Indicators of the impact of R&D on the economy

This paper reviews the literature on the economic effects of R&D and then examines the gaps in our knowledge. While most micro-studies show that R&D raises economic growth, existing knowledge of the mechanisms by which R&D affects productivity and output is sparse, and it is unclear whether the micro-studies can be generalized to the national economy. The paper concludes by examining some possible consequences of the reduced R&D effort by the United States.I have benefitted immensely from discussion with RichardNelson.     

Conforming the government R&D function with the requirements of the government performance and results act

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) was designated a Pilot Project for Performance Planning under the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993. Of the more than 80 such pilot projects government-wide. ARL was the only organization to represent the R&D community. As such, it was required to break new ground in both the planning and the evaluation of basic and applied research. This paper discusses the efforts made by ARL in both these areas, the insights drawn from these efforts, and the lessons learned.     

Comments on “indicators of the impact of R&D on the economy”

These comments assert that the relationships between R&D expenditures and productivity growth are far more complex than they are ordinarily made out to be. R&D expenditures include several very different components, and only a rather small percentage of the total consists of expenditures upon basic science. One should not expect a very close association over time, or among countries, between spending upon R&D and the observed growth in economic productivity.     

软件企业项目研发团队绩效定性模拟研究

在经典群体绩效理论和团队角色理论的基础上,着重分析了软件企业项目研发团队的正式群体、非正式群体的作用,提出了项目研发团队的绩效影响模型和绩效反馈模型。同时,利用基于过程知识库的定性模拟方法,建立了软件企业项目研发团队的绩效定性模拟模型。最后,使用建立的定性模拟模型对软件企业项目研发团队的绩效进行了预测模拟,并通过结果分析研究了团队中非正式群体对团队整体绩效的影响。     

The impact of the socio-economic crisis of 2001 on the scientific system of Argentina from the scientometric perspective

In recent years a number of studies have focused on Argentina’s 2001 economic crisis and its political, social, and institutional repercussions. To date, however, no studies have analyzed its effects upon the country’s scientific system from a scientometric perspective, in terms of resources dedicated to scientific activity and the final output and impact. The present study does so by means of a set of scientometric indicators that reflect economic effort, human resources dedicated to research, publications, collaborative relations, and the international visibility of scientific contributions.     

The influence of dispersion on journal impact measures

Scientometrics - A family of measures of a journal’s impact is considered that takes account of the dispersion, as well as the mean, of the number of citations in a journal. These measures,...     

Some problems of measuring the impact of R&D upon the efficiency of social production

A critical analysis of works by Soviet authors, devoted to the problem of assessing the contribution of science to the efficiency of social production, is carried out. The computational results of two different versions of production function and a factor analysis technique are also presented, based on the same statistical data of the 8th and the 9th Five-Year-Plan periods. The numerical value of economic efficiency of investment in R & D, which was determined by relating the benefits from R & D to the associated expenditures, has been found to be 2.1–11 times higher than the profitability of plant investment. The classification and analysis of the major factors, contributing to the growth of public production efficiency, using a multiple correlation technique, show, that a 1% increase in R & D expenditures is associated with a 0.43% rise in labor productivity which also confirms the higher productivity of R & D investments.     

Performance measures for government-sponsored research: Overview and background

The views presented in this paper are solely those of the author and do not represent the views of the department of the navy.     

Performance measures of a make-to-orderinventory-production system

This paper develops two algorithms for computing the average total cost per product and other performance measures for a make-to-order inventory-production system. The two algorithms are developed by using matrix analytic methods. The first algorithm is based on the matrix-geometric solution of the Quasi-Birth-and-Death (QBD) Markov process. The second algorithm is based on the fundamental period of the QBD Markov process. The advantages and disadvantages of the two algorithms are discussed     

Performance measures and input uncertainty for pedestrian crossing exposure estimates

Pedestrian safety performance measures often use estimates of annual crossing exposure as inputs—but relatively little information exists on the uncertainty associated with these inputs. This research considers two sources of temporal information for expanding short-term counts: (1) a composite of pedestrian counts from other cities, and (2) local vehicle counts. A database of pedestrian flows from video review covering 12 months and including over 350,000 pedestrian observations provides a known reference annual volume and a set of short-term counts for expansion and testing.     

Advantages and limitations in the use of impact factor measures for the assessment of research performance

Impact factor is a quasi-qualitative indicator, which provides a measurement of the prestige and international visibility of journals. Although the use of impact factor-based indicators for science policy purposes has increased over the last two decades, several limitations have been pointed out and should be borne in mind. The use of impact factor should be treated carefully when applied to the analysis of peripheral countries, whose national journals are hardly covered by ISI databases. Our experience in the use of impact factor based indicators for the analysis of the Spanish scientific production is shown. The usefulness of the impact factor measures in macro, meso and micro analyses is displayed. In addition, the main advantages, such as the great accessibility of impact factor and its ready-to-use nature are pointed out. Several limitations such as the need to avoid inter-field comparisons or the convenience of using a fixed journal set for international comparisons are also stressed. It is worth noting that the use of impact factor in the research evaluation process has influenced strongly the publication strategy of scientists. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Performance of focus measures in the presence of nondefocus aberrations

