展越充分,峰值应力时跨中变形越大; 热重分析结果显示,随温度升高,水灰比越大的净浆质量损失越多; 扫描电镜结果显示,净浆内部结构随温度升高越来越疏松。