中温形变热处理对新型镍基高温合金组织和力学行为的影响

本文采用EBSD、SEM和准静态室温单轴拉伸试验研究了不同中温形变热处理工艺与新型镍基高温合金微观组织和室温力学性能之间的关系。研究表明,新型镍基高温合金经中温形变热处理后可明显提高退火孪晶的长度分数,最高可达40.6%。退火孪晶的形成主要以晶粒的“生长意外”机制为主。同时,相比于固溶+双级时效处理试样的力学性能(σ_y=1018 MPa,ε_f=17.44%),合金在750 ℃轧制变形30%后在1120 ℃退火30 min并经双级时效处理,其σ_y可提高499 MPa,为1517 MPa,而其ε_f仅降低了4.69%。在750 ℃轧制变形50%后在1120 ℃退火30 min并经双级时效处理,其σ_y可提高352 MPa,为1370 MPa,而其ε_f基本保持不变。这种强度的升高主要归因于晶粒细化和退火孪晶的共同作用,这为高性能镍基高温合金提供一种新的强化策略。     

热处理对NiW中/重合金组织与性能的影响

本文研究了不同热处理温度对冷轧态Ni42W10Co1Mo合金微观组织及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高,合金中TCP相由σ相向μ相转变,μ相再向σ相转变,基体组织由条带状变形组织逐渐转变为均匀的等轴晶。经900℃热处理,析出相主要以针状与块状μ相析出为主,同时还有少量颗粒状μ相,发生明显再结晶现象。经1200℃热处理,颗粒状σ相大量析出,基体组织完成静态再结晶过程。TCP相的析出消耗了基体中固溶强化元素W,导致合金的室温屈服强度下降,屈服强度由初始态合金的1564MPa下降至1200℃热处理后的479MPa。小尺寸的σ相能阻碍裂纹的扩展,有利于提升合金的塑性,经1200℃热处理合金延伸率达到了72.4%。然而较大尺寸的μ相对合金的塑性产生不利影响,经900℃热处理后合金延伸率仅有7.1%。     

热处理和熔炼方式改变对AlCoCrFeNiTi0.2高熵合金的影响

采用电弧熔炼方法设计制备了AlCo CrFeNiTi_(0.2)合金,发现铸态时的合金形成了B2相和bcc相,且室温压缩性能良好,压缩塑性为32.6%,屈服强度为1530.4 MPa,抗压强度为4035.0 MPa,硬度接近6000 MPa。在550、800和1050℃对其进行热处理,采用水冷的方式以保存高温相,3个温度对应的相组成分别为bcc+B2、bcc+B2+fcc+σ和bcc+B2+fcc,热处理后合金脆性和硬度升高。采用磁悬浮熔炼制备了大块AlCo CrFeNiTi_(0.2)合金,该状态合金成分分布比较均匀,形成了bcc+B2+σ3相,在600℃时压缩塑性为35.0%,且仍能保持1486.7 MPa的屈服强度,耐高温性能较好。     

Al-12.5Si-3Cu-2Ni-0.5Mg铸造合金热处理工艺设计

采用相图计算软件Pandat建立了Al-xSi-3Cu-2Ni-0.5Mg系合金、Al-12.5Si-xCu-2Ni-0.5Mg系合金平衡相图及Al-12.5Si-xCu-2Ni-0.5Mg合金相含量随温度变化曲线,结合DSC曲线对Al-12.5Si-3Cu-2Ni-0.5Mg铸造合金的热处理工艺进行了设计.结果表明:利用Pandat相平衡热力学软件计算平衡相图,结合DSC曲线来设计Al-12.5Si-3Cu-2Ni-0.5Mg合金热处理工艺是可行的:确定获得最佳室温和高温力学性能的热处理工艺为500℃×2h淬火+215℃×4h空冷;热处理后其室温力学性能平均值为σb=356MPa、δ=0.7%,高温力学性能(350℃)平均值为σb=139 MPa、δ=3.5%.     

中温轧制对新型镍基高温合金微观组织和高温力学性能的影响

本文采用EBSD、SEM、TEM和准静态高温拉伸试验研究了中温轧制变形量对新型镍基高温合金微观组织和高温(760 ℃)力学性能的影响。结果表明,中温轧制变形量对合金高温力学性能影响显著,相比于标准热处理(固溶处理+双级时效)合金试样的高温力学性能(σ_y=860 MPa,σ_uts=973 MPa和ε_f=3.5%),当中温轧制变形量为10%时,合金的σ_y提高了230 MPa,σ_uts提高了166 MPa,ε_f变化不明显,为4.1%；而当中温轧制变形量为80%时,合金的σ_y提高了190 MPa,σ_uts提高了165 MPa,ε_f大幅度增加,为22.5%,实现了合金高温强塑性匹配。760 ℃时合金强度和延伸率的提升是由于变形机制发生改变,随着变形量的增加,合金的主要变形机制由层错剪切向微孪生转变,微孪晶的形成既保证了合金的高温强度,又有利于延伸率的提高。     

