RETRACTED ARTICLE: Wear Mechanism for In Situ TiC Particle Reinforced AZ91 Magnesium Matrix Composites

TiC reinforced AZ91 magnesium matrix composites have been fabricated by a melt in situ reaction spray deposition. The microstructures of spray-deposited alloys were studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dry sliding wear behavior of the alloys was investigated by using a pin-on-disc machine under five loads, namely 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 N. The composites had much better wear-resistance than the matrix alloy. The wear behavior of the composites was dependent on the TiC content in the microstructure and the applied load. The improvement in the wear resistance of the composites became more prominent at larger normal load. At a lower load (10 N), with increasing TiC content, the wear rate of the composite was decreased, and the dominant wear mechanism was an oxidative mechanism. At a higher loads (50 N), a spray-deposited AZ91/TiC composites exhibited superior wear resistance to the AZ91 magnesium alloy, and the dominant wear mechanism was delamination.     

Particle Size Effects of Silicon Carbide on Wear Behavior of SiC<Subscript>p</Subscript>-Reinforced Magnesium Matrix Composites

This article investigated the particle size effect of micro-sized SiC on the tribological behavior of SiC_p-reinforced AZ91D Mg-based metal–matrix composites (MMCs). The Mg MMCs were prepared by the melt-stirring technique for wear tests. The hardness and coefficient of friction of Mg MMCs increases as particle size of SiC particle in MMCs increases, except for the hardness tendency at the region between particle size of 11 and 15 μm. The SiC_p/AZ91D MMCs exhibit superior wear resistance under lower and moderate sliding condition. However, the effects of the SiC particle reinforcements on wear resistance are not as conclusive under severe sliding condition, since the matrix of MMCs were softened at elevated temperature under such a severe condition.     

Fretting wear behavior of AZ91D and AM60B magnesium alloys

The fretting wear behavior of the AZ91D and AM60B magnesium alloys are investigated using a reciprocating fretting wear machine under dry conditions with different numbers of cycles, different normal loads, slip amplitudes and frequencies. The worn surfaces and wear debris were examined using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy in order to understand the predominant wear mechanisms of two magnesium alloys. The results indicate that the AZ91D alloy displays a lower friction coefficient and lower wear quantity than the AM60B alloy. The AZ91D shows a higher capability than AM60B in resisting crack nucleation and propagation. Both AZ91D and AM60B show similar friction and wear characteristics. The wear quantity increases with increasing normal load, but decreases with increasing frequency. The friction coefficient also decreases as the normal load is increased. Fretting frequency had little effect on the friction coefficient. In a long term, the fatigue wear and abrasive wear were the predominant wear mechanisms for AM60B and delamination wear, adhesive wear and abrasive wear for AZ91D.     

Wear Behavior of Magnesium Alloy AZ91 Hybrid Composite Materials

The influence of hybrid reinforcements including silicon carbide and graphite particles with a size 37–50 μm on the wear characteristics of AZ91 magnesium alloy was studied. The dry sliding wear test was conducted using a pin-on-disc wear testing machine in the load range of 20 to 80 N at different sliding velocities in the range of 1.047 to 2.618 m/s. The results show that the wear resistance of composites was much better than that of the base matrix material under the test conditions. At a speed of 1.047 m/s and load of 40 N, the wear rate (mm³/km) of the unreinforced alloy was 6.3, which reduced to 3.8 in the case of 3% reinforced composite. The antiwear ability of magnesium alloy composite was found to improve substantially with the increase in silicon carbide and graphite content from 1 to 3% by weight and the wear rate was found to decrease considerably. At a speed of 1.047 m/s and load of 80 N, the wear rate (mm³/km) reduced from 11.8 to 9.1 when the reinforcement content increased from 1 to 3%. However in both the unreinforced alloy and reinforced composite, the wear rate increased with the increase in load and sliding velocity. An increase in the applied load increases the wear severity by changing the wear mechanism from abrasion to particle cracking-induced delamination. The worn surface morphologies of the composite containing 3% reinforcement by weight for the sliding velocity of 1.047 m/s were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Different wear mechanisms, namely, abrasion, oxidation, and delamination, have been observed.     