The purposes of the study were to compare the performance of ten representative focus measures in the presence of nondefocus aberrations and to evaluate their applicability to the eye. For fixed amounts of nondefocus aberrations, the amount of defocus was changed to generate a series of blurred images from which focus measure curves were derived. In the presence of small amounts of nondefocus aberrations, all focus measures showed unimodal and monotonic behavior, although there were large differences in their sensitivity to defocus and effective ranges. There were breakdowns in monotonicity and unimodality for some focus measures when applied to data from human eyes, while other focus measures could detect the shift in the best-focus plane in the blurred image series resulting from spherical aberration.     

On the estimation of on-hand stocks for base-stock policies and lost sales systems and its impact on service measures

This paper focuses on computing on-hand stock levels at the beginning of a replenishment cycle for a lost sales inventory system with periodic reviews and discrete demand. A base-stock policy is used for replenishments. The literature provides an Exact method which requires a huge computational effort, and two closed-form approximate methods that arise from the backordering case, the Non-stockout and the Bijvank & Johansen. In this paper we propose three new and closed-form approaches that explicitly consider the lost sales assumptions: the Adjusted Non-stockout, the Polar Opposite and the 1-Step methods. Existing and proposed methods are evaluated in terms of their accuracy when computing the cycle service level and the fill rate. In this sense, results show that the Bijvank & Johansen and 1-Step methods provide similar performance but present different behaviours in terms of under or over estimating service measures that have different implications on the design of stock policies.     

科研成果商业化的多方利益分配问题研究

科研成果的商业化转化过程中,各方利益分配方案会随该成果有无专利权保护,以及专利权属于个人还是组织的不同而不同。科学家、科学家所在组织、企业三者之间的利益博弈分析表明,无专利保护时,组织不会参与成果转化,科学家以隐性知识价值参与分配,获得相对较少的利益,而有专利保护且专利权属于科学家时,科学家的利益因隐性知识和专利权的双重价值而大大增加,但组织仍然没有动力参与成果转化;当有专利保护且专利权属于组织时,采用Shapley值法分配,专利权价值使组织获得的利益为三者中最多,从而有足够动力积极参与转化过程,科学家则致力于研究工作并凭借隐性知识参与转化,且其利益多于没有专利保护情形。     

Development and application of journal impact measures in the Dutch science system

This paper discusses development and application of journal impact indicators in a number of bibliometric studies commissioned by Dutch organizations and institutions, and conducted in our institute during the past five years. An outline is given of the research questions addressed in these studies and their policy context. For each study the appropriateness of the use of journal impact indicators produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) is evaluated. Alternative journal impact measures were developed which are shown to be more appropriate in the particular research and policy contexts than the ISI measures. These measures were considered to be highly useful by the users. The studies have revealed methodological flaws of the ISI journal impact factors. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

四通电磁换向阀液击损坏的预防措施分析

针对四通电磁换向阀(简称四通阀)液击损坏问题,分析其液动力模型,发现避免四通阀换向时有液体流过、延长四通阀动作时间、减少阀口开度变化及阀口前后压差、增大阀芯材料强度等均可减少四通阀液击损坏。同时,采用楔形螺纹或预涂胶螺钉可以提高四通阀活塞与支架连接的可靠性;合理设置四通阀中间流量能够降低换向过程中的压力峰值。     

Different quantitative measures of the impact of injury deaths on the community in the Guangxi Province, China

BACKGROUND: Injury has been identified as a major health problem in China. Different quantitative measures based on the concept of years of potential life lost have been derived for assessing the burden of injury and other diseases. However, few studies have been conducted to compare the usefulness of these measures in terms of providing practical information. This study aims to examine the utility of different measures in assessing the impact of injury to Chinese society. METHODS: This is a population-based epidemiological study utilising surveillance and fielded-gathered data. Data are obtained from the disease surveillance information system and record on each death certificate. The mortality rates, years of potential life lost (YPLL), potentially years of productive life lost (PYPLL), and the valued years of potential life lost (VYPLL) are calculated and compared for deaths due to injury and other major diseases. Data on different causes of injury were analysed in the same manner. RESULTS: In comparison to other causes of death, injury deaths had the highest annual rates of YPLL (1265.1 years/100,000 persons), PYPLL (517.8 years/100,000 persons), and VYPLL (378.6 years/100,000 persons). Premature deaths due to injury provided the only positively valued VYPLL among all major causes of death. Among the injury deaths, motor vehicle traffic-related death caused the largest YPLL (13,274 years), PYPLL (5461 years), and VYPLL (3064 years). CONCLUSION: In considering the burden of deaths to society, mortality rate only is an insufficient measure. The age, the years of overall life and expected productivity and related economic consequences have to be taken into consideration. As an indicator of the economic impact and burden of premature deaths to society, the VYPLL seems to be an advantageous utility. Injury posts the greatest public health problem to the developing economy of China.