常温低氨氮污水生物滤池部分亚硝化的实现

采用火山岩活性生物陶粒滤料反应器,在常温(8~25℃)、低ρ(NH₄⁺-N)(60~90 mg/L)条件下,通过控制曝气,实现了NO₂^--N的积累,系统启动后NO₂^--N的累积率大于80%.结果表明:DO控制是实现亚硝化的主要途径,而游离氨(FA)抑制可作为优选氨氧化细菌(AOB)的辅助途径,水力停留时间(HRT)的调整是控制亚硝化比例的主要手段;间歇运行条件下,ρ(NH₄⁺-N)、ρ(NO₂^--N)和ρ(NO₃^--N)的变化均具有零级反应动力学特征,且NH₄⁺-N的转化速率为4.32 mg/(L·h),NO₂^--N与NO₃^--N的积累速率分别为3.05、0.40 mg/(L·h),根据此规律,将实现部分亚硝化的HRT确定为9~14 h.     

DO对低C/N比污水生物亚硝化的影响分析

采用活性污泥法SBR工艺,考察DO对亚硝化的影响。首先进行195 d的连续培养试验,得出亚硝化系统DO保持在0.2 mg/L~0.6 mg/L的范围之内,可使得到有效降解且出水亚硝化率达50%~90%;然后研究系统周期内DO的变化规律,可以考虑以12 h为一个亚硝化反应周期,若延长反应时间至16 h,将使反应有向硝酸型硝化转移的趋势;最后通过烧杯试验,得出随着系统DO浓度的升高,氨氮降解率上升、亚硝化率下降,遵循DO与氨氮降解率和亚硝化率关系的数学模式。     

氨氮对内循环生物流化床亚硝化过程影响

为实现内循环生物流化床(ITFB)短程脱氮处理高氨氮废水,在小试ITFB反应器内考察了氨氮浓度对生物膜亚硝化特性的影响.通过5个月的连续试验,研究了ITFB反应器历经启动培养、短暂亚硝化、硝化系统破坏、硝化系统恢复、完全硝化五个过程中,氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的转化规律及游离氨毒性作用对短程硝化过程的影响.试验结果表明:反应器启动初期出现了短暂亚硝化,平均亚硝化率为79%;在进水氨氮浓度增加到300 mg/L时,系统再次实现了亚硝化,平均亚硝化率达81%,但由于游离氨浓度的影响使得系统硝化能力受到严重影响,系统氨氮去除率降低至22%;系统恢复后,亚硝化现象不明显.反应器内游离氨浓度随进水氨氮浓度升高而增加至8 mg/L时,系统内硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌活性均受到抑制.通过提高进水氨氮浓度来实现系统短程脱氮过程稳定运行的可逆性较差.     

短程硝化过程影响因素与控制条件分析

控制硝化反应条件,使硝化反应只进行到亚硝态氮阶段并实现稳定的亚硝态氮积累,是短程硝化反硝化稳定运行的关键。通过详细阐述影响硝化过程中氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌生长的重要因素,对SHAR-ON、OLAND、CANON、SBR、A/O、MBR、曝气生物滤池等工艺的短程硝化控制条件进行了分析,并指出了短程硝化反硝化工艺的技术优势和应用价值。     

无机碳对SNAD工艺硝氮积累问题恢复的影响

为研究充足的无机碳对同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化与反硝化(SNAD)工艺的恢复与稳定运行的影响,向硝酸盐氮积累而崩溃的SNAD反应器中投加过量无机碳,对反应器的运行情况进行研究.结果表明:在无机碳质量浓度为理论需要量的350%~410%的条件下运行36 d后,出水硝酸盐氮由12.1 mg/L下降至3.47 mg/L,特征比由2.31升高至20.77;继续投加无机碳至理论需要量的200%~310%,运行42 d后,总氮去除负荷由0.176 g/(L·d)升高至0.299 g/(L·d);投加无机碳前后,好氧氨氧化活性(AOR,RAO)与厌氧氨氧化活性(ANR,RAN)分别由0.061 4和0.040 6 g/(g·d)升高至0.081 1和0.065 9 g/(g·d).结果表明,充足的无机碳投加在有效解除SNAD工艺硝酸盐氮积累问题的同时,可以促进好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化菌(An AOB)的活性.     