钙和锶对Mg_2Si/AZ91D复合材料组织和性能的影响

将铝-硅合金加入到AZ91D镁合金中,制备了原位合成Mg2Si/AZ91D复合材料,并研究了添加钙和锶对于复合材料铸态组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:硅的加入在AZ91D镁合金中生成了高熔点、高硬度的Mg2Si强化相,但尺寸较大;元素钙和锶的综合作用可以显著细化复合材料基体的铸态组织,同时还可以明显改善Mg2Si的形态和分布,提高复合材料的强度。     

AZ91D镁合金在水介质下的冲击磨损特性研究

研究了AZ91D镁合金在冲击载荷和去离子水介质综合作用下的磨损特性.结果表明,镁合金表面冲击斑深度及面积随冲击次数的增加而增加;冲击磨损初期,损伤的主要形式为塑性变形及粘着磨损,随着表面塑性耗竭,微观疲劳裂纹产生;磨损后期,水介质的腐蚀作用明显,加速了材料表面的损失.     

Sliding Wear Characteristics of AZ91D Alloy at Ambient Temperatures of 25–200 °C

The dry sliding wear tests were performed for AZ91D alloy under the loads of 12.5–300 N and the ambient temperatures of 25–200 °C. We studied the wear characteristics of AZ91D alloy as a function of the normal load and the ambient temperature. The mild-to-severe wear transition occurred with increasing the load and the critical load reduced with the ambient temperature rising. However, no matter how high the ambient temperature was in the range of 25–200 °C, the mild wear prevailed under the lower loads. Especially, the AZ91D alloy presented a lower wear rate at 200 °C than at 25 and 100 °C under the low loads of 12.5–25 N, but vice versa under the loads of more than 25 N. These phenomena seem to be contradictory to the popular view that the mild-to-severe wear transition is controlled by the critical surface temperature. These may be attributed to a thick and hard mechanical mixing layer (MML) containing the mixture of MgAl₂O₄ and Mg on the worn surface. The MML thickened with increasing the ambient temperature (under the low loads), effectively reduced wear and markedly elevated the critical surface temperature. The oxidative wear and delamination wear successively predominated in the mild wear regime; the gross plastic-induced wear would prevail in the severe wear regime.     

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes and Rare Earth Pr Reinforced AZ91 Composites by Powder Metallurgy

It can be known from a large number of research results that improving the dispersibility of CNTs can effectively opti-mize the mechanical properties of the corresponding metal matrix composites.However,the crucial issue of increas-ing the bonding of CNTs and the matrix is still unsolved.In this paper,a novel method was developed to increase interfacial bonding strength by coating titanium oxide(TiO2)on the surface of CNTs.The rare earth Pr and TiO2@CNTs-reinforced AZ91 matrix composites were successfully fabricated by powder metallurgy.Hot press sintering and hot extrusion of the milled powder was performed.After hot extrusion,the influence of TiO2@CNTs on the microstruc-ture and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated.The results showed that the coating process can improve the distribution of CNTs in Mg alloy.The CNTs refined the grains of the matrix,and the CNTs were presented throughout the extrusion direction.When the TiO2@CNTs content was 1.0 wt.％,the yield strength(YS),ultimate ten-sile strength(UTS),and elongation of the alloy attained maximum values.The values were improved by 23.5％,82.1％,and 40.0％,respectively,when compared with the AZ91 alloy.Good interfacial bonding was achieved,which resulted in an effective tensile loading transfer at the interface.CNTs carried the tensile stress and were observed on the tensile fracture.     

