矩形坯连铸凝固传热的数学模型

根据连铸矩形坯凝固传热特点，在上海浦东钢铁有限公司１号连铸机二冷系统改造中，动用直接差分法建立了二维非稳态矩形坯凝固传热数学模型，已应用于连铸凝固过程的模拟计算，在分析拉速、浇注温度等在数对钢水凝固过程的影响后，为提高拉速找到了理论依据。     

矩形坯连铸机凝固末端位置的模拟计算

根据连铸矩形坯凝固传热特点，运用直接差分法建立了二维非稳态矩形坯凝固传热模型，对首钢矩形坯进行了凝固末端位置的模拟计算，得出了3种断面的液芯长度，找了搅拌器的合适位．置。     

连铸坯凝固过程中传输现象基础知识系列讲座：第十八讲 二冷区的凝固传热

介绍了连铸坯在二冷区凝固传热的传热方式，传热系数和影响二冷区传热的因素，同时也介绍了二冷区传导热流的计算公式以及用来表达传热系数与水流密度之间的经验公式。     

应用直接差分法计算矩形坯连铸数学模型

根据连铸矩形坯凝固传热特点，在上钢三厂转炉１号连铸机二冷系统改造中，运用直接差分法计算了二维非稳态矩形坯凝固传热数学模型，又依二冷区各段出口目标温度不随拉速改变为配水原则，进行了矩形坯连铸机二冷配水计算，为该铸机提高拉速找到了理论依据。     

大方坯在连铸过程中传热及凝固规律的数学模拟

结晶器和二冷区传热对大方坯产品质量和铸机的生产率有重要影响。讨论了包头钢铁集团公司引进的大方坯连铸机在拉坯时结晶器和二冷区的传热、坏壳凝固生长和铸坯温度的变化规律。着重讨论了电磁搅拌、过热度和拉速对坏壳凝固和生长规律的影响。指出影响铸坯凝固的主要因素是凝固潜热，影响凝固末端位置的最主要工艺参数是拉坯速度，而电磁搅拌对其影响区内的传热、坯壳生长和铸坯温度亦有较大影响。     

凝固模型在方坯连铸二冷改造中的应用

根据连铸坯凝固传热的特点，在电炉厂小方坯的连铸机二冷改造过程中，建立了二维的传热模型。对改造前后的系统进行分析，为二冷系统的改造提供了理论依据，进而实现二冷三段和四段汽雾改造。     

凝固模型在高碳钢方坯连铸中的应用

依据湘钢现场条件，建立了连铸方坯凝固传热数学模型，分析了过热度、拉坯速度、二次水量对高碳钢方坯凝固过程的影响，确立了二次冷却与高碳钢二次枝晶间距的关系式，提出了改善高碳钢方坯连铸中心缩孔的途径。     

板坯传热二冷动态控制模型的有限体积法

阐述了时空有限体积法的基本思想，应用其方法，以钢水的凝固过程为多元系相变的实际为出发点，建立了连铸板坯凝固传热的二冷动态控制模型，求得表面温度的分布，表面温度、二冷区各段水量随拉速的变化关系。模型的模拟数据和现场实测数据吻合良好。算法对连铸过程中拉速的变化具有良好的适应能力，拉速引起的表面温度波动很小，能可靠地反映浇注条件频繁发生变化的实际连铸坯的凝固传热过程。     

二冷配水对304不锈钢连铸板坯质量的影响

根据304不锈钢凝固时的结晶特性，模拟计算了连铸拉速为0．7m/min时，不同二冷配水下铸坯温度场的变化，分析了二冷配水对304不锈钢凝固时传热特性的影响，并提出提高铸坯质量的二冷配水原则。     

基于自适应蚁群算法的传热模型参数辨识

针对铸坯凝固传热模型校正问题,提出了采用自适应蚁群优化算法进行参数辨识的方法。首先在不同条件下对铸坯不同位置进行射钉并测量凝固坯壳厚度,然后根据测量数据集和凝固传热数学模型的数值解,采用自适应蚁群优化算法进行参数辨识,确定二冷区内各冷却段的传热系数,最后通过二冷出口铸坯表面温度和凝固坯壳厚度的测量数据与采用辨识参数的传热模型预测结果进行比较,验证了传热系数的准确性。校正的传热模型已成功应用于多台铸机的二冷配水优化。     

基于模式识别和人工神经网络建立的板坯连铸二冷水模型

介绍了一个种铸坯表面测温的方法,并依据铸坯表面温度,应用模式识别与人工神经网络相结合的方法,建立了板坯连铸的二冷水模型。该模型既可根据模式识别的分类图预报优化的二次工艺参数,亦可根据钢种、中间包钢水温度、拉速及希望的二次区不同部位的铸坯表面温度由LS顾的输入神经元网络,预测报连铸不同回路的水量。该模型运用于生产实际后,铸坯表面裂纹大为减少,取得了较好的效果。     