碳源种类对双泥生物膜亚硝化反硝化除磷脱氮工艺的影响

目的研究碳源种类对双泥生物膜亚硝化反硝化除磷工艺脱氮除磷的影响程度.方法以甲醇、淀粉、葡萄糖、乙酸钠、丙酸钠、污泥水解酸化液六种碳源模拟废水,通过间歇运行方式对不同碳源的反硝化除磷系统的运行状态进行研究.结果六个系统中,淀粉的COD去除率最小,为45%,其余系统相差不大,去除率最大的是污泥水解酸化液,为88%;缺氧结束时系统出水PO₄^3--P质量浓度分别为2.24 mg/L、3.00 mg/L、3.81 mg/L、1.40 mg/L、2.46 mg/L、1.18 mg/L;各系统每克M LSS的亚反硝化速率分别为1.27 mg/（g·h）、1.15 mg/（g·h）、1.58 mg/（g·h）、2.91 mg/（g·h）、2.60 mg/（g·h）、2.03 mg/（g·h）.结论碳源种类对双泥生物膜亚硝化反硝化除磷系统有很大影响,淀粉类大分子碳源不利于反硝化除磷,乙酸钠类小分子物质有利于磷的释放和吸收.     

低有机质高浓度氨氮废水亚硝化控制的实验研究

利用自主开发的沸石填料曝气生物滤池(ZBAF)处理低有机质高浓度氨氮废水,研究了滤料层高度、水力负荷及温度对亚硝酸盐积累的影响。结果表明,当进水氨氮浓度为210mg/L时,氨氮去除率达93.4%,亚硝酸盐积累率高达89.5%。     

曝气生物滤池处理生活污水亚硝化的实验研究

为探究低氨氮生活污水亚硝化的可行性,采用高负荷生物滤池-上向流曝气生物滤池(UBAF)两段式反应器考察水流方向对高负荷生物滤池去除COD、氨氮效果及温度、DO对UBAF亚硝化效果的影响．结果表明,在水力负荷为0.58 m³／(m²·h)、COD容积负荷为2.30 kg／(m³·d)、气水比为3.6∶1、常温条件下,上向流进水方式能够获得稳定的低COD、高氨氮的二级出水．在水温30～33 ℃、DO 2.5～3.0 mg／L、进水pH 7.8～8.1条件下,UBAF出水氨氮平均转化率为84.58 ％,亚硝氮平均质量浓度达23.01 mg／L．UBAF反应器中各种含氮化合物沿程变化及FISH检测表明,在反应器末段存在一定程度的同步亚硝化厌氧氨氧化作用．该两段式反应器能驯化单独的脱碳、脱氮优势菌群,实现低氨氮生活污水的亚硝化．     

后曝气池HRT对双泥生物膜亚硝化反硝化除磷工艺的影响

目的 研究双泥生物膜亚硝化反硝化除磷工艺的最佳后曝气池水力停留时间(HRT).方法 通过改变后曝气池出水口位置的方法调节后曝气池HRT,研究不同后曝气池HRT条件下,双泥生物膜工艺的脱氮除磷性能和COD去除率的变化.结果 在后曝气池HRT为2.4h的条件下,系统COD平均去除率为66.68％,NH4-N平均去除率为88.41％,出水NH4+-N平均质量浓度为6.26 mg/L,大部分NH4-N都在前段反应中去除,同步亚硝化反硝化不受COD质量浓度的限制;TP平均去除率在94.88％左右,厌氧释磷率稳定在45.24％左右,缺氧吸磷率最大,维持在54.59％.HRT为4.8h时,TP平均去除率降至59.48％,可利用的COD质浓度逐渐减少,使运行后期的NH4-N氧化率下降.结论 对于长期运行的双泥生物膜亚硝化反硝化除磷工艺,保持后曝气池HRT为2.4h,系统出水COD值可满足排放标准,脱氮效果稳定,除磷效果最好.     

亚硝化反应器的启动及控制因子研究

为探究亚硝化反应器的启动,在常温条件下,经190d运行,对温度、pH、游离氨(FA)和溶解氧进行了监测.在SBR运行方式下,在进水中投加铵盐,使氨氮质量浓度达200mg·L-1、溶解氧为0.2mg·L-1,在连续流运行方式下停止投加铵盐,维持溶解氧为0.2mg·L-1.结果表明,高氨氮进水氨氧化菌(AOB)可以得到强化增殖,亚硝酸盐迅速积累;连续流低氨氮进水仍可实现亚硝酸的稳定积累,但当溶解氧质量浓度0.5mg·L-1时,硝酸化现象严重,而恢复低溶解氧一段时间后,亚硝酸盐又得到重新积累;氨氧化菌虽对温降敏感,但升温后硝化性能立即恢复.高氨氮可加快亚硝化反应器的启动,而低溶解氧却是维持亚硝酸盐积累的控制因子.     