Mg-6Zn-1Mn镁合金热压缩流变行为及动态再结晶

采用Gleeble-1500热压缩模拟试验机对Mg-6Zn-1Mn合金进行压缩实验,研究了该合金其在变形温度250 ～400℃、应变速率0.01 ～10 s-1范围内的流变应力及动态再结晶行为.通过计算加工硬化速率θ得到合金发生动态再结晶的临界应力σc和临界应变εc,并且建立临界值与峰值应力σp、峰值应变εp之间的定量关系,用截线法测量合金压缩后的平均晶粒尺寸.结果表明:Mg-6Zn-1Mn镁合金在高温下塑性变形的热本构方程为:ε·exp(22919/T) =2.77·σ8.19;合金发生动态再结晶的临界应变随着应变速率的增加而升高,随变形温度的增加而降低,发生动态再结晶的临界条件为:ε＞εc=6.648×10-3Z0.06149;各特征变量之间存在如下关系:σc=0.7295σp、εc=0.2639εp;动态再结晶的平均晶粒尺寸dave随温度的升高、应变速率的减小而增大,与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系为:dave=2.11×103·Z-0.1378.     

GWN751K镁合金组织和性能研究

采用OM,SEM,TEM,XRD等手段,研究了不同状态的GWN751K镁合金的组织和性能。结果表明:铸态合金主要由基体和网状共晶组织构成,σb=215MPa,σ0.2=187MPa,δ=3.5%,DSC曲线存在明显的低熔点吸热峰;经过535℃,16h热处理,共晶组织分解,晶界残留富Mg-Y相,晶粒尺寸明显长大,合金的力学性能有所改善,σb=240MPa,σ0.2=189MPa,δ=10%,DSC曲线低熔点吸热峰消失;合金经过挤压后,发生动态再结晶,力学性能显著提高,σb=320MPa,σ0.2=260MPa,δ=18%,最主要的原因是挤压后合金中存在高密度位错以及细小的晶粒,可显著提高合金的强度和塑性;经过时效后,合金的平均断裂强度达到400MPa以上,但塑性明显降低。铸态合金二次裂纹主要存在于晶界的共晶组织中,535℃,16h热处理以及挤压后的合金二次裂纹主要是在晶粒内部。     

热处理对压铸Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金组织性能的影响

采用气体保护法制备Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr(GW83K)合金,并冷模压铸成拉伸试样。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察及力学性能测试等分析合金压铸态和不同热处理状态下的显微组织及力学性能。结果表明:冷模压铸GW83K合金经热处理后,其力学性能较压铸态均有所提高,尤其是经低温短时固溶处理(T4)后的合金,其晶粒度变化不大,组织比较均匀,片层状的共晶体消失,第二相以不连续的棒状或粒状分布于晶界处。GW83K-T4合金的室温拉伸性能可达到σb=261.7MPa,σs=240.8MPa,δ5=6.0%,比压铸态合金分别提高了21%,28.4%和30.4%,且该合金具有较好高温力学性能。     

Cu-Cr-Zr-Y合金动态再结晶临界机制

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,采用高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-0.4Cr-0.15Zr-0.04Y合金在应变速率为0.001~10 s-1、变形温度为650~850℃、最大变形程度为50%条件下的动态再结晶行为以及组织转变进行了研究。利用加工硬化率和应变(θ-ε)的关系曲线确定了该合金发生动态再结晶的形变条件为T≥750℃,应变速率小于0.1 s-1;根据θ-σ模型,确立了合金变形特征参数之间的关系:σc/σp=0.86,εc/εp=0.30;同时建立了合金变形特征参数与Z参数的关系:εp=2.61×10-3Z0.14,εc=7.83×10-4Z0.14。Cu-0.4Cr-0.15Zr-0.04Y合金在热变形过程中的动态再结晶机制受变形温度和应变速率的控制。当温度达到850℃,应变速率为0.001 s-1时,合金发生完全的动态再结晶。     

低碳微合金容器钢经调质处理后的组织与性能

本文研究了含碳0.09%的低碳微合金容器钢的组织与性能。结果表明该钢经调质处理(960℃×1.5 h+630℃×1.5 h)后,获得的性能为:0σ.2=641 MPa,σb=742 MPa,δ=20%,ψ=75%,AKV=321 J,HB=204。室温组织为铁素体及弥散的析出物。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.