小方坯二冷动态配水模型的研究

建立了小方坯连铸凝固传热过程的二维非稳态数学模型,采取坯龄模型实现了动态配水。对二冷水计算模型计算的动态配水和静态配水进行比较得出拉速变化时动态水量变化较缓和,从而保证铸坯表面温度不发生大的波动。比较目标温度与模型计算的温度,模型计算温度始终在目标温度的周围变动。     

小方坯连铸机二冷系统的优化

介绍了安钢第二炼钢厂小方坯工艺概况和铸坯内部裂纹问题,根据凝固传热计算指导二冷系统优化,改善了铸坯内部质量,取得了明显效果。     

Heat transfer and microstructure during the early stages of metal solidification

Transient heat transfer in the early stages of solidification of an alloy on a water-cooled chill and the consequent evolution of microstructure, quantified in terms of secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), have been studied. Based on dip tests of the chill, instrumented with thermocouples, into Al-Si alloys, the influence of process variables such as mold surface roughness, mold material, metal superheat, alloy composition, and lubricant on heat transfer and cast structure has been determined. The heat flux between the solidifying metal and substrate, computed from measurements of transient temperature in the chill by the inverse heat-transfer technique, ranged from low values of 0.3 to 0.4 MW/m² to peak values of 0.95 to 2.0 MW/m². A onedimensional, implicit, finite-difference model was applied to compute heat-transfer coefficients, which ranged from 0.45 to 4.0 kW/m² °C, and local cooling rates of 10 °C/s to 100 °C/s near the chill surface, as well as growth of the solidifying shell. Near the chill surface, the SDAS varied from 12 to 22 (μm while at 20 mm from the chill, values of up to 80/smm were measured. Although the SDAS depended on the cooling rate and local solidification time, it was also found to be a direct function of the heat-transfer coefficient at distances very near to the casting/chill interface. A three-stage empirical heat-flux model based on the thermophysical properties of the mold and casting has been proposed for the simulation of the mold/casting boundary condition during solidification. The applicability of the various models proposed in the literature relating the SDAS to heat-transfer parameters has been evaluated and the extension of these models to continuous casting processes pursued.     

Real-time simulation of heat transfer in continuous casting

A real-time heat-transfer model for continuous slab casting is presented. The model calculates the strand temperatures and the solid shell thickness profile along the machine as a function of the actual casting variables, strand geometry, and steel grade. The special requirements con-cerning the real-time use of the model and, in general, the accuracy of the model are also studied and discussed. The model has been tested by carrying out industrial trials. Some examples of the differences between the calculated and measured surface temperatures are presented. A spe-cial procedure to determine the boundary conditions for the secondary cooling zones from tem-perature measurements is also described.     

矩形坯连铸机二冷系统的优化

通过对矩形坯连铸机二冷系统的优化,并根据凝固传热模型开发了二冷自动控制的配水模型应用于生产,实践中改善了铸坯的质量,获得较好的效果。     

Heat-Transfer Measurements in the Primary Cooling Phase of the Direct-Chill Casting Process

Thermal modeling of the direct-chill casting process requires accurate knowledge of (1) the different boundary conditions in the primary mold and secondary direct water-spray cooling regimes and (2) their variability with respect to process parameters. In this study, heat transfer in the primary cooling zone was investigated by using temperature measurements made with subsurface thermocouples in the mold as input to an inverse heat conduction algorithm. Laboratory-scale experiments were performed to investigate the primary cooling of AA3003 and AA4045 aluminum alloy ingots cast at speeds ranging between 1.58 and 2.10 mm/s. The average heat flux values were calculated for the steady-state phase of the casting process, and an effective heat-transfer coefficient for the global primary cooling process was derived that included convection at the mold surfaces and conduction through the mold wall. Effective heat-transfer coefficients were evaluated at different points along the mold height and compared with values from a previously derived computational fluid dynamics model of the direct-chill casting process that were based on predictions of the air gap thickness between the mold and ingot. The current experimental results closely matched the values previously predicted by the air gap models. The effective heat-transfer coefficient for primary cooling was also found to increase slightly with the casting speed and was higher near the mold top (up to 824 W/m²·K) where the molten aluminum first comes in contact with the mold than near the bottom (as low as 242 W/m²·K) where an air gap forms between the ingot and mold because of thermal contraction of the ingot. These results are consistent with previous studies.     

板坯连铸机二次冷却水的控制模型

应用二维非稳态传热数学模型，以目标表面温度控制为指导，建立板坯连铸机二冷配水计算模型，比较了二冷区三种实时控制模式，指出浇注温度前馈的表面温度反馈控制更有利于稳定铸坯表面温度分布和改善铸坯质量。