Shut-cut nitrification characteristics of aerobic granule in a sequencing batch airlift reactor at low temperature

To investigate the shut-cut nitrification characteristics of aerobic granule,an aerobic granular sequencing batch airlift reactor(AG-SBAR) was carried out with mixed carbon sources of sodium acetate and glucose at 10±1 ℃.Results indicated that ammonia oxidizing bacteria was accumulated inside the aerobic granules and the reactor performed stably with shut-cut nitrification for a long term at low temperature.During the stable operation period,the effluent ammonia nitrogen concentration was maintained at 13.6 mg/L without nitrate and nitrite when the COD/N ratio was 20:1.However,the effluent concentration of ammonia nitrogen was below 0.5 mg/L with effluent nitrosation ratio of 96.7% on average when the COD/N ratio was reduced to 15:1 and 10:1.And the effluent phosphorus concentration was less than 0.4 mg/L during the stable period with the sludge retention time of 30 d.The phosphorus removal efficiency was not strongly influenced by the adjustment of COD/N ratio in this experiment.The removal efficiencies for COD,NH4+-N and PO43--P were 91.3%-94.6%,97.9%-99.7% and 97.1%-99.5%,respectively.     

低温SBR系统活性污泥硝化效能的pH调控

为进一步提高低温(15 ℃)SBR系统的硝化效能,通过间歇培养实验探讨pH对系统活性污泥硝化效能的调控与影响．结果表明,将初始pH控制为8.0～9.0,低温SBR系统的活性污泥(以MLSS计)具有最佳的氨氮氧化能力,在NO₂--N积累阶段对NH₄+-N的比去除速率可达25.49 g·kg-1·d-1,NO₂--N的比生成速率达22 g·kg-1·d-1;初始pH为7.5～8.0时,NO₂--N氧化效果最佳,NO₃--N的比生成速率可达35.6 g·kg-1·d-1;将反应系统的pH维持在8.0,可使亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌代谢活性均保持在较高水平,达到良好的硝化效果．     

游离氨对活性污泥系统中硝化性能和硝化群落结构的影响

建立了4个平行的SBR处理合成废水,游离氨(FA)浓度分别为0.5、5、10、15 mg/L,命名为S0.5、S5、S10和S15,4个系统的脱氮性能在整个实验过程中均很好(平均值为98.7％),利用FA对亚硝酸氧化细菌(NOB)的抑制作用,结合过程控制,成功在S10和S15系统中实现短程硝化.在建立短程硝化途径的过程...     

水解酸化工艺在低浓度城市废水中的应用

研究了水解酸化-好氧工艺处理城市污水中的厌氧部分,包括水解酸化对低浓度城市污水的处理效果,CODcr与硫酸盐低比值对反应器的影响,及环境因子的改变对反应器的冲击影响。研究表明：对于低浓度（CODcr≤200 mg/L,BOD5≤100 mg/L、CODcr与硫酸盐比值小于1）的进水,水解酸化反应器处理效率可达到50%～60%或更高。     

用耐低温酵母菌处理寒冷地区生活污水的研究

寒冷地区冬季漫长,水温过低,致使活性污泥中的微生物代谢能力下降,有机物去除效果差,这是长久以来难以解决的问题,为了提高寒冷地区冬季污水处理效果,筛选、驯化高活性、耐低温的微生物势在必行。本文分离、鉴定了４种酵母菌,它们均能在２℃时生长,并能有效地降解有机物,同时还测定了４℃下单菌对ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率,其中Ｙ０１菌株对ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率达到８２％。４种酵母菌经大量培养和驯化,有应用于污水处理的可能性。     

Development of a novel modified EGSB reactor for municipal sewage treatment at ambient temperatures

A novel modified expanded granular sludge bed(EGSBm) reactor was developed for anaerobic treatment of municipal sewage with mixed liquid recirculation instead of effluent recirculation commonly adopted by a conventional EGSB(EGSBc) reactor.Performances of these two reactors were compared in treating municipal sewage at ambient temperatures ranging from 8 to 26 ℃.At an upflow liquid velocity(Vup) of 10.3 m/h,the mean concentrations of filtrated COD(CODfilt) and COD of the EGSBm effluent were determined to be 59.4 and 95.9 mg/L,respectively,which were significantly lower than those of the EGSBc effluent operated under identical experimental conditions.When the organic loading rate was suddenly increased from 1.2 to 7.2 kg COD/(m3·d),the EGSBm regained the removal efficiency of previous operation phase in 10 d.Hydrodynamic characteristics of the reactors were compared using the residence time distribution(RTD) model.It was found that the treatment efficiency of EGSBm kept increasing as the Vup increased.The polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) technique was used to analyze the microbial diversity in EGSBm.Fingerprinting pattern indicated that some species in the inoculating sludge were still reserved in the granular sludge of EGSBm,moreover,several new species occurred.     