Friction and Wear Properties of 3D Carbon/Silicon Carbide Composites Prepared by Liquid Silicon Infiltration

Carbon/silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites were prepared by a liquid silicon infiltration (LSI) process and their microstructure and friction and wear properties studied. The matrices of the C/C green bodies were found to be reinforced with dense carbon fiber bundles hanging together. The density of the composites before and after the LSI process was 1.25 and 1.94 g/cm³, respectively. However, the open porosity of C/SiC composites was about 16% due to the opening of closed pores during the machining process. The C/SiC composites exhibited excellent tribological properties in the dry condition, with an average coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate of about 0.29 and 16.15 μg/m MPa, respectively. In comparison, the average COF was about 0.13 in the moist condition, with a wear rate of 5.87 μg/m MPa. The main wear mechanism of the C/SiC composites was worn particles and debris with a high degree of hardness, producing a plough effect on the friction surface in the dry condition and an adhesive effect in the moist condition.     

AZ91D镁合金微动磨损特性研究

采用液压高精度材料试验机考察了平面一球面接触的AZ91D镁合金摩擦副的微动磨损行为，分析了位移幅值、法向载荷和频率等参数对摩擦因数和磨损体积的影响，考察了不同实验条件下的磨斑形貌，并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明：AZ91D镁合金的微动区域可分为部分滑移区、混合区和滑移区3个区域，粘着磨损、疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损分别是3个区域的主要磨损机制；磨损体积随着位移幅值和法向载荷的增加而增大，但却随着频率的增大而减小。在微动部分滑移区和混合区，摩擦因数随着位移增大迅速增加；在微动滑移区，摩擦因数随法向载荷的增大而减小，而位移幅值和频率对摩擦因数的影响较小。     

Tribological Behavior of Carbon-Nanotube-Filled PTFE Composites

Carbon nanotube/polytetrafluoroethylene (CNT/PTFE) composites with different volume fractions were prepared and their friction and wear properties were investigated using a ring-on-block under dry conditions. It was found that CNTs signifi-cantly increased the wear resistance of PTFE composites and decreased their coefficient of friction. PTFE composites with 15–20 vol.% CNTs exhibited very high wear resistance. The significant improvements in the tribological properties of CNT/PTFE composites are attributed to the super-strong mechanical properties and the very high aspect ratio of CNTs. The CNTs greatly reinforce the structure of the PTFE-based composites and thereby greatly reduce the adhesive and plough wear of CNT/PTFE composites. The CNTs are released from the composite during sliding and transferred to the interface of the friction couples. They thus serve as spacers, preventing direct contact between the mating surfaces and thereby reducing both wear rate and friction coefficient.     

Tribological properties of carbon nanotube-doped carbon/carbon composites

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-doped carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were fabricated by the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method to investigate the effect of CNTs on tribological properties of C/C composites. CNTs, which had been synthesized by catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbons, were added to carbon fiber formed preforms before CVI process. Ring-on-block-type wear tests were performed to evaluate the frictional properties of CNT-doped C/C composites. Results show that CNTs can not only increase wear resistance of C/C composites but also maintain stable friction coefficients under different loads. Polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analyses demonstrate that favorable effects of CNTs on tribological properties of C/C composites have been achieved indirectly by altering microstructure of pyrocarbons and directly by serving as high-strength lubricative frictional media at the same time. Electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses verify the existence of adhesive wear mechanism in both pure C/C composites and CNT-doped C/C composites albeit the two-body abrasive mechanism dominates in pure C/C composites.     

Comparison of the machinability and wear properties of magnesium alloys

AZ and AS series magnesium alloys were used in this study and had different contents (i.e., 0 to 9 wt.% Al). The effect of zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) on wear resistance and machinability was analyzed in AZ and AS series magnesium alloys. Zn amount in AZ series (1 %) and Si amount in AS series (1 %) were kept at a fixed rate. The effect of the changes in Al amount on hardness, wear resistance, and machinability in AZ and AS series magnesium alloys was comparatively analyzed. A higher increase was observed in the wear resistance of alloys in AS series magnesium alloys due to the rise in Al amount compared with AZ series. Intermetallic phases found in the microstructure of alloys (β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ and Mg₂Si) were established to have an impact on the wear resistance and machinability of alloys.     

