The effect of cement dosage on mechanical properties of concrete exposed to high temperatures

Although concrete is a non-combustible material, it is found that when exposed to high temperatures, such as fire, the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of concrete can drastically change. Thus, it becomes important to assess the relative properties of concrete under high temperatures in order to evaluate and predict the post-fire response of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and structures. This paper assesses the effects of elevated temperatures and cement dosages on the mechanical properties of concrete. Two concrete mix designs were considered in this research in an attempt to study the effects of cement dosage (250 and 350 kg/m³) on the post-fire response of concrete. Once cast, the test samples were first exposed to elevated temperatures ranging from 100 to 800 °C, and then allowed to cool down slowly to ambient room temperature of 20 °C before being tested to failure. Several tests were then carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the cooled concrete specimens. The test results indicated that at temperature above 400 °C, concrete undergoes significant strength loss when compared to the strength of non-heated concrete. In addition this strength reduction was found to be unaffected by the cement dosages. The experimental results were also compared with current European standard (BS EN 1992-1-2:2004 standard) strength equations and American Concrete Institute standard (ACI 216.1).     

钢纤维混凝土高温应力损伤性能

研究高温对不同钢纤维掺鼍的钢纤维混凝土抗拉、劈拉强度的影响结果,对影响机理进行了简单的分析.试验结果表明:钢纤维混凝土高温后的抗压、劈拉强度随所受最高温的升高而缓慢下降,400℃以后下降稍快.与素混凝土相比,其残余强度率分别可提高30%和20%左右.采用有限元软件ANSYS对混凝土加热过程中的温度场与应力场进行分析,提出了混凝土高温下开裂损伤判据.     

高温对纤维增韧高性能混凝土残余力学性能影响的试验研究

本文通过测定钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维和混杂纤维(聚丙烯纤维和钢纤维)增韧高性能混凝土的高温残余强爱和断裂能，研究聚丙烯纤维、钢纤维和混杂纤维对混凝土高温残余力学性能的影响。实验结果表明，钢纤维和混杂纤维，尤其是钢纤维，显著提高高性能混凝土的残余强度和断裂能。聚丙烯纤维对高性能混凝土残余力学性能的影响很小。     

碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土板的耐火性能试验研究

在ISO834标准升温条件下,进行3块设置不同防火材料的碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土板,以及1块未加固板的耐火性能对比试验。分析不同防火措施对高温下碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土板的破坏形态、跨中挠度及耐火极限的影响。试验结果表明:(1)只要采取适当的防火措施,在使用荷载明显增大的情况下,碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土板仍具有与未加固板大体相当甚至更长的耐火极限;(2)与薄型防火涂料相比,水泥砂浆的防火保护效果相对较弱;(3)厚度5 mm的薄型防火涂料的防火效果相对较好。为确保实际工程中碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土板具有足够的耐火能力,科学合理地选择防火材料及其厚度是十分重要的。     

高温下GFRP筋和混凝土黏结性能试验研究

通过制备出不同试样,并测试其在高温环境中的黏结强度问题,详细分析了不同工况时GFRP筋与混凝土黏结强度问题,并根据测试数据推导理论模型。研究结果得出:温度对GFRP筋与混凝土黏结效果有很大的影响,随着温度升高,两者之间黏结强度不断降低;温度升高使滑移量增加,并且当温度接近玻化温度点时,滑移量变化出现波动,根据测试数据构建了黏结滑移理论式。     

Creep effect on the behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars subjected to different environments

The effect of different environmental conditions on the creep behavior of concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars under sustained loads is investigated. This is achieved through testing concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars and subjected to a stress level of about 20–25% of the ultimate stress of the GFRP bars. Reference beams were loaded in the temperature-controlled laboratory (24 ± 3 °C). Other test beams were either completely or partially immersed in different environments (tap-water and sea-water) at elevated temperature (40 ± 2 °C) to accelerate the reaction. During the exposure period, which lasted for ten months, strains in concrete and GFRP bars as well as the midspan deflections were recorded for all considered environmental conditions. The results show that the creep effect due to sustained loads was significant for all environments considered in the study and the highest effect was on beams subjected to wet/dry cycles of sea-water at 40 ± 2 °C.     