MBBR悬浮填料低温处理生活污水对比实验研究

悬浮填料是MBBR工艺处理污水的核心技术,也是填料性能工艺效果和工程成本的关键因素。采用自主研发的高亲水、低成本高分子合金材料,制备成蜂窝状悬浮填料,并与国内具有代表性的3种悬浮填料进行了性能对比实验研究。实验结果表明,MBBR工艺条件下,使用自制悬浮填料其亲水性、挂膜启动时间以及低温COD、氨氮降解效果具有优势;30%（体积分数）填充率的条件下,低温氨氮去除率达99%（质量分数）,出水氨氮小于1 mg/L（质量浓度）。     

低温好氧反硝化菌群强化生活污水脱氮效能

为强化低温脱氮效能,通过快速富集驯化得到一组低温好氧反硝化菌群,其在10℃好氧环境下可实现氨氮、总氮和有机物的高效同步去除。低温好氧反硝化菌群与聚氨酯载体结合后投加进行生物强化,氨氮去除率提升10?31％～16?89％,总氮去除率提升25?07％～32?44％,且各项指标出水均达一级A标准;停止强化10 d后,强化反应器较未强化反应器氨氮、硝氮、总氮和CODCr出水质量浓度仍分别下降2?43,3?07,6?02和3?63 mg／L,说明低温好氧反硝化菌群强化具有显著高效和持续时间长的优点。     

Effects of temperature on the degradation pathway of domestic sewage in upflow anaerobic sludge blanked reactor

To understand the anaerobic degradation pathway of domestic sewage,three lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanked reactors (UASB) were employed to study the degradation pathway of different particle size and the effect of temperature on this process.Under the operation conditions of the hydraulic retention time of 24 h,the MLVSS of approximate 11200 mg·L-1 and the water temperature at 10,15 and 20℃,the overall degradation pathway of soluble fraction was characterized according to zero-order kinetics.As for the colloidal fraction (between 0.45 and 4.5 μm),the degradation processes followed a first-order kinetic,and should firstly disintegrated into soluble fraction before finally degrading.In contrast,suspended solids (bigger than 4.5 μm) degraded to soluble and colloidal fractions according to first-order kinetics,and the colloidal fraction originating from suspended solids further degraded into soluble fraction which had the same degradation kinetics as the original soluble fraction.There existed the difference of temperature effect on different fraction degradation.Under the temperature at 20,15 and 10 ℃,the first-order rate constant of suspended solids depredating into collide was 4.97,3.01 and 1.01 d-1 respectively.Whereas the degradation of collide to soluble fraction was slightly affected by the temperature change.On the other hand,the zero-order degradation rate constant of soluble fraction was 0.26,0.18 g and 0.12 gCOD·gVSS-1d-1,respectively.     

Effects of temperature on the degradation pathway of domestic sewage in upfiow anaerobic sludge blanked reactor

To understand the anaerobic degradation pathway of domestic sewage,three lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanked reactors(UASB)were employed to study the degradation pathway of different particle size and the effect of temperature on this process.Under the operation conditions of the hydraulic retention time of 24 h,the MI,VSS of approximate 11200 mg· L-1 and the water temperature at 10,15 and 20℃,the overall degradation pathway of soluble fraction was characterized according to zero-order kinetics.As for the colloidal fraction(between 0.45 and 4.5 μm),the degradation processes followed a first-order kinetic,and should firstly disintegrated into soluble fraction before finally degrading.In contrast,suspended solids(bigger than 4.5 μm)degraded to soluble and colloidal fractions according to first-order kinetics,and the colloidal fraction originating from suspended solids further degraded into soluble fraction which had the same degradation kinetics as the original soluble fraction.There existed the difference of temperature effect on different fraction degradation.Under the temperature at 20,15 and 10 ℃,the first-order rate constant of suspended solids depredating into collide was 4.97,3.01 and 1.01 d-1 respectively.Whereas the degradation of collide to soluble fraction was slightly affected by the temperature change.On the other hand,the zero-order degradation rate constant of soluble fraction was 0.26,0.18 g and 0.12 gCOD · gVSS-1d-1,respectively.