镁合金表面再制造AlCoTi非晶涂层组织及力学性能研究

采用高速电弧喷涂技术在AZ91镁合金表面制备了高非晶含量AlCoTi涂层,研究了涂层显微组织、力学性能、摩擦磨损及电化学腐蚀性能。结果表明,涂层呈典型的层状结构,其结构紧凑,与镁合金基体结合良好,孔隙率约为1.63%。涂层的组织主要由非晶相、纳米结构的α-Al和Al3Ti相组成。相比于AZ91镁合金,AlCoTi非晶涂层具有更高的显微硬度和耐磨性能：涂层的显微硬度约为511.3Hv0.1,远高于AZ91镁合金(62Hv0.1);在相同的磨损条件下,非晶涂层相对耐磨性约为晶体结构AZ91镁合金的3.9倍,其主要磨损机制为脆性剥落。在0.6 mol/L NaCl溶液中,非晶涂层自腐蚀电位、自腐蚀电流密度和电荷转移电阻分别为-0.696V、0.741 8μA/cm²和33 660?·cm²,明显优于AZ91镁合金的-1.392V、769.3μA/cm²和1 914?·cm²。通过对镁合金表面不同防护涂层的电化学腐蚀性能和显微硬度比较分析,本研究为镁合金提供一种低成本、高性能的涂层材料及再制造关键技术。     

B4C颗粒对AZ61蠕变及磨损性能影响的研究

采用机械搅拌法制备B4C/AZ61镁基复合材料,并通过对比AZ61镁合金和B4C/AZ61镁基复合材料的蠕变和磨损试验,分析B4C颗粒对AZ61镁合金蠕变及磨损性能的影响.结果表明:在蠕变性能上,与AZ61镁合金相比,B4C/AZ61镁基复合材料具有较小的初始蠕变量和较小的总蠕变量,进入稳态蠕变阶段的时间和进入稳态蠕变状态时的蠕变速率与AZ61镁合金基本相同;在磨损性能上,B4C颗粒的添加使得AZ61镁合金的抗磨损性能得到明显提升.     

Friction and dry sliding wear of bismaleimide filled with carbon nanotubes

Three types of bismaleimide–carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposites were fabricated using two types of original multiwalled CNTs with different diameters and one amide functionalized CNTs. The influence of diameter, content and functionalization of CNTs on the flexural and dry sliding wear behaviour were measured with universal testing machine and pin-on-disc wear apparatus. The experimental results indicated that at 1.5 wt-%, the bismaleimide-functionalized MWCNTs exhibited highest flexural strength of 156 MPa which is increased by 164% as compared to the neat matrix, and lowest specific wear rate of 1.8 × 10^?4 mm³ N^?1 m^?1 which is decreased by 90% as compared to the neat matrix. This was attributed to the dispersion of CNTs in the matrix and the filler-matrix adhesion and internal strength of the composite.     

碳纳米管增强PTFE复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

以不同含量的CNTs(碳纳米管)为填料制备了PTFE基复合材料,测量其硬度,在M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机上研究其摩擦磨损行为。结果表明,CNTs能提高PTFE的硬度,CNTs/PTFE复合材料的耐磨性能明显优于纯PT-FE,当CNTs的质量分数为3%时,复合材料的耐磨性能大幅度提高。其摩擦因数随着CNTs含量的增加而加大,当CNTs的质量分数为1%时,摩擦因数随载荷的增加而减少,CNTs的质量分数为3%和5%时,摩擦因数随载荷的增加而增大。SEM观察发现:纯PTFE的断面上分布着大量的带状结构,而填充CNTs后,摩擦表面较平整光滑,表明CNTs作为填料可有效地抑制PTFE的犁削和粘着磨损。     