高温后合成纤维混凝土的强度试验研究

研究了普通混凝土(NC)、聚丙烯纤维混凝土(PPFRC)和聚丙烯腈纤维混凝土(PANFRC)在常温及300,600,1000℃高温后的抗压强度和抗折强度,分析了高温加热方式及加载条件不同的影响。研究表明,300℃高温下混凝土的劣化主要受升温速率的影响;600℃以上高温下混凝土的劣化主要受温度的影响。掺入低掺量的PP纤维和PAN纤维可缓解混凝土的高温劣化,从而提高高温后混凝土的抗压强度和背火面加载时的抗折强度。     

Large deflection behavior effect in reinforced concrete columns exposed to extreme dynamic loads

Reinforced concretes (RC) have been widely used in constructions. In construction, one of the critical elements carrying a high percentage of the weight is columns which were not used to design to absorb large dynamic load like surface bursts. This study focuses on investigating blast load parameters to design of RC columns to withstand blast detonation. The numerical model is based on finite element analysis using LS-DYNA. Numerical results are validated against blast field tests available in the literature. Couples of simulations are performed with changing blast parameters to study effects of various scaled distances on the nonlinear behavior of RC columns. According to simulation results, the scaled distance has a substantial influence on the blast response of RC columns. With lower scaled distance, higher peak pressure and larger pressure impulse are applied on the RC column. Eventually, keeping the scaled distance unchanged, increasing the charge weight or shorter standoff distance cause more damage to the RC column. Intensive studies are carried out to investigate the effects of scaled distance and charge weight on the damage degree and residual axial load carrying capacity of RC columns with various column width, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and concrete strength. Results of this research will be used to assessment the effect of an explosion on the dynamic behavior of RC columns.     

FRP筋增强混凝土结构耐久性能研究进展

一般认为在恶劣服役环境下,可利用纤维增强复合材料（FRP）筋替代普通钢筋,从而有效提升混凝土结构的耐久性能。但研究表明,FRP筋并非完全免疫于服役环境,其在腐蚀性环境下的耐久性能一直是困扰FRP筋在土木工程中应用的关键问题之一。文章从三个方面系统梳理了国内外关于FRP筋增强混凝土结构耐久性的研究进展：①在试验研究方面,从FRP筋自身、FRP筋与混凝土黏结以及FRP筋增强混凝土构件三个层次,对近几十年来国内外有关FRP筋增强混凝土结构耐久性能试验研究的进展进行系统的梳理;②在长期性能预测方法方面,对现有的各类FRP筋长期性能预测模型和理论进行梳理;③在设计方法方面,总结目前各国有关FRP筋增强混凝土结构耐久性的设计方法,比较了规范间的差异。文章梳理工作对提升我国FRP筋增强混凝土结构设计水平和推广FRP筋的工程应用,具有重要的参考意义。     

Reliability analysis of reinforced concrete columns exposed to fire

A reliability analysis is conducted on reinforced concrete columns subjected to fire load. From an evaluation of load frequency of occurrence, load random variables are taken to be dead load, sustained live load, and fire temperature. Resistance is developed for axial capacity, with random variables taken as steel yield strength, concrete compressive strength, placement of reinforcement, and section width and height. A rational interaction model based on the Rankine approach is used to estimate column capacity as a function of fire exposure time. Various factors were considered in the analysis such as fire type, load ratio, reinforcement ratio, cover, concrete strength, load eccentricity, and other parameters. Reliability was computed from 0 to 4 h of fire exposure using Monte Carlo simulation. It was found that reliability decreased nonlinearly as a function of time, while the most significant parameters were fire type, load ratio, eccentricity, and reinforcement ratio.     

Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete cross-sections exposed to fire

A nonlinear structural analysis of cross-sections of three-dimensional reinforced concrete frames exposed to fire is presented. The analysis includes two steps: the first step is the calculation of the transient temperature field in cross-sections exposed to fire and the second step is the determination of the mechanical response due to the effect of thermal and mechanical load. A nonlinear finite-element procedure is proposed to predict the temperature field history. In this thermal analysis, the effect of moisture has been taken into account by introducing a water vapor fraction function to define the variation of enthalpy. A mechanical nonlinear analysis of the cross-sections is performed for each temperature distribution and for the applied exterior load using an algorithm of arc-length control. The mechanical and thermal properties of concrete and steel are taken according to the European Standard ENV 1991-1-2 [ENV. Eurocode 2, design of concrete structures, part 1–2: general rules—structural fire design. ENV 1992-1-2, 1995]. In order to validate the proposed thermal and mechanical models, comparisons between numerical and experimental results have been performed. The agreement found is in both cases, fairly good. In addition, a numerical example of the structural analysis of several cross-sections of a reinforced concrete waffle slab under external load and fire is shown.     

推进高强钢筋的发展

介绍了国内建筑用钢筋发展现状及国内发展历史及与国外的对比，发展高强钢筋的意义、目前尚待解决的问题及未来钢筋的发展方向。     

玄武岩纤维筋混凝土梁非线性有限元分析

BFRP是一种性能优异的新型复合材料,为研究其在混凝土领域的应用,采用ANSYS软件分别对1个钢筋混凝土梁和3个玄武岩纤维筋混凝土梁进行非线性有限元分析,对它们的跨中挠度和裂缝发展情况进行对比.发现由于BFRP筋的高强度低弹性模量特性,致使玄武岩纤维筋混凝土梁的跨中挠度过大以及裂缝发展过快.而在考虑利用ANSYS强大的数值模拟功能,通过不断调整BFRP筋配筋量,最终达到用玄武岩纤维筋替代钢筋且不影响正常使用的目的.     

BFRP筋与地聚物混凝土黏结性能试验研究

通过对51个玄武岩纤维复合材料（BFRP）筋-地聚物混凝土界面黏结试件进行中心拉拔试验,分析了BFRP筋与地聚物混凝土的界面黏结破坏机理,研究了BFRP筋表面形式（浅螺纹、喷砂和深螺纹）、直径d（12、16 mm和20 mm）、黏结长度（2.5d、5d和7.5d）、地聚物混凝土强度等级（C30、C40和C50）及混凝土保护层厚度（20、45 mm和69 mm）等因素对BFRP筋-地聚物混凝土界面性能的影响,并与9个BFRP筋-普通混凝土界面黏结试件中心拉拔试验结果进行比较。试验结果表明：BFRP筋-地聚物混凝土界面黏结强度与BFRP筋-普通混凝土界面黏结强度基本相同;BFRP筋表面形式对其黏结性能影响较大,直径为12 mm时,浅螺纹、喷砂和深螺纹BFRP筋与地聚物混凝土的黏结强度分别为15.33、20.49 MPa和22.66 MPa;随着FRP筋直径和黏结长度的增加,BFRP筋与地聚物混凝土黏结强度降低,而随着混凝土强度和和保护层厚度的增加,黏结强度提高。通过CMR和mBPE模型对试验所得黏结应力-滑移曲线进行拟合,发现CMR模型能够较为准确的描述BFRP筋与地聚物混凝土间的黏结应力-滑移关系。     

Performance of olive waste ash concrete exposed to elevated temperatures

This study explores the influence of olive waste ash (OWA) on the performance of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures in the range from 400 to 600 °C. The performance of concrete to elevated temperature was evaluated using compressive strength and electrical charge of concrete. Three OWA levels were used in the study: 7%, 15%, and 22% by weight of cement. The other experimental parameters investigated in the study were elevated temperature (400 and 600 °C), aggregate type (crushed basalt and volcanic tuff), w/c ratio (0.5 and 0.7), and air content (non-air and air entrained). After the initial moist curing period of 90 days, concrete specimens were exposed to elevated temperatures for a period of 2 h using an electric furnace.     

