A new method for identifying and validating features from 2D sectional views

Feature identification is one of the key steps for 3D solids reconstruction from 2D vector engineering drawings using the volume-based method. In this paper, we propose a novel method to identify and validate features from sectional views. First, features are classified as explicit features (EPFs) and implicit features (IPFs), which are then identified in an order of priority using heuristic hints. We show that the problem of constructing EPFs can be formulated as a 0-1 integer linear program (ILP), and the IPFs are generated based on the understanding of semantic information of omitted projections in sectional views. Then, the Loop-Relation Graph (LRG) is introduced as a multi-connected-subgraph representation for describing the relations between loops and features. According to the LRG, a reasoning technique based on confidence is implemented to interactively validate features. This method can recover features without complete projections, and the level of understanding sectional views is improved. Full sections, partial sections, offset sections as well as revolved sections can be handled by our method. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the practicability of our approach.     

Reconstruction of 3D interacting solids of revolution from 2D orthographic views

3D CAD is replacing 2D CAD to improve efficiency of product design and manufacturing. Therefore, converting legacy 2D drawings into 3D solid models is required. CSG based approaches reconstruct solid models from orthographic views more efficiently than traditional B-rep based approaches. A major limitation of CSG based approaches has been the limited domain of objects that can be handled. This paper aims at extending the capabilities of CSG based approaches by proposing a hint-based recognition of interacting solids of revolution. This approach can handle interacting solids of revolution as well as isolated solids of revolution.     

Solid reconstruction from orthographic opaque views using incremental extrusion

The reconstruction of 3-D solids from 2-D projections is an important research topic in reverse engineering. The reconstruction can be grouped into two categories: single-view approach and multiple-view approach. Each approach can be classified as wireframe, BRep or CSG. However, not many CSG approaches have been reported in the literature. The methods are also restricted to uniform-thickness objects or require user interaction. The method proposed in this paper employs the CSG approach. A 3-D solid computer model is reconstructed from 2-D line drawings of six orthographic opaque views, viz. top, front, left, right, bottom and rear views. Firstly, the six views are grouped into three pairs. For each pair of views, segmented areas from one of the two views (called g-view) is incrementally extruded according to the information in the neighbouring view (called d-view). Extrusion primitive solids are generated during the incremental extrusion. All primitive solids are then unioned into an extrusion solid. Finally, all extrusion solids are intersected to give a unique 3-D solution object.     

基于三视图的三维形体重建技术

基于工程图纸的三维形体的重建技术是根据形体的二维视图中的几何信息和拓扑信息,生成相应的三维形体,这是一个从爸维到高维的构造过程,文中提出了一个三维形体重建算法,该算法首先根据三视图生成形体的线框图,然后应用左邻边搜索策略求出线框图内的所有面及相应的极小环,最后利用Ｍｏｅｂｉｕｓ规则及工程图的性质,删除重建过程中生成的非法元素,该方法利用二几何基元和三维几何基元的几何性质及生成关系,减少了重建过程中     

Reconstruction of intersecting curved solids from 2D orthographic views

This paper presents a new approach to reconstruct curved solids composed of elementary volumes intersecting with one another from three-view engineering drawings. Intersection curves arising from two intersecting curved surfaces are mostly higher order spatial curves, which cannot be described exactly by 2D orthographic projections and normally represented as smooth curves passing through several key points or even simplified as arcs or lines. Approximated sketches of higher order intersection curves in 2D views result in the invalidation of existing methods that need the exact projection information as input. Based on some heuristic hints, our method is able to recover the complete and correct half-profiles of the intersecting elementary volumes using the least traces left by them, which ensure the correctness of solution solids constructed finally. Several examples are provided to show the validation of the described method.     

基于形体逼近的三维重建算法

该文提出一种新的由三视图重建三维实体的算法,能扩展自顶向下的三维重建算法的形体覆盖域,并在Auto-CAD平台上验证了算法的有效性。算法的主要步骤是首先用平扫-旋转-求交的实体运算法则构造出与所求实体形状相近的实体———第1参照体,再模拟人脑的识图过程:把第1参照体的三视图与初始三视图对比,根据两者之间的差别构造出差异体,再从第1参照体中逐一减去差异体,得到第2参照体、第3参照体......最后得到所求的实体。     

从2D视图重建3D实体中的假元删除算法

从2D视图重建3D实体的过程中,2D视图中的虚线会在3D重建中引起假边和假面的生成.针对此,提出一些规则在重建早先的阶段识别并删除这些假元.对于一个完全可见面,一旦搜索到它的外环和内环的边界,那么在该面内投影为虚线的边均将被删除.     