Tribological properties of carbon-nanotube-reinforced copper composites

Tribological properties of carbon-nanotube-reinforced copper composites were investigated using a pin-on-disk test rig under dry conditions. The composites containing 4–16 vol% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were fabricated by a powder-metallurgy technique. The tests were carried out at normal loads between 10 and 50 N, and the effect of volume fraction of CNTs on tribological behavior of the composites was examined. The composites revealed a low coefficient of friction compared with the copper matrix alloy. Due to the effects of the reinforcement and reduced friction, the wear rate of the composites decreased with increasing volume fraction of CNTs at low and intermediate loads. The composites with a high volume fraction of CNTs exhibited high porosity and their wear resistance decreased under high-load conditions.     

Effect of Load and Composition on Friction and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Tungsten Carbide Particle-Reinforced Iron Composites

Investigations on the dry sliding wear behavior of tungsten carbide (WC)-reinforced iron matrix composites were carried out at room temperature. Three sets of samples (unreinforced iron, 4 wt% micrometer-size (～5–15 μm) WC-reinforced iron and 4 wt% nanosize (～30 nm) WC-reinforced iron were prepared using a powder metallurgy route to assess their friction and wear behaviors under two different loads. The relative dry sliding wear performances of the micrometer-size and nanosize WC-reinforced composites were compared with unreinforced matrix. An increase in microhardness of the order of 2.5 times was observed in the case of 4 wt% nanosize WC-reinforced iron matrix compared to the unreinforced iron matrix. The wear rate was 1.35 to 1.45 times lower in the case of nanocomposites compared to the unreinforced iron matrix (under different experimental conditions). The values of the coefficient of friction (COF) of composites were found to decrease with increase in load. Nanocomposites showed lower COF, surface roughness, and fractal dimension (D) values than micrometer-size WC-reinforced composites and the unreinforced iron matrix.     

UHMWPE Hybrid Nanocomposites for Improved Tribological Performance Under Dry and Water-Lubricated Sliding Conditions

To tap the full potential of polymers to be used as tribo-materials under water lubrication, it is very important to improve their resistance to water uptake on the one hand and improve their strength and load bearing capacity on the other so that their performance under these conditions is not deteriorated. Hence, a unique approach of fabricating a hybrid polymer nanocomposite reinforced with nanoclay for improving the resistance to water uptake and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to improve the mechanical/tribological properties is undertaken. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) hybrid nanocomposites were fabricated via ball milling followed by hot pressing method. Functionalized multi-wall CNTs and C15A organoclay were used as nanofillers in UHMWPE matrix. Hybrid nanocomposites were developed with CNT loadings of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 wt% while keeping C15A organoclay content fixed at an optimized value of 1.5 wt%. Initially, the hybrid nanocomposites were optimized under dry sliding conditions whereby a loading of 1.5 wt% of CNTs and 1.5 wt% C15A organoclay resulted in the maximum reduction in the specific wear rate by about 64% as compared to pristine UHMWPE. Later, tribological performance of the optimized hybrid nanocomposite was compared with pristine UHMWPE and its UHMWPE nanocomposites under water-lubricated conditions sliding against a 440C stainless steel ball for 150,000 cycles. The specific wear rate showed a reduction by ~46% for the 1.5 wt% CNTs hybrid nanocomposites as compared to pristine UHMWPE under water lubrication. The improved resistance to wear was attributed to the uniform dispersion of both the nanofillers, namely CNTs and C15A organoclay which effectively increased the load bearing capacity of UHMWPE. Moreover, the excellent barrier properties of the platelet-like structure of C15A clay which presented a torturous path for the diffusion of the water molecule in UHMWPE reduced the softening of the surface layer leading to better resistance to wear under water lubrication.