Experimental study of mechanical properties of normal-strength concrete exposed to high temperatures at an early age

In China, accidental fires are known to occur during construction, causing concrete to be exposed to high temperatures when it is at an early age (i.e. “young”). In this paper, compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concretes cured for different periods and exposed to high temperatures were obtained. The effects of the duration of curing, maximum temperature and the type of cooling on the strengths of concrete were investigated. Experimental results indicate that after exposure to high temperatures up to 800 °C, early-age concrete that has been cured for a certain period can regain 80% of the compressive strength of the control sample of concrete. The 3-day-cured early-age concrete was observed to recover the most strength. The type of cooling also affects the level of recovery of compressive and splitting tensile strength. For early-age concrete, the relative recovered strengths of specimens cooled by sprayed water are higher than those of specimens cooled in air when exposed to temperatures below 800 °C, while the changes for 28-day concrete are the converse. When the maximum temperature exceeds 800 °C, the relative strength values of all specimens cooled by water spray are lower than those of specimens cooled in air.     

高温作用后钢筋混凝土短柱轴压力学性能试验研究

采用高温抗压试验炉对有初始荷载作用的钢筋混凝土短柱进行了升温、降温及冷却全过程作用后轴压力学性能试验。试验测试了截面温度场、轴向变形发展规律,考察了温度、轴压比和降温效应对高温后有初始荷载作用的钢筋混凝土短柱轴压承载力、刚度和延性等力学指标的影响规律。试验结果表明：初始荷载作用使试件产生明显的残余压缩变形,且残余变形主要是在降温阶段产生;与无初始荷载作用的试件相比,初始荷载作用对钢筋混凝土短柱的高温后轴压承载力、刚度和延性影响较大,承载力和刚度提高,但延性明显降低;初始荷载作用对试件高温后轴压短柱刚度和延性系数的影响明显大于对承载力的影响。建议进行火灾后钢筋混凝土结构性能评估时,需考虑初始荷载作用的影响。     

Modeling of insulated CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete T-beam exposed to fire

The use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has been established as one of the possible techniques to strengthen concrete beams in flexure and shear. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) has been identified as the material of choice in civil infrastructure applications. The fire performance of such CFRP-strengthened members and their resistance to heat transfer and to various environmental exposure factors need to be investigated. In this paper, a detailed finite element model of a CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete T-beam is developed. The model accounts for the variation in thermal and mechanical parameters of the beams’ constituent materials with temperature, including CFRP and insulation materials. Nonlinear time domain transient thermal-stress finite element analysis is performed using the commercial software ANSYS to study the heat transfer mechanism and deformation within the beam for fire conditions initiating at the bottom of the beam. To relate the simulation to an actual case, a reinforced concrete T-beam strengthened with CFRP and fire-tested by other investigators is modeled. The progression of temperature in the beam, CFRP, reinforcing steel, and along the CFRP–concrete interface is compared to the observed fire test data. Overall, the predicted temperature results are in good agreement with the measured ones. In addition, the mid-span deflection increases nonlinearly during the fire exposure time due to the increase in the total strain on the tension side of the beams and due to concrete cracking. Successful FE modeling of this structure provides an economical, alternative solution to expensive experimental investigations.     

火灾下钢筋混凝土剪力墙温度场分析

对火灾下钢筋混凝土剪力墙的温度场进行了有限元计算分析,得到了剪力墙截面温度场分布规律,计算结果与试验结果符合较好。在此基础上,分析了混凝土热工参数、迎火面对流系数及综合辐射系数对混凝土剪力墙温度场的影响。结果表明:已有文献给出的混凝土热工参数对剪力墙温度场影响不大,但是温度场对迎火面对流系数及综合辐射系数的变化较为敏感。