Two Accelerating Techniques for 3D Reconstruction

Automatic reconstruction of 3D objects from 2D orthographic views has been a major research issue in CAD/CAM.In this paper,two acceleratin techniques to improve the efficiency of reconstruction are presented.First,some peudo elements are removed by depth and topology information as soon as the wire-frame is constructed ,which reduces the searching space.Second.the proposed algorithm does not establish all possible surfaces in the process of generating 3D faces.The surfaces and edge loops are generated by using the relationship between the boundaries of 3D faces and their projections,This avoids the growth in combinational complexity of previous methods that have to check all possible pairs of 3D candidate edges.     

任意摆放的二次曲面体的三维重建

本文采用特征点匹配的方法,先由二维视力获取三维空间的点和曲线,然后经过一系列线性运算得出三维曲面。本算法可对任意二次曲面进行三维重建,不仅对曲面的空间摆放沿有限制,而且对曲面自身的对称性也无要求。因此,可将重建对象扩展为圆柱、椭圆柱、球、椭球、双曲面、抛物面等。本文给出的算例表明了算法的有效性。     

按自动选择正交面递归分解三视图的三维重建*

针对随着构成三视图环路数的增加,三维重建的计算时间和难度将成倍增加的问题,提出了一种通过自动选择正交面递归分解三视图的三维重建算法和实例。该算法能在构成三视图的各种图线组合中,自动选择出能简化三维重建难度的正交分解面,并用其不断地对三视图进行递归分解。该分解算法的使用将会扩大三维重建的范围和降低三维重建的时间和难度。     

Constructing a wire-frame from views on arbitrary view planes for objects with conic sections inclined to all view planes

A new and efficient approach to construct a 3D wire-frame of an object from its orthographic projections is described. The input projections can be two or more and can include regular and complete auxiliary views. Each view may contain linear, circular and other conic sections. The output is a 3D wire-frame that is consistent with the input views.The approach can handle auxiliary views containing curved edges. This generality derives from a new technique to construct 3D vertices from the input 2D vertices (as opposed to matching coordinates that is prevalent in current art). 3D vertices are constructed by projecting the 2D vertices in a pair of views on the common line of the two views. The construction of 3D edges also does not require the addition of silhouette and tangential vertices and subsequently splitting edges in the views. The concepts of complete edges and n-tuples are introduced to obviate this need. Entities corresponding to the 3D edge in each view are first identified and the 3D edges are then constructed from the information available with the matching 2D edges. This allows the algorithm to handle conic sections that are not parallel to any of the viewing directions. The localization of effort in constructing 3D edges is the source of efficiency of the construction algorithm as it does not process all potential 3D edges.Working of the algorithm on typical drawings is illustrated.     

基于独立环路组合的多面体视图三维重建

提出了一种基于平面独立环路组合的多面体视图三维重建完整算法，即先把三视图中的每个视图分解成一个个独立的不可再分的平面独立环路，然后从三面视图的三个环路组中逐个取出可能的环路组合按构造实心体几何方法（CSG）构成局部实心体模型，最后将局部实心体模型组合成整体实心体模型。已按上述算法编制出了能在Auto CAD图形系统中使用的实用软件。     

无序图像三维重构中的图像选择技术

针对无序图像的三维重构问题,本文提出了一种图像选择算法,在三维重构算法运行之前,首先利用图像间的全局运动估计,去除冗余的图像,有效的减少了问题的规模,同时保持图像间的大部分连接关系,并能够较好地防止出现退化情况。为了验证本文的算法,针对一系列图像进行了测试,实验结果证明,作为三维重构的一个预处理过程,提高了三维重构算法的运行效率和算法的鲁棒性,具有很高的实用价值。     

Realizing the Boolean operations in solid modeling technique via directed loops

The well-established algorithm of realizing Boolean operations between 2D configurations can be readily extended to 3D solids when the latter is represented in the form of a set of bounding faces and loops. Such an approach takes advantage of the topological coherence between neighbouring elements of a solid and hence is computationally more efficient than the set membership classification method.     

3D object recognition technique using multiple 2D views for Arabic sign language

Some objects in specific poses cannot be distinguished using a single view. A model is proposed and developed for 3D object recognition based on multiple-views; it was applied on hand postures recognition. A pulse-coupled neural network is used to generate features vector for single view. Two views with different view angles are used; each view generates its features’ vector. The two 2D-vectors are then linearly combined into one 3D vector. The hand postures are then combined to construct a dynamic gesture (word). The reconstruction is performed using best-match search algorithm. The experiment was conducted on 50 words and the result was 96% recognition accuracy confirming objects dataset offline extendibility.     

基于专家系统的二维剖面图的三维实体重建

在分析以往三维实体重建策略的基础上,根据实体二维剖面图的特征,提出了基于专家系统的二维剖面图的三维实体重建技术。论文从工程应用的角度出发,给出了专家系统的重构模型和知识库的框架知识表示形式,在此基础上主要讨论了三维实体表面的离散化以及基于离散网络模型的推理算法,最后结合开放图形连接库OpenGL技术开发了一套矿床三维模型仿真系统。运行结果表明该三维实体重建方法操作简单、实用性强,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

Identification of sections from engineering drawings based on evidence theory

View identification is the basic process for solid reconstruction from engineering drawings. A new method is presented to label various views from a section-involved drawing and identify geometric planes through the object at which the sections are to be located. In the approach, a graph representation is developed for describing multiple relationships among various views in the 2D drawing space, and a reasoning technique based on evidence theory is implemented to validate view relations that are used to fold views and sections in the 3D object space. This is the first automated approach which can handle multiple sections in diverse arrangements, especially accommodating the aligned section for the first time. Experimental results are given to show that the proposed solution makes a breakthrough in the field and builds a promising basis for further expansibility, although it is not a complete one.     

Estimation of three-dimensional objects from orthographic views with inconsistencies

Many algorithms to construct 3-D solid objects from orthographic views assume the bottom-up approach. This paper describes a method for identifying conflictions found in inconsistent views which improbably present complete objects and estimating solid objects. The sources of inconsistencies are extra segments, missing segments and incorrect classifications of line types (visible lines or hidden lines). In order to supply candidates for missing segments, probable segments are generated not from three views but from two views. The signs appearing in each step of the bottom-up algorithm are examined, and then the heuristic method for selecting more probable segments is developed. The estimation of solid objects and identification of incoherences are useful, for example, to detect improper input of three views and incorrect recognition of engineering drawings.     

2D‐D Lifting for Shape Reconstruction

We present an algorithm for shape reconstruction from incomplete 3D scans by fusing together two acquisition modes: 2D photographs and 3D scans. The two modes exhibit complementary characteristics: scans have depth information, but are often sparse and incomplete; photographs, on the other hand, are dense and have high resolution, but lack important depth information. In this work we fuse the two modes, taking advantage of their complementary information, to enhance 3D shape reconstruction from an incomplete scan with a 2D photograph. We compute geometrical and topological shape properties in 2D photographs and use them to reconstruct a shape from an incomplete 3D scan in a principled manner. Our key observation is that shape properties such as boundaries, smooth patches and local connectivity, can be inferred with high confidence from 2D photographs. Thus, we register the 3D scan with the 2D photograph and use scanned points as 3D depth cues for lifting 2D shape structures into 3D. Our contribution is an algorithm which significantly regularizes and enhances the problem of 3D reconstruction from partial scans by lifting 2D shape structures into 3D. We evaluate our algorithm on various shapes which are loosely scanned and photographed from different views, and compare them with state‐of‐the‐art reconstruction methods.     

三维实体精确分层算法及虚拟重构技术

为了避免三维模型分层过程中的计算误差,并对分层效果进行预测和评价,提出一种精确分层算法及三维实体虚拟重构技术.分层采用投影二维工程图的技术,利用CAD软件本身所具有的二维轮廓提取及剖面线设置功能,输出一系列剖面视图提供给成型设备.三维实体重构技术完全模拟“层叠”制造过程,将一系列二维轮廓信息重构成三维实体.针对三维运动控制代码及二维工程图文件两类控制方式分别给出了两种重构算法.利用二次开发技术在SolidWorks上实现了算法功能,应用实例验证了其可行性及有效性.此方法可在大多数三维CAD系统平